Signaling Pathways and Natural Compounds in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Line.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer, having a poor prognosis and rapid metastases. TNBC is characterized by the absence of estrogen, progesterone, and human epidermal growth receptor-2 (HER2) expressions and has a five-year survival rate. Compared to other breast cancer subtypes, TNBC patients only respond to conventional chemotherapies, and even then, with limited success. Shortages of chemotherapeutic medication can lead to resistance, pressured index therapy, non-selectivity, and severe adverse effects. Finding targeted treatments for TNBC is difficult owing to the various features of cancer. Hence, identifying the most effective molecular targets in TNBC pathogenesis is essential for predicting response to targeted therapies and preventing TNBC cell metastases. Nowadays, natural compounds have gained attention as TNBC treatments, and have offered new strategies for solving drug resistance. Here, we report a systematic review using the database from Pubmed, Science Direct, MDPI, BioScince, Springer, and Nature for articles screening from 2003 to 2022. This review analyzes relevant signaling pathways and the prospect of utilizing natural compounds as a therapeutic agent to improve TNBC treatments in the future.

Pregnancy Profile and Infant Outcomes Among HIV Infected Women Who Delivered in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital.

BACKGROUND: HIV infection in pregnancy is a big concern for the future of our nation. The virus can be transmitted to the baby through pregnancy, childbirth and during breastfeeding which rendering to early detection and intervention. The aim of this study was to describe the transmission prevention cascade among our patient. METHODS: this was a retrospective cohort study of HIV vertical transmission. The inclusion criteria was pregnant women with HIV infection who have antenatal care in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from January 2013 up to December 2018. Data was retrieved from medical record, HIV registry and laboratory results. The included data were demographic, risk of infection, obstetrical data, mode of delivery, ARV history, laboratory history in mother and infant. Data was presented as descriptive. RESULTS: there was 138 HIV pregnant women included as study subjects. Most women were at 25-29 years old (39.85%), as housewife (41.30%), with history of more than one sexual partners (50.73%). The subjects was mostly multigravida (77.5%), first visit to RSCM in third trimester (98.6%), with history of antenatal care >4 times (48.6%), singleton fetus (99.3%), and delivered by C-section (84.1%). HIV diagnosis was done during pregnancy (73.53%), and already on antiretroviral (ARV) for more than 6 months (50.7%). There was 78% subjects with CD4 (24% subjects with <200 cells/mL) and 84% with viral load data (36% with viral load >200 copies/uL). Around 72.5% infants born with birth weight 2500-3500g. Almost all infant received ARV prophylaxis (97.9%) and formula feeding. PCR HIV was examined on 16 infant on 6 weeks of age and and 13 on 6 month age. There was 1 infant with viral load results >400 copies/ml which immediately refered to Pediatric HIV clinic. Bivariate analysis showed significant correlation between maternal ARV consumption and infant result at birth (P=0.05). Maternal CD4 level was not significantly correlate with neonatal virology status (P=0.12). CONCLUSION: HIV diagnosis in pregnant women is important, since ARV administration on early pregnancy significantly reduce vertical transmission. ARV prophylaxis protocols is important to prevent HIV infection on infant.

Alpha-mangostin as an inhibitor of GSK3ß in triple-negative breast cancer.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a breast cancer subtype that does not express the estrogen receptor, the progesterone receptor, or the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and that is characterized by high invasiveness, high metastatic potential, and poor prognosis. TNBC lacks receptors and hence cannot be treated by using targeted therapies; as such, the therapeutic potential of Indonesian herbal plants against this disease is worth exploring. Herein, we explore the molecular docking and the molecular dynamics simulations of α-mangostin on glycogen synthase kinase 3ß (GSK3ß; PDB ID: 4ACC). Our findings reveal that α-mangostin has a weaker binding affinity to GSK3ß than the native ligand (-8.22 kcal/mol), while the latter binds to GSK3ß with a stronger binding affinity of -8.92 kcal/mol. According to the binding site analysis, the hydrogen bonds of the native ligand on Asp133 and Arg141, while α-mangostin only appeared to form a hydrogen bond on the enzyme's Asp133. On the other hand, α-mangostin shares similar docking sites with the native ligand (namely, Ile62, Phe67, Val70, and Thr138), thus leading to the conclusion that the native ligand and α-mangostin might share a similar molecular mechanism. The molecular dynamics simulation by using the molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann and surface area (MM-PBSA) calculations' method shows that α-mangostin maintains a better affinity (with a value of ΔGTotal at -114.463 kJ/mol) as compared with the native ligand (with a respective ΔGTotal value of -75.158 kJ/mol). Our findings are suggestive of α-mangostin possessing a valuable potential as an anti-TNBC agent through GSK3ß inhibition.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Two new species of Tmethypocoelis Koelbel, 1897 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Dotillidae) from Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Tmethypocoelis Koelbel, 1897, is a central Indo-West Pacific genus of small intertidal, soft sediment dotillid crabs that includes five recognised species. Two new species, Tmethypocoelissimplexsp. nov. and T.celebensissp. nov., are here described from Sulawesi, Indonesia. Tmethypocoelissimplexsp. nov. is found on the west coast of Central Sulawesi, while T.celebensissp. nov. occurs in the north-eastern part of Sulawesi. Both new species differ from each other and known congeners by the male cheliped, male pleon, and male first gonopod characters. The differences in gastric mill morphology further confirm the two species as new. The distinct water current patterns in the Makassar Strait and the Maluku Channel might have contributed to the evolution of these two sibling species.

The Effectiveness of the Use of "Special Grip Toothbrushes" on Dental Hygiene for Indonesian Patients with Ischemic Stroke

Objective: To find out the effectiveness of specially made brushes with special grips for use by groups of ischemic stroke sufferers for oral hygiene. Material and Methods: A sample of 30 stroke patients were taken at the Makassar Stroke Center, Indonesia, with criteria for extreme hemisphere ischemic stroke patients and willing to participate in the study and fill out informed consent. Brush making with a special grip design (modified brush) with Clay mixed material. The oral hygiene assessment procedure of the sample using a modified toothbrush was done in 3 stages before the brush, after brush and on the seventh day. Oral and oral hygiene was measured using the index of Oral Hygiene Index Simplified (OHI-S). The oral hygiene assessment procedure was done in 3 stages before the brush, after brush and on the seventh day. To find out the difference in effectiveness before and after the intervention was analyzed using the paired t test. The level of significance was set at 5%. Results: The highest percentage of stroke patients were female (53.3%), aged 40-60 years (66.7%) with an education level below junior high school (56.7%). There is a difference in the average OHIS score before and after using a special grip toothbrush (p<0.01). Conclusion: A special grip toothbrush that is used for Stroke sufferers can help to clean his teeth and mouth.