EANM guideline for ventilation/perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) for diagnosis of pulmonary embolism and beyond.

These guidelines update the previous EANM 2009 guidelines on the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE). Relevant new aspects are related to (a) quantification of PE and other ventilation/perfusion defects; (b) follow-up of patients with PE; (c) chronic PE; and (d) description of additional pulmonary physiological changes leading to diagnoses of left ventricular heart failure (HF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pneumonia. The diagnosis of PE should be reported when a mismatch of one segment or two subsegments is found. For ventilation, Technegas or krypton gas is preferred over diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) in patients with COPD. Tomographic imaging with V/PSPECT has higher sensitivity and specificity for PE compared with planar imaging. Absence of contraindications makes V/PSPECT an essential method for the diagnosis of PE. When V/PSPECT is combined with a low-dose CT, the specificity of the test can be further improved, especially in patients with other lung diseases. Pitfalls in V/PSPECT interpretation are discussed. In conclusion, V/PSPECT is strongly recommended as it accurately establishes the diagnosis of PE even in the presence of diseases like COPD, HF and pneumonia and has no contraindications.

Incidence of cardiovascular events in patients with stabilized coronary heart disease: the EUROASPIRE IV follow-up study.

The EUROASPIRE surveys (EUROpean Action on Secondary Prevention through Intervention to Reduce Events) demonstrated that most European coronary patients fail to achieve lifestyle, risk factor and therapeutic targets. Here we report on the 2-year incidence of hard cardiovascular (CV) endpoints in the EUROASPIRE IV cohort. EUROASPIRE IV (2012-2013) was a large cross-sectional study undertaken at 78 centres from selected geographical areas in 24 European countries. Patients were interviewed and examined at least 6 months following hospitalization for a coronary event or procedure. Fatal and non-fatal CV events occurring at least 1 year after this baseline screening were registered. The primary outcome in our analyses was the incidence of CV death or non-fatal myocardial infarction, stroke or heart failure. Cox regression models, stratified for country, were fitted to relate baseline characteristics to outcome. Our analyses included 7471 predominantly male patients. Overall, 222 deaths were registered of whom 58% were cardiovascular. The incidence of the primary outcome was 42 per 1000 person-years. Comorbidities were strongly and significantly associated with the primary outcome (multivariately adjusted hazard ratio HR, 95% confidence interval): severe chronic kidney disease (HR 2.36, 1.44-3.85), uncontrolled diabetes (HR 1.89, 1.50-2.38), resting heart rate ≥ 75 bpm (HR 1.74, 1.30-2.32), history of stroke (HR 1.70, 1.27-2.29), peripheral artery disease (HR 1.48, 1.09-2.01), history of heart failure (HR 1.47, 1.08-2.01) and history of acute myocardial infarction (HR 1.27, 1.05-1.53). Low education and feelings of depression were significantly associated with increased risk. Lifestyle factors such as persistent smoking, insufficient physical activity and central obesity were not significantly related to adverse outcome. Blood pressure and LDL-C levels appeared to be unrelated to cardiovascular events irrespective of treatment. In patients with stabilized CHD, comorbid conditions that may reflect the ubiquitous nature of atherosclerosis, dominate lifestyle-related and other modifiable risk factors in terms of prognosis, at least over a 2-year follow-up period.

The Cumulative Incidence of Stroke, Myocardial infarction, Heart Failure and Sudden Cardiac Death in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation.

INTRODUCTION: Atrial fibrillation represents the most common cardiac arrhythmia in clinical practice. By year 2030, 14-17 million AF patients are anticipated in the European Union. Atrial fibrillation remains one of the major causes of stroke, heart failure, sudden death all over the world. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES: The objective of our study is to determine the cardiac and cerebrovascular events (myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, sudden cardiac death) and their cumulative incidence during 11 years follow up period. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study includes 2352 ambulant and hospitalized patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who were enrolled during the follow up period. All patients underwent clinical evaluation in order to determine cardiac and cerebrovascular events (myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, sudden cardiac death) and their cumulative incidence. RESULTS: The results of cumulative incidence for sudden cardiac death was 1.71%, for stroke 2.56%, for myocardial infarction 1.20% and for heart failure was 5.73%. In our study the age-adjusted incidence and prevalence of AF are slightly lower in women. The study shows that the risk of death is higher in females than in males with AF. CONCLUSION: Despite good progress in the management of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), this arrhythmia remains one of the major causes of stroke, heart failure, sudden death. Effective treatment of patients with atrial fibrillation includes not only rate control, rhythm control, and prevention of stroke, but also management of cardiovascular risk factors and concomitant diseases.

Data Sharing: A New Editorial Initiative of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Implications for the Editors' Network.

The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) provides recommendations to improve the editorial standards and scientific quality of biomedical journals. These recommendations range from uniform technical requirements to more complex and elusive editorial issues including ethical aspects of the scientific process. Recently, registration of clinical trials, conflicts of interest disclosure, and new criteria for authorship- emphasizing the importance of responsibility and accountability-, have been proposed. Last year, a new editorial initiative to foster sharing of clinical trial data was launched. This review discusses this novel initiative with the aim of increasing awareness among readers, investigators, authors and editors belonging to the Editors' Network of the European Society of Cardiology.

Patients with coronary artery disease and diabetes need improved management: a report from the EUROASPIRE IV survey: a registry from the EuroObservational Research Programme of the European Society of Cardiology.

BACKGROUND: In order to influence every day clinical practice professional organisations issue management guidelines. Cross-sectional surveys are used to evaluate the implementation of such guidelines. The present survey investigated screening for glucose perturbations in people with coronary artery disease and compared patients with known and newly detected type 2 diabetes with those without diabetes in terms of their life-style and pharmacological risk factor management in relation to contemporary European guidelines. METHODS: A total of 6187 patients (18-80 years) with coronary artery disease and known glycaemic status based on a self reported history of diabetes (previously known diabetes) or the results of an oral glucose tolerance test and HbA1c (no diabetes or newly diagnosed diabetes) were investigated in EUROASPIRE IV including patients in 24 European countries 2012-2013. The patients were interviewed and investigated in order to enable a comparison between their actual risk factor control with that recommended in current European management guidelines and the outcome in previously conducted surveys. RESULTS: A total of 2846 (46%) patients had no diabetes, 1158 (19%) newly diagnosed diabetes and 2183 (35%) previously known diabetes. The combined use of all four cardioprotective drugs in these groups was 53, 55 and 60%, respectively. A blood pressure target of <140/90 mmHg was achieved in 68, 61, 54% and a LDL-cholesterol target of <1.8 mmol/L in 16, 18 and 28%. Patients with newly diagnosed and previously known diabetes reached an HbA1c <7.0% (53 mmol/mol) in 95 and 53% and 11% of those with previously known diabetes had an HbA1c >9.0% (>75 mmol/mol). Of the patients with diabetes 69% reported on low physical activity. The proportion of patients participating in cardiac rehabilitation programmes was low (≈40 %) and only 27% of those with diabetes had attended diabetes schools. Compared with data from previous surveys the use of cardioprotective drugs had increased and more patients were achieving the risk factor treatment targets. CONCLUSIONS: Despite advances in patient management there is further potential to improve both the detection and management of patients with diabetes and coronary artery disease.

Comparison of two and three dimensional transthoracic versus transesophageal echocardiography in evaluation of anatomy and pathology of left atrial apendage.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was the comparison of combined utility of two-dimensional (2D) transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and three-dimensional (3D) TTE versus 2D and 3D transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in evaluation of anatomy of the left atrium appendage (LAA) and for clot formation in LAA. BACKGROUND: 2DTEE as semi-invasive method has been for a long time used to visualize the LAA. Improved echocardiography technology has increasingly improved visualization of LAA by 2DTTE and 3DTTE in many patients and decreased the need for TEE performance. METHODS: We compared combined 2DTTE and 3DTTE with 2DTEE and 3DTEE in evaluating the LAA for anatomical features and thrombus. Eighty-six patients underwent 2DTTE, 3DTTE, 2DTEE and 3DTEE. RESULTS: LAA could be visualized in all patients. 31 % of patients had one lobe, 43% had 2 lobes and 26% had > 2 lobes. Of 86 patients studied, 79 had no thrombus and 7 had thrombus in the LAA by all modalities. Six patients, 3 with atrial fibrillation (AF), and 4 in sinus rhythm (SR) had a suspected thrombus by 2DTEE. Only in one patient 3DTEE cropping has been needed to clearly show thrombus which was suspected in short axis view on 2DTEE as rounded echo dense mass. CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary study suggests that combined 2DTTE and 3DTTE has comparable accuracy to TEE in evaluating the LAA anatomy and pathology in terms of thrombus. Only in inappropriate (obese) patients 2TTE, but not 3DTTE, may misdiagnose pectinate musculature as thrombus.

Serum level of tumor marker carbohydrate antigen-CA125 in heart failure.

OBJECTIVE: To assess serum levels of tumor marker carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) in patients with heart failure (HF) and to investigate possible correlation with echocardiographic parameters and level of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We included 76 patients with different cardiac symptoms hospitalized at Clinic for heart disease and rheumatism. Control group (n = 26) was consisted of patients without signs and symptoms of HF, normal left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) and normal BNP level. Patients with diagnosis of HF (n = 50) were subdivided into 2 group depending on signs and symptoms of fluid overload: compensated (compHF, n = 10) and decompensated group (decompHF, n = 40). Serum CA125 and BNP were measured on admission and all patient underwent ECG recording and trans thoracic echocardiographic examination. RESULTS: The median CA125 level in HF group was significantly higher compared to control group (71.05 [30.70-141.47]U/ml vs 10.75 [8.05- 14.32] U/ml, p < 0.0005). Higher CA125 levels were found in decompHF group compared to compHF group (94.90 [49.75-196.75]U/ml vs 11.90 [10.25-15.80]U/ml, p < 0.0005). In decompHF group 13 of patients had pleural and/or pericardial effusion- their CA125 levels were significantly higher compared to patients without serosal effusion (n = 27) (205.10 [106.50-383.90]U/ml vs. 71.50 [47.30-109.55] U/ml, p < 0.002). We found significant difference in CA125 levels between patients with atrial fibrillation and sinus rhythm (98.40 [48.20-242.70] U/ml vs. 47.30 [12.95-99.05] U/ml, p = 0.015). There was no significant difference in CA125 levels in group with enlarged left atrium compared to normal sized atrium (p = 0.282), as well as in group with moderate/severe mitral regurgitation compared to group with no/mild mitral regurgitation (p = 0.99). Finally, levels of serum CA125 positively correlated with serum level of BNP (r = 0.293, p = 0.039), but not with LVEF (p = 0.369) and left atrium diameter (p = 0.636). CONCLUSION: Serum CA125 is elevated in decompensated HF patients: more pronounced elevation was found in patients with pleural and/or pericard effusion compared to patients with no serosal effusion. CA125 level correlated with BNP, but not with left atrium diameter nor with LVEF. Tumor marker CA125 could be used as a marker of systemic congestion and volume overload in decompensated HF. We hypothesized that high CA125 level indicates that measured high BNP is actually wet BNP.

Triglyceride level as a potential marker of residual cardiovascular risk and its relation to HeartScore.

BACKGROUND: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD) are still the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Elevated LDL-cholesterol is established as a strong marker of cardiovascular risk. Some researchers believe that measuring triglyceride levels gives a good assessment of the residual risk for ASCVD besides the measurement of LDL-cholesterol. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the overall prevalence of major risk factors for ASCVD, lipid profile and 10-year fatal cardiovascular risk using the HeartSCORE scoring system. Further, we want to evaluate the prevalence and relationship between elevated triglyceride levels and high 10-year fatal cardiovascular risk calculated as a HeartSCORE. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study conducted on 832 volunteers aged between 40 and 65 years without a diagnosis of diabetes and without known preexisting cardiovascular disease, as a part of the preventive program conducted at the Family Medicine office. Data were collected for ASCVD risk factors and lipid panel (total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides). 10-year fatal cardiovascular risk was calculated using the HeartSCORE scoring system for countries with high CV risk. RESULTS: Among 832 participants included, 565 (67.9%) were female, and 267 (32.1%) were male. We found high prevalence of hypertension (27.7%), obesity (32.2%), and smoking (36.2%). All lipid parameters, except HDL-C, were not optimal. Only 17.4% of participants had normal estimated HeartSCORE risk, while more than one-third (33.9%) had high or very high estimated HeartSCORE risk. Although we found a higher percentage of participants with elevated triglycerides in groups with higher HeartSCORE, there was a very weak positive correlation between values of triglycerides and the 10-year risk of a fatal cardiovascular event (r= 0.249, p= 0.000). CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of major known risk factors and high estimated HeartSCORE risk indicate a high overall risk for ASCVD in the sample. The proportion of participants with elevated triglycerides was increased in patients with high HeartSCORE risk what implicates importance of triglyceride measurement.

Recanalization rate of proximal deep venous thrombosis related to therapeutic modality during six months follow-up.

Aim To evaluate the efficacy (rate of recanalization) of therapy with novel oral anticoagulants (NOAC; rivaroxaban, apixaban) compared to conventional treatment (low molecular weight heparin - LMWH and vitamin K antagonist) in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the proximal segments of lower extremities. Methods The first group consisted of patients diagnosed with DVT and treated with NOAC (n = 100), while the second group consisted of patients diagnosed with DVT, who were treated by conventional treatment (low molecular weight heparin and vitamin K antagonists) (n = 100). In the first group, NOAC was included in the initial treatment. Patients in the second group were treated with LMWH for four days, and on the fifth day vitamin K antagonist was included in therapy, international ratio (INR) was titrated to therapeutic values (2.0-3.0), and then low molecular weight heparin was excluded from the therapy. Results There was a statistically significant difference in the estimated values of free lumen of the blood vessel between the examined groups after 30 days (p=0.0001), after 90 days (p=0.0001) and after 180 days (p=0.0001). After 180 days, the average free lumen values in the NOAC group were 85% (81-89%), which was significantly higher than the free lumen values in the second group, 73% (69-79%). Conclusion The use of NOAC represents more efficient treatment of DVT comparing to vitamin K antagonists.

Achievement of ESC/EAS LDL-C treatment goals after an acute coronary syndrome with statin and alirocumab.

AIMS: European guidelines set low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) treatment goals <1.4 mmol/L after acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and <1.0 mmol/L for patients with recurrent cardiovascular events ≤2 years. Many ACS patients do not achieve these goals on statin alone. We examined actual goal achievement with alirocumab and projected achievement with ezetimibe, either added to optimized statin therapy. METHODS AND RESULTS: The ODYSSEY OUTCOMES trial (NCT01663402) compared alirocumab with placebo in 18 924 patients with recent ACS and hyperlipidaemia despite high-intensity or maximum-tolerated statin therapy. This subanalysis comprised 17 589 patients with LDL-C ≥1.4 mmol/L at baseline who did not receive ezetimibe treatment. High-intensity statin treatment was used in 88.8%. Median (interquartile range) baseline LDL-C was 2.3 (1.9-2.7) mmol/L. With alirocumab, 94.6% of patients achieved LDL-C <1.4 mmol/L at ≥1 post-baseline measurement vs. 17.3% with placebo. Among 2236 patients with a previous cardiovascular event within 2 years (before the qualifying ACS), 85.2% vs. 3.5%, respectively, achieved LDL-C <1.0 mmol/L. Among patients not treated with ezetimibe, we projected that its use would have achieved LDL-C <1.4 and <1.0 mmol/L in 10.6 and 0%, respectively, at baseline (assuming 18 ± 3% reduction of LDL-C). CONCLUSION: Among patients with recent ACS and LDL-C ≥1.4 mmol/L despite optimized statin therapy, the addition of alirocumab allowed 94.6% to achieve the 2019 European guideline LDL-C goal <1.4 mmol/L, and 85.2% of those with recurrent cardiovascular events to achieve <1.0 mmol/L. In contrast, the addition of ezetimibe to optimized statin therapy was projected to achieve LDL-C <1.4 mmol/L in only 10.6% of patients at baseline.

Biphasic and monophasic pattern of brain natriuretic peptide release in acute myocardial infarction.

This study evaluated brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) release in acute myocardial infarction (AMI), absolute values as well as pattern of its release. There are two different patterns of BNP release in AMI; monophasic pattern--concentration in the first measurement is higher than in the second one, and biphasic pattern--concentration in the first measurement is lower than in the second one. We observed significance of biphasic and monophasic pattern of BNP release related to diagnostic and prognostic value. We included in this prospective observational study total of 75 AMI patients, 52 males and 23 females, average age of 62.3 +/- 10.9 years with range of 42 to 79 years. BNP was measured and pattern of its release was evaluated. In AMI group BNP levels were significantly higher than in controls (462.88 pg/mL vs. 35.36 pg/mL, p < 0.001). We found statistically significant real negative correlation (p < 0.05) between BNP concentration and left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) with high correlation coefficient (r = -0.684). BNP concentrations were significantly higher among patients in Killip class II and III compared to Killip class I; Killip class I BNP = 226.18 pg/mL vs. Killip class II 622.51 pg/mL vs. Killip class III 1530.28 pg/mL, p < 0.001. BNP concentrations were significantly higher in patients with; (i) myocardial infarction vs. controls; (BNP 835.80 pg/mL vs. 243.03 pg/mL); (ii) in pts with positive major adverse cardiac events (MACE) vs. negative MACE (BNP 779.08 pg/mL vs. 242.28 pg/mL, p < 0.001); (iii) in pts with positive compared to negative left ventricle (LV) remodelling (BNP 840.77 pg/mL vs. 341.41 pg/mL, p < 0.001). Group with biphasic pattern of BNP release had significantly higher BNP concentration compared to monophasic pattern group. In biphasic pattern group we found significant presence of lower LVEF, Killip class II and III, LV remodelling and MACE. We found that BNP is strong marker of adverse cardiac events in patients presenting with a myocardial infarction. In our AMI group we found significant elevation of BNP and it is suspected that second peak secretion is not only due to systolic dysfunction and subsequent remodeling of LV but also due to impact of ischaemia. Patients with biphasic pattern probably have worse prognosis due to severe coronary heart disease. Besides its diagnostic role as a simple blood marker of systolic function, BNP is also important prognostic marker who helps making clinical decision about early invasive vs. conservative management.

Effect of atorvastatin on systolic and diastolic function in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).

Aim To investigate the benefit of high-dose lipophilic statin therapy on cardiac remodelling, function and progression of heart failure (HF) in patients with ischemic heart disease. Methods A total of 80 patients with ischemic HF diagnosis were followed during 6 months, and they were divided in two groups. First group (n=40) was treated by high-dose lipophilic statin therapy (atorvastatin 40 mg) and conventional therapy for HF, while the second group (n=40) had no atorvastatin in the therapy. Results In the beginning of study, from all of the observed parameters, only the ratio of flow rates in early and late diastole (E/A ratio) differed between the test groups (p=0.007). After six months, a statistically significant increase in left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVIDD) in patients who had not been treated with atorvastatin was found. In the patients treated with atorvastatin, there was a significant reduction in basal right ventricle diameter in diastole and systole (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively), and in tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) (p<0.001); there was a reduction in LVIDD (p<0.001), and an increase of ejection fraction of the left ventricle according to Teicholtz and Simpson (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). Also, there was an increase of deceleration time of early diastolic velocity (DTE) (p<0.05) and a decrease of isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) (p<0.001). Conclusion The reduction in the right and left ventricle diameters was noted after the six-month atorvastatin therapy. Atorvastatin in the therapy resulted in increased EFLV and better systolic function and should be a part of a therapeutic modality of HF.

Primary prevention efforts are poorly developed in people at high cardiovascular risk: A report from the European Society of Cardiology EURObservational Research Programme EUROASPIRE V survey in 16 European countries.

BACKGROUND: European Action on Secondary and Primary Prevention by Intervention to Reduce Events (EUROASPIRE) V in primary care was carried out by the European Society of Cardiology EURObservational Research Programme in 2016-2018. The main objective was to determine whether the 2016 Joint European Societies' guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in people at high cardiovascular risk have been implemented in clinical practice. METHODS: The method used was a cross-stional survey in 78 centres from 16 European countries. Patients without a history of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease either started on blood pressure and/or lipid and/or glucose lowering treatments were identified and interviewed ≥ 6 months after the start of medication. RESULTS: A total of 3562 medical records were reviewed and 2759 patients (57.6% women; mean age 59.0 ± 11.6 years) interviewed (interview rate 70.0%). The risk factor control was poor with 18.1% of patients being smokers, 43.5% obese (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2) and 63.8% centrally obese (waist circumference ≥88 cm for women, ≥102 cm for men). Of patients on blood pressure lowering medication 47.0% reached the target of <140/90 mm Hg (<140/85 mm Hg in people with diabetes). Among treated dyslipidaemic patients only 46.9% attained low density lipoprotein-cholesterol target of <2.6 mmol/l. Among people treated for type 2 diabetes mellitus, 65.2% achieved the HbA1c target of <7.0%. CONCLUSION: The primary care arm of the EUROASPIRE V survey revealed that large proportions of people at high cardiovascular disease risk have unhealthy lifestyles and inadequate control of blood pressure, lipids and diabetes. Thus, the potential to reduce the risk of future cardiovascular disease throughout Europe by improved preventive cardiology programmes is substantial.

Evaluation of the Occlusive Arterial Disease and Diabetic Angiopathy Treatment Effects by Hyperbaric Oxygenation.

INTRODUCTION: One of the most severe complications of atherosclerosis is arterial occlusive disease (AOD) and with diabetic angiopathy (DA), is a common chronic problem in clinical practice worldwide. Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy is a therapeutic modality for solving all forms of hypoxia. AIM: To compare the treatment with HBO therapy in patients with AOD and DA ischemic symptomatology with standard treatment i.e. vasodilators, antibiotics, antiplatelets and statins, and to demonstrate the benefit of the therapeutic modality itself. METHODS: We conducted a clinical prospective study and included a total of 80 patients, divided into two groups: 40 patients with the arterial occlusive disease and lower-extremity wounds, with sub-group (n=20) treated with HBO therapy on the top of the standard therapy and 40 patients with diabetic angiopathy and diabetic lower-extremity wounds, with sub-group (n=20) treated with HBO therapy on top of the standard therapy. RESULTS: The efficacy of therapy in patients treated with HBO therapy on the top of standard therapy was significantly higher than in the group of HBO non-treated patients. There was a significant improvement in 9 patients treated with HBO therapy, while in HBO non-treated patients the significant improvement effect was observed only in one patient. CONCLUSION: HBO therapy is an effective therapeutic component in the healing of diabetic lower-extremity wounds in the patients with AOD and DA. In our patients HBO therapy on the top of standard therapeutic protocol has an effect of reducing the number of lower-limb amputations in patients with AOD and DA. These results support clinical use of HBO therapy for diabetic lower-extremity wound healing.

Lifestyle and impact on cardiovascular risk factor control in coronary patients across 27 countries: Results from the European Society of Cardiology ESC-EORP EUROASPIRE V registry.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine whether the Joint European Societies guidelines on secondary cardiovascular prevention are followed in everyday practice. DESIGN: A cross-sectional ESC-EORP survey (EUROASPIRE V) at 131 centres in 81 regions in 27 countries. METHODS: Patients (<80 years old) with verified coronary artery events or interventions were interviewed and examined ≥6 months later. RESULTS: A total of 8261 patients (females 26%) were interviewed. Nineteen per cent smoked and 55% of them were persistent smokers, 38% were obese (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2), 59% were centrally obese (waist circumference: men ≥102 cm; women ≥88 cm) while 66% were physically active <30 min 5 times/week. Forty-two per cent had a blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg (≥140/85 if diabetic), 71% had low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥1.8 mmol/L (≥70 mg/dL) and 29% reported having diabetes. Cardioprotective medication was: anti-platelets 93%, beta-blockers 81%, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers 75% and statins 80%. CONCLUSION: A large majority of coronary patients have unhealthy lifestyles in terms of smoking, diet and sedentary behaviour, which adversely impacts major cardiovascular risk factors. A majority did not achieve their blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and glucose targets. Cardiovascular prevention requires modern preventive cardiology programmes delivered by interdisciplinary teams of healthcare professionals addressing all aspects of lifestyle and risk factor management, in order to reduce the risk of recurrent cardiovascular events.

The Impact of Risk Factors and Comorbidities on The Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation.

INTRODUCTION: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common form of cardiac arrhythmia in clinical practice and its prevalence increases with age. Patients who develop AF also have cardiovascular risk factors, structural heart disease, and comorbidities, all of which can increase mortality. AF causes a significant economic burden with the increasing trend in AF prevalence and hospitalizations. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES: The objective of our study is to evaluate the impact of the most common known risk factors on the incidence of atrial fibrillation as an important precursor of cardiac and cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality among our patients in Bosnia and Herzegovina during median follow up period (September 2006 - September 2016). The other objective is to estimate the CHA2DS2-VASc score among our patients based on clinical parameters. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study includes 2352 ambulant and hospitalized patients with atrial fibrillation. All patients underwent clinical evaluation which includes thorough assessment for potential risk factors and concomitant conditions in order to determine which of them represent the most common among examinees with atrial fibrillation. RESULTS: The results show that male gender has slightly more incidence of AF. Obesity and overweight with BMI ≥ 27, cigarettes smoking and sedentary life style are almost present in patients with AF. Arterial hypertension, coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic renal dysfunction, structural and valvular heart disease and peripheral vascular disease are the most common comorbidities among our patients. The mean CHA2DS2-VASc score was 3.2±1.4 and the mean HAS-BLED score was 2.1±1.2. CONCLUSION: Atrial fibrillation is the most common sustained cardiac rhythm disorder. The study shows that obesity, alcohol consumption, smoking cigarettes and dyslipidemia can be considered as triggers and predisposing factors for appearance of AF. Arterial hypertension, coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, Peripheral vascular disease and chronic kidney disease are playing important role in developing of AF.

Delayed Care and Mortality Among Women and Men With Myocardial Infarction.

BACKGROUND: Women with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) have higher mortality rates than men. We investigated whether sex-related differences in timely access to care among STEMI patients may be a factor associated with excess risk of early mortality in women. METHODS AND RESULTS: We identified 6022 STEMI patients who had information on time of symptom onset to time of hospital presentation at 41 hospitals participating in the ISACS-TC (International Survey of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Transitional Countries) registry (NCT01218776) from October 2010 through April 2016. Patients were stratified into time-delay cohorts. We estimated the 30-day risk of all-cause mortality in each cohort. Despite similar delays in seeking care, the overall time from symptom onset to hospital presentation was longer for women than men (median: 270 minutes [range: 130-776] versus 240 minutes [range: 120-600]). After adjustment for baseline variables, female sex was independently associated with greater risk of 30-day mortality (odds ratio: 1.58; 95% confidence interval, 1.27-1.97). Sex differences in mortality following STEMI were no longer observed for patients having delays from symptom onset to hospital presentation of ≤1 hour (odds ratio: 0.77; 95% confidence interval, 0.29-2.02). CONCLUSIONS: Sex difference in mortality following STEMI persists and appears to be driven by prehospital delays in hospital presentation. Women appear to be more vulnerable to prolonged untreated ischemia. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/. Unique identifier: NCT01218776.

Data Sharing: A New Editorial Initiative of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Implications for the Editors' Network.

The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) provides recommendations to improve the editorial standards and scientific quality of biomedical journals. These recommendations range from uniform technical requirements to more complex and elusive editorial issues including ethical aspects of the scientific process. Recently, registration of clinical trials, conflicts of interest disclosure, and new criteria for authorship - emphasizing the importance of responsibility and accountability - have been proposed. Last year, a new editorial initiative to foster sharing of clinical trial data was launched. This review discusses this novel initiative with the aim of increasing awareness among readers, investigators, authors and editors belonging to the Editors' Network of the European Society of Cardiology.

Data Sharing: A New Editorial Initiative of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Implications for the Editors´ Network.

The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) provides recommendations to improve the editorial standards and scientific quality of biomedical journals. These recommendations range from uniform technical requirements to more complex and elusive editorial issues including ethical aspects of the scientific process. Recently, registration of clinical trials, conflicts of interest disclosure, and new criteria for authorship -emphasizing the importance of responsibility and accountability-, have been proposed. Last year, a new editorial initiative to foster sharing of clinical trial data was launched. This review discusses this novel initiative with the aim of increasing awareness among readers, investigators, authors and editors belonging to the Editors´ Network of the European Society of Cardiology.