Intelligent Healthcare: Integration of Emerging Technologies and Internet of Things for Humanity.

Health is gold, and good health is a matter of survival for humanity. The development of the healthcare industry aligns with the development of humans throughout history. Nowadays, along with the strong growth of science and technology, the medical domain in general and the healthcare industry have achieved many breakthroughs, such as remote medical examination and treatment applications, pandemic prediction, and remote patient health monitoring. The advent of 5th generation communication networks in the early 2020s led to the Internet of Things concept. Moreover, the 6th generation communication networks (so-called 6G) expected to launch in 2030 will be the next revolution of the IoT era, and will include autonomous IoT systems and form a series of endogenous intelligent applications that serve humanity. One of the domains that receives the most attention is smart healthcare. In this study, we conduct a comprehensive survey of IoT-based technologies and solutions in the medical field. Then, we propose an all-in-one computing architecture for real-time IoHT applications and present possible solutions to achieving the proposed architecture. Finally, we discuss challenges, open issues, and future research directions. We hope that the results of this study will serve as essential guidelines for further research in the human healthcare domain.

Development of a systematic approach to conversion of the ileoanal pouch into continent ileostomy.

Based on practical experience, a systematic approach to conversion of ileal J-pouches into continent ileostomies is developed by defining three types of conversion surgery, each with two subtypes. Type 1 refers to conversion without pouch reconstruction, type 2 to partial pouch reconstruction, and type 3 to complete pouch reconstruction. The subdivisions (a and b) take into account whether the afferent loop of the former pelvic pouch (a) or a higher ileal/jejunal segment of the small intestine (b) is used in conversion and/or reconstruction. The six resulting surgical variants are shown in schematic illustrations with accompanying descriptions of technical details to provide the specialized surgeon with comprehensive technical guidance.

Quantifying efficacy of investigation during a simulated psychiatric interview.

INTRODUCTION: Simulation is a very promising educational tool. It provides medical students with clinical experience without jeopardizing patients' health. This tool can be implemented in psychiatry training in order to develop interview and specific assessment skills which is why the Université de Lorraine relies increasingly on simulation in teaching psychiatry to its residents. However, there are few objective indicators in that field that make it possible to assess learners. This study aims to assess the relevance of a quantitative measure for objectivising the investigation efficiency by psychiatry residents of a suicidal risk during a simulated psychiatric interview. METHODS: A simulation exercise was offered to 20 psychiatric trainees from the Université de Lorraine. Their mission was to identify relevant information for assessing and guiding a standardized patient with suicidal risk during a psychiatric interview. The key judgemental criterion was the I2/Q ratio which corresponds to the squared number of relevant items collected by the interviewer divided by the number of questions. When dealing with emergency cases it is indeed important to collect as many key items in as little time as possible. This score was assessed by two examiners based on the analysis of filmed interviews. RESULTS: The mean I2/Q ratio was 1.13 (SEM±0.2) and ranged between 0.25 and 2.86. Statistical analysis showed a positive correlation between I2/Q ratio and students' clinical experience (R=0.46, P=0.04). The interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of the I2/Q ratio between the two examiners was 0.94. CONCLUSION: I2/Q ratio may provide a consistent quantitative measure of a student's efficiency in assessing suicidal risk. Further research is now needed to evaluate its consistency in other clinical cases.

Elucidating uranium interactions with synthetic Na-P1 zeolite/Ca2+-substituted alginate composite granules through batch and spectroscopic studies: Emphasizing the significance of ion exchange and complexation.

Uranium, a key member of the actinides series, is radioactive and may cause severe environmental hazards once discharged into the water due to high toxicity. Removal of uranium via adsorption by applying tailored, functional adsorbents is at the forefront of tackling such pollution. Here, we report the optimized functionalization of the powder coal fly-ash (CFA) derived Na-P1 synthetic zeolite to the form of granules by employing the biodegradable polymer-calcium alginate (CA) and their application to remove aqueous U. The optimized synthesis showed that granules are formed at the CA concentration equals to 0.5 % wt., and that application of 1% wt. solution renders the most effective U scavengers. The maximum U adsorption capacity (qmax) increases significantly after CA modification from 44.48 mgU/g for native, powder Na-P1 zeolite to 62.53 mg U/g and 76.70 mg U/g for 0.5 % wt. and 1 % wt. CA respectively. The U adsorption follows the Radlich-Peterson isotherm model, being the highest at acidic pH (pHeq∼4). The U adsorption kinetics reveals swift U uptake, reaching equilibrium after 2h for 1 % ZACB and 3 h for 0.5 % wt. ZACB following the pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic model. SEM-EDXS investigation elucidates that adsorbed U occurs onto materials as an inhomogenous, well-dispersed, and micrometer-scale aggregate. Further, XPS and µ-XRF spectroscopies complementarily confirmed the hexavalent oxidation state of adsorbed U and its altered distribution on ZACBs with varying CA concentrations. U distribution was probed "in-situ" onto materials while correlations between the major elements (Al, Si, Ca, U) contributing to U scavenging were calculated and compared. Finally, a real-life coal mine wastewater (CMW) polluted by 238U and 228,226Ra was successfully purified, satisfying WHO guidelines after treatment using ZACBs. These findings offer new insights on successful yet optimized Na-P1 zeolite modification using biodegradable polymer (Ca2+-exchanged alginate) aimed at efficient U removal, displaying a near-zero environmental impact.

Highly efficient uranium uptake by the eco-designed cocamidopropyl betaine-decorated Na-P1 coal fly-ash zeolite.

In some locations around the globe, the U concentrations may exceed WHO standards by 2-folds therefore, effective yet environmentally wise solutions to purify radioactive waters are of significant importance. Here, the optimized and fully controlled coal-fly-ash based Na-P1 zeolite functionalization by employing novel, biodegradable biosurfactant molecule - cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) is showcased. The zeolite's surface decoration renders three composites with varying amounts of introduced CAPB molecule (Na-P1 @ CAPB), with 0.44, 0.88, and 1.59-times External Cation Exchange Capacity (ECEC). Wet-chemistry experiments revealed extremely high U adsorption capacity (qmax = 137.1 mg U/g) unveiling preferential interactions of uranyl dimers with CAPB molecules coupled with ion-exchange between Na+ ions. Multimodal spectroscopic analyses, including Fourier-Transformed Infra-Red (FT-IR), X-ray Photoelectron (XPS), and X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS), showed the hexavalent oxidation state of U, and no secondary release of the CAPB molecule from the composite. The EXAFS signals fingerprint changes in the interatomic distances of adsorbed U, showing the impact of the O and N, heteroatoms present in the CAPB molecule on U binding mechanism. The presented research outcomes showcase the easy, scalable, optimized, and environmentally friendly synthesis of biofunctional zeolite effectively purifying the real-life U-bearing wastewaters from the vicinity of the Pribram deposit (Czech Republic).

Endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke beyond the 24-h time window: Selection by target mismatch profile.

INTRODUCTION: Endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke patients with large vessel occlusion (LVO) has been established as a promising clinical intervention within a late time window of 6-24 h after symptom onset. Patients with slow progression, however, may still benefit from endovascular treatment beyond the 24-h time window (very late window). AIM: The aim of this study is to report insight into the potential clinical benefits of endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke beyond 24 h from symptom onset. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on consecutive patients undergoing endovascular treatment for acute anterior circulation LVO ischemic stroke beyond 24 h. Participants were recruited between July 2019 and November 2020. Patients were selected based on the DAWN/DEFUSE 3 criteria (Perfusion-RAPID, iSchemaView) and patients receiving treatment beyond 24 h were compared to a group of patients receiving endovascular treatment between 6 and 24 h after symptom onset. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with functional independence at 90 days (modified Rankin Scale score of 0-2). The secondary outcomes were shift modified Rankin Scale (mRS) analysis and successful reperfusion was defined by thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) 2b-3 on the final procedure. Safety outcomes were symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage and death at the 90-day follow-up. Propensity score (PS)-matched analyses were employed to rectify the imbalanced baseline characteristics between the two groups. RESULTS: A total of 166 patients were recruited with a median age of 63.0 (56.0-69.0) and 28.9% of all patients were females. Patients in the beyond 24-h group had a longer onset-to-groin time (median = 27.2 vs 14.3 h, p < 0.001) than those in the 6- to 24-h group. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) (median = 12.0 vs 15.0, p = 0.37), perfusion imaging characteristics (core: median = 11.0 vs 9.0 mL, p = 0.86; mismatch volume: median = 106.0 vs 96.0, p = 0.44; mismatch ratio = 6.46 vs 7.24, p = 0.91), and perfusion-to-groin time (median = 72.5 vs 76.0 min, p = 0.77). No significant differences were noted among patients between the two groups in the primary endpoint functional independence analysis (50.0% vs 46.6%, p = 0.77) and in the safety endpoint analysis: mortality (15.0% vs 11.0%, p = 0.71) or symptomatic hemorrhage (0% vs 3.42%, p > 0.999). In PS-matched analyses, there were no significant differences among patients between the two groups in functional independence (50.0% vs 54.8%, p = 0.74), mortality (16.7% vs 9.68%, p = 0.50), or symptomatic hemorrhage (0% vs 6.45%, p = 0.53). CONCLUSION: Endovascular treatment can be performed safely and effectively in LVO patients beyond 24 h from symptom onset when selected by target mismatch profile. The clinical outcome of these patients was comparable to those treated in the 6- to 24-h window. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Risk factors for nosocomial COVID-19 in a French university hospital.

OBJECTIVES: Prevention strategies implemented by hospitals to reduce nosocomial transmission of SARS-CoV-2 sometimes failed. Our aim was to determine the risk factors for nosocomial COVID-19. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A case-control study was conducted (September 1, 2020-January 31, 2021) with adult patients hospitalized in medical or surgical units. Infants or patients hospitalized in ICU were excluded. Cases were patients with nosocomial COVID-19 (clinical symptoms and RT-PCR + for SARS-CoV-2 or RT-PCR + for SARS-CoV-2 with Ct ≤ 28 more than 5 days after admission); controls were patients without infection (RT-PCR- for SARS-CoV-2 > 5 days after admission). They were matched according to length of stay before diagnosis and period of admission. Analyses were performed with a conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 281 cases and 441 controls were included. In the bivariate analysis, cases were older (OR per 10 years: 1.22; 95%CI [1.10;1.36]), had more often shared a room (OR: 1.74; 95%CI [1.25;2.43]) or a risk factor for severe COVID-19 (OR: 1.94; 95%CI [1.09;3.45]), were more often hospitalized in medical units [OR: 1.59; 95%CI [1.12;2.25]), had higher exposure to contagious health care workers (HCW; OR per 1person-day: 1.12; 95%CI [1.08;1.17]) and patients (OR per 1 person-day: 1.11; 95%CI [1.08;1.14]) than controls. In an adjusted model, risk factors for nosocomial COVID-19 were exposure to contagious HCW (aOR per 1person-day: 1.08; 95%CI [1.03;1.14]) and to contagious patients (aOR per 1person-day: 1.10; 95%CI [1.07;1.13]). CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to contagious professionals and patients are the main risk factors for nosocomial COVID-19.

Blockchained Federated Learning for Privacy and Security Preservation: Practical Example of Diagnosing Cerebellar Ataxia.

Cerebellar ataxia (CA) refers to the incoordination of movements of the eyes, speech, trunk, and limbs caused by cerebellar dysfunction. Conventional machine learning (ML) utilizes centralised databases to train a model of diagnosing CA. Despite the high accuracy, these approaches raise privacy concern as participants' data revealed in the data centre. Federated learning is an effective distributed solution to exchange only the ML model weight rather than the raw data. However, FL is also vulnerable to network attacks from malicious devices. In this study, we depict the concept of blockchained FL with individual's validators. We simulate the proposed approach with real-world dataset collected from kinematic sensors of CA individuals with four geographically separated clinics. Experimental results show the blockchained FL maintains competitive accuracy of 89.30%, while preserving both privacy and security.

Federated Deep Learning for the Diagnosis of Cerebellar Ataxia: Privacy Preservation and Auto-Crafted Feature Extractor.

Cerebellar ataxia (CA) is concerned with the incoordination of movement caused by cerebellar dysfunction. Movements of the eyes, speech, trunk, and limbs are affected. Conventional machine learning approaches utilizing centralised databases have been used to objectively diagnose and quantify the severity of CA. Although these approaches achieved high accuracy, large scale deployment will require large clinics and raises privacy concerns. In this study, we propose an image transformation-based approach to leverage the advantages of state-of-the-art deep learning with federated learning in diagnosing CA. We use motion capture sensors during the performance of a standard neurological balance test obtained from four geographically separated clinics. The recurrence plot, melspectrogram, and poincaré plot are three transformation techniques explored. Experimental results indicate that the recurrence plot yields the highest validation accuracy (86.69%) with MobileNetV2 model in diagnosing CA. The proposed scheme provides a practical solution with high diagnosis accuracy, removing the need for feature engineering and preserving data privacy for a large-scale deployment.

Blockchain and AI-Based Solutions to Combat Coronavirus (COVID-19)-Like Epidemics: A Survey.

The beginning of 2020 has seen the emergence of coronavirus outbreak caused by a novel virus called SARS-CoV-2. The sudden explosion and uncontrolled worldwide spread of COVID-19 show the limitations of existing healthcare systems in timely handling public health emergencies. In such contexts, innovative technologies such as blockchain and Artificial Intelligence (AI) have emerged as promising solutions for fighting coronavirus epidemic. In particular, blockchain can combat pandemics by enabling early detection of outbreaks, ensuring the ordering of medical data, and ensuring reliable medical supply chain during the outbreak tracing. Moreover, AI provides intelligent solutions for identifying symptoms caused by coronavirus for treatments and supporting drug manufacturing. Therefore, we present an extensive survey on the use of blockchain and AI for combating COVID-19 epidemics. First, we introduce a new conceptual architecture which integrates blockchain and AI for fighting COVID-19. Then, we survey the latest research efforts on the use of blockchain and AI for fighting COVID-19 in various applications. The newly emerging projects and use cases enabled by these technologies to deal with coronavirus pandemic are also presented. A case study is also provided using federated AI for COVID-19 detection. Finally, we point out challenges and future directions that motivate more research efforts to deal with future coronavirus-like epidemics.

Diagnosis Cerebellar Ataxia using Deep Learning with Time Series Transformed Image.

Cerebellar ataxia (CA) is defined by disrupted coordination of movement suffering from disease of the cerebellum. It reflects fragmented movements of the eyes, vocal, upper limbs, balance, gait, and lower limbs. This study aims to use a motion sensor to form a simple yet effective CA quantitative assessment framework. We suggest a pendant device to use a single kinematic sensor attached to the wearer's chest to investigate the balance capability. Via a standard neurological test (Romberg's standing), the device may reveal an early symptom of Cerebellar Ataxia tailoring toward rehabilitation or therapeutic program. We adopt a transformed-image based approach to leverage the advantage of state-of-the-art deep learning models into diagnosis CA. Three transform techniques are employed including recurrence plot, melspectrogram, and Poincaré plot. Experiment results show that melspectrogram transform technique performs best in implementation with MobileNetV2 to diagnose CA with an average validation accuracy of 89.99%.

Genomic mutations and changes in protein secondary structure and solvent accessibility of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 virus).

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly pathogenic virus that has caused the global COVID-19 pandemic. Tracing the evolution and transmission of the virus is crucial to respond to and control the pandemic through appropriate intervention strategies. This paper reports and analyses genomic mutations in the coding regions of SARS-CoV-2 and their probable protein secondary structure and solvent accessibility changes, which are predicted using deep learning models. Prediction results suggest that mutation D614G in the virus spike protein, which has attracted much attention from researchers, is unlikely to make changes in protein secondary structure and relative solvent accessibility. Based on 6324 viral genome sequences, we create a spreadsheet dataset of point mutations that can facilitate the investigation of SARS-CoV-2 in many perspectives, especially in tracing the evolution and worldwide spread of the virus. Our analysis results also show that coding genes E, M, ORF6, ORF7a, ORF7b and ORF10 are most stable, potentially suitable to be targeted for vaccine and drug development.

A global non-invasive methodology for the phenotyping of potato under water deficit conditions using imaging, physiological and molecular tools.

BACKGROUND: Drought is a major consequence of global heating that has negative impacts on agriculture. Potato is a drought-sensitive crop; tuber growth and dry matter content may both be impacted. Moreover, water deficit can induce physiological disorders such as glassy tubers and internal rust spots. The response of potato plants to drought is complex and can be affected by cultivar type, climatic and soil conditions, and the point at which water stress occurs during growth. The characterization of adaptive responses in plants presents a major phenotyping challenge. There is therefore a demand for the development of non-invasive analytical techniques to improve phenotyping. RESULTS: This project aimed to take advantage of innovative approaches in MRI, phenotyping and molecular biology to evaluate the effects of water stress on potato plants during growth. Plants were cultivated in pots under different water conditions. A control group of plants were cultivated under optimal water uptake conditions. Other groups were cultivated under mild and severe water deficiency conditions (40 and 20% of field capacity, respectively) applied at different tuber growth phases (initiation, filling). Water stress was evaluated by monitoring soil water potential. Two fully-equipped imaging cabinets were set up to characterize plant morphology using high definition color cameras (top and side views) and to measure plant stress using RGB cameras. The response of potato plants to water stress depended on the intensity and duration of the stress. Three-dimensional morphological images of the underground organs of potato plants in pots were recorded using a 1.5 T MRI scanner. A significant difference in growth kinetics was observed at the early growth stages between the control and stressed plants. Quantitative PCR analysis was carried out at molecular level on the expression patterns of selected drought-responsive genes. Variations in stress levels were seen to modulate ABA and drought-responsive ABA-dependent and ABA-independent genes. CONCLUSIONS: This methodology, when applied to the phenotyping of potato under water deficit conditions, provides a quantitative analysis of leaves and tubers properties at microstructural and molecular levels. The approaches thus developed could therefore be effective in the multi-scale characterization of plant response to water stress, from organ development to gene expression.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Big Data for Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: A Survey on the State-of-the-Arts.

The very first infected novel coronavirus case (COVID-19) was found in Hubei, China in Dec. 2019. The COVID-19 pandemic has spread over 214 countries and areas in the world, and has significantly affected every aspect of our daily lives. At the time of writing this article, the numbers of infected cases and deaths still increase significantly and have no sign of a well-controlled situation, e.g., as of 13 July 2020, from a total number of around 13.1 million positive cases, 571,527 deaths were reported in the world. Motivated by recent advances and applications of artificial intelligence (AI) and big data in various areas, this paper aims at emphasizing their importance in responding to the COVID-19 outbreak and preventing the severe effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. We firstly present an overview of AI and big data, then identify the applications aimed at fighting against COVID-19, next highlight challenges and issues associated with state-of-the-art solutions, and finally come up with recommendations for the communications to effectively control the COVID-19 situation. It is expected that this paper provides researchers and communities with new insights into the ways AI and big data improve the COVID-19 situation, and drives further studies in stopping the COVID-19 outbreak.

A Mobile Cloud based IoMT Framework for Automated Health Assessment and Management.

In recent years, there has been growing interest in the use of mobile cloud and Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) in automated diagnosis and health monitoring. These applications play a significant role in providing smart medical services in modern healthcare systems. In this paper, we deploy a mobile cloud-based IoMT scheme to monitor the progression of a neurological disorder using a test of motor coordination. The computing and storage capabilities of cloud server is employed to facilitate the estimation of the severity levels given by an established quantitative assessment. An Android application is used for data acquisition and communication with the cloud. Further, we integrate the proposed system with a data sharing framework in a blockchain network as an innovative solution that allows reliable data exchange among healthcare users. The experimental results show the feasibility of implementing the proposed system in a wide range of healthcare applications.

Dexamethasone protects organ of corti explants against tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced loss of auditory hair cells and alters the expression levels of apoptosis-related genes.

OBJECTIVE: Determine the molecular mechanism(s) behind tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha)-induced loss of auditory hair cells and the ability of dexamethasone base (DXMb) to protect against TNFalpha ototoxicity. METHODS: Hair cell counts: Three-day-old rat organ of Corti explants were cultured under three different conditions: 1) untreated-control; 2) TNFalpha (2 mug/ml); and 3) TNFalpha (2 mug/ml)+DXMb (70 mug/ml) for 4 days, fixed, and stained with FITC-phalloidin. Hair cells were counted in the basal and middle turns. Gene expression: total RNA was extracted from the three different groups of explants at 0, 12, 24 and 48 h. Using quantitative real-time RT-PCR, mRNAs were transcribed into cDNAs and amplification was performed using primers for rat ss-actin (housekeeping gene), TNFR1, Bcl-2, Bax, and Bcl-xl. RESULTS: DXMb protected explant hair cells from TNFalpha-induced loss. Bax gene expression was greater in TNFalpha-exposed explants compared with TNFalpha+DXMb-treated explants at 48 h (P=0.023), confirmed by the increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio at 48 h (P<0.001). These results correlated with increased TNFR1 expression at 24 h (P=0.038). DXMb otoprotection in TNFalpha-exposed cultures was accompanied by an up-regulation of Bcl-xl at both the 24 (P<0.001) and 48 h time points (P=0.030) and up-regulation of Bcl-2 expression at 24 h (P=0.018). DXMb treatment also prevented increases in the expression levels of Bax, TNFR1, and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio that occurred in untreated TNFalpha-exposed explants. CONCLUSIONS: TNFalpha's ototoxicity may be mediated through an up-regulation of Bax and TNFR1 expression as well as an increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. DXMb protects the organ of Corti against TNFalpha ototoxicity by up-regulating Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl expression and by inhibiting TNFalpha-induced increases in Bax, TNFR1, and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. These results support the use of local dexamethasone treatment to conserve hearing following a trauma.

Correcting the anion gap for hypoalbuminaemia does not improve detection of hyperlactataemia.

BACKGROUND: An elevated lactate level reflects impaired tissue oxygenation and is a predictor of mortality. Studies have shown that the anion gap is inadequate as a screen for hyperlactataemia, particularly in critically ill and trauma patients. A proposed explanation for the anion gap's poor sensitivity and specificity in detecting hyperlactataemia is that the serum albumin is frequently low. This study therefore, sought to compare the predictive values of the anion gap and the anion gap corrected for albumin (cAG) as an indicator of hyperlactataemia as defined by a lactate > or =2.5 mmol/l. METHODS: A retrospective review of 639 sets of laboratory values from a tertiary care hospital. Patients' laboratory results were included in the study if serum chemistries and lactate were drawn consecutively. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were obtained. A receiver operator characteristics curve (ROC) was drawn and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated. RESULTS: An anion gap > or =12 provided a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 39%, 89%, 79%, and 58%, respectively, and a cAG > or =12 provided a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 75%, 59%, 66%, and 69%, respectively. The ROC curves between anion gap and cAG as a predictor of hyperlactataemia were almost identical. The AUC was 0.757 and 0.750, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The sensitivities, specificities, and predictive values of the anion gap and cAG were inadequate in predicting the presence of hyperlactataemia. The cAG provides no additional advantage over the anion gap in the detection of hyperlactataemia.

[Comparative study of effects of tannic acid and oxidized tannic acid on growth, body composition and biological utilization of nutriments in rats]. / Etude comparée des effets de l'acide tannique et de l'acid tannique oxydé sur la croissance, la composition corporelle et l'utilisation biologique des aliments chez le rat.

The nutritional effects of oxidized tannic acid in rats have been compared with the effects of tannic acid supplemented or not with a reductor: sodium sulfite. The results indicate that in the group which ingested oxidized tannic acid, fecal nitrogen excretion is lower than in the group which ingested tannic acid; its action on growth is mainly exerted by reduction of the retention coefficient; urinary nitrogen excretion being increased. With regard to the other groups of animals, oxidized tannic acid decreases the weight gain of the thymus and slightly increases the weight gain of the heart. Sulfite supplementation does not change the effects of tannic acid on growth; nevertheless, a higher weight gain of the kidneys is noted.

Improved training of neural networks for the nonlinear active control of sound and vibration.

Active control of sound and vibration has been the subject of a lot of research in recent years, and examples of applications are now numerous. However, few practical implementations of nonlinear active controllers have been realized. Nonlinear active controllers may be required in cases where the actuators used in active control systems exhibit nonlinear characteristics, or in cases when the structure to be controlled exhibits a nonlinear behavior. A multilayer perceptron neural-network based control structure was previously introduced as a nonlinear active controller, with a training algorithm based on an extended backpropagation scheme. This paper introduces new heuristical training algorithms for the same neural-network control structure. The objective is to develop new algorithms with faster convergence speed (by using nonlinear recursive-least-squares algorithms) and/or lower computational loads (by using an alternative approach to compute the instantaneous gradient of the cost function). Experimental results of active sound control using a nonlinear actuator with linear and nonlinear controllers are presented. The results show that some of the new algorithms can greatly improve the learning rate of the neural-network control structure, and that for the considered experimental setup a neural-network controller can outperform linear controllers.

Naringenin inhibits the growth of Dictyostelium and MDCK-derived cysts in a TRPP2 (polycystin-2)-dependent manner.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Identifying and characterizing potential new therapeutic agents to target cell proliferation may provide improved treatments for neoplastic disorders such as cancer and polycystic diseases. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: We used the simple, tractable biomedical model Dictyostelium to investigate the molecular mechanism of naringenin, a dietary flavonoid with antiproliferative and chemopreventive actions in vitro and in animal models of carcinogenesis. We then translated these results to a mammalian kidney model, Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) tubule cells, grown in culture and as cysts in a collagen matrix. KEY RESULTS: Naringenin inhibited Dictyostelium growth, but not development. Screening of a library of random gene knockout mutants identified a mutant lacking TRPP2 (polycystin-2) that was resistant to the effect of naringenin on growth and random cell movement. TRPP2 is a divalent transient receptor potential cation channel, where mutations in the protein give rise to type 2 autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Naringenin inhibited MDCK cell growth and inhibited cyst growth. Knockdown of TRPP2 levels by siRNA in this model conferred partial resistance to naringenin such that cysts treated with 3 and 10 µM naringenin were larger following TRPP2 knockdown compared with controls. Naringenin did not affect chloride secretion. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The action of naringenin on cell growth in the phylogenetically diverse systems of Dictyostelium and mammalian kidney cells, suggests a conserved effect mediated by TRPP2 (polycystin-2). Further studies will investigate naringenin as a potential new therapeutic agent in ADPKD.