Neighbourhood greenness moderates the association between physical activity and geriatric-relevant health outcomes: an analysis of the CLSA.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this analysis was to evaluate the relationship between baseline physical activity levels of older adults and geriatric-relevant health outcomes at 3-year follow-up, and to determine whether baseline neighbourhood characteristics alter this association. METHODS: Data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) were used to assess geriatric-relevant outcomes of physical impairment, medication use, severity of daily pain, and depressive symptoms. Data from the Canadian Active Living Environments (Can-ALE) and the Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI) were used to determine neighbourhood walkability and greenness, respectively. The analytic sample included adults who were 65 years or older at baseline [Formula: see text]. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the base relationships were calculated using proportional odds logistic regression (physical impairment, pain, medication use), and linear regression (depressive symptoms). Moderation effects of environmental factors were assessed using greenness and walkability. RESULTS: The base relationships showed protective associations between each additional hour per week of total physical activity and physical impairment [Formula: see text] daily pain severity [Formula: see text] medication use [Formula: see text], and depressive symptoms [Formula: see text]. Additive moderation effects were seen when greenness was added to physical impairment [Formula: see text], daily pain severity [Formula: see text], and depressive symptoms [Formula: see text] but no moderation was seen with walkability. Sex differences were observed. For example, greenness moderation was found in severity of daily pain in males but not in females. CONCLUSION: Future research investigating geriatric-relevant health outcomes and physical activity should consider neighbourhood greenness as a potential moderator.

Short bouts of walking attenuates the response of IL-8 to prolonged sitting in healthy adults.

PURPOSE: Experimental studies have shown that prolonged sitting for 2-8 h can cause changes to vascular and metabolic markers; the response of pro-inflammatory cytokines is relatively unexplored. The purpose of this study is to determine the response of interleukin-8 (IL-8) to prolonged and interrupted sitting. METHODS: Healthy participants (n = 24, 21.1 years ± 2.2, 50% female) completed a prolonged sitting session (4 h) and an interrupted sitting session (4 h of sitting with 3 min of walking at 60%HRmax, every 30 min) in random order. Saliva and capillary plasma were collected at the beginning (T1) and at the end of each session (T2). RESULTS: Salivary concentrations of IL-8 increased during the prolonged (T1 median: 22.09 pg/mL, T2 median: 86.18 pg/mL; p = < 0.01, ES - 0.55) and interrupted (T1 median: 22.09 pg/mL, T2 median: 51.99 pg/mL; p = 0.021, ES - 0.34) sessions; however, the increase during interrupted sitting was lower (PS median: 134.4%, range: - 43.96 to 1115.69 and IS median: 50.8%, range: - 75.5 to 356.35; p = 0.011, ES - 0.53). In the sub-sample of males, salivary IL-8 did not increase in the interrupted session (T1 median: 22.09, range: 3.496-699.12, and T2 median: 24.96, range: 5.11-533.5, p = > 0.05, ES - 0.16). No significant findings were observed for IL-8 in the plasma. CONCLUSION: Prolonged sitting appears to increase concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 while interrupting this sitting with short bouts of walking blunts this response. Sex appears to moderate this relationship; however, there appears to be a large amount of individual variability.

Active Aging and Public Health: Evidence, Implications, and Opportunities.

By 2050, 20% of the world's population will be over the age of 65 years, with projections that 80% of older adults will be living in low- to middle-income countries. Physical inactivity and sedentary time are particularly high in older adults, presenting unique public health challenges. In this article, we first review evidence that points to multiple beneficial outcomes of active aging, including better physical function, cognitive function, mental health, social health, and sleep, and we suggest the need to shift the research focus from chronic disease outcomes to more relevantoutcomes that affect independence and quality of life. Second, we review the critical role of age-friendly environments in facilitating active aging equitably across different countries and cultures. Finally, we consider emerging opportunities related to social engagement and technology-enabled mobility that can facilitate active aging. In all these contexts, it is a priority to understand and address diversity within the global aging population.

Effects of high intensity interval training on cardiorespiratory fitness and salivary levels of IL-8, IL-1ra, and IP-10 in adults with asthma and non-asthma controls.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether high intensity interval training (HIIT) would lead to improvements in 1) maximal VO2, VE, VE/VCO2, and VE/MVV, and/or 2) resting salivary concentrations of pro-inflammatory markers Interleukin (IL-8), interferon-gamma-inducible-protein (CXCL10/IP-10)) and anti-inflammatory marker IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) in adults with well-controlled asthma compared to non-asthma controls. METHODS: Participants completed a maximal exercise test at the beginning (T1) and end (T2) of a 6-week HIIT intervention; saliva samples were obtained at the beginning and 30 min following the first (T1) and last (T2) exercise session. RESULTS: Adults with asthma (n = 20; age: 21.4 ± 2.4 years) and non-asthma controls (n = 12; age: 22.5 ± 3.4 years) completed the intervention. VO2max increased from T1 to T2 in both groups (asthma T1 32.9 ± 8, T2 38.6 ± 8.2 ml/kg/min; controls T1 34.5 ± 11.8, T2 38.9 ± 12.3 ml/kg/min). VEmax also increased in both groups (asthma T1 97.7, T2 110.8 units, p < 0.001, hp2 = <0.04; control T1 106.3, T2 118.1, p < 0.001, hp2 0.02). An increase in VE/VCO2 (F(1, 10)=22.11, p = 0.001) and VE/MVV (F(1, 10) = 111.30, p < 0.001) was observed in the control group; no differences were observed in the asthma group. No differences in IL-8 or IL-1ra were observed between groups. In the asthma group, resting salivary IP-10 concentrations significantly decreased from T1 (0.025 pg/ug protein) to T2 (0.015 pg/ug protein, p = 0.039, hp2 = 0.3 (moderate effect)). CONCLUSION: A 6-week HIIT intervention led to a similar increase in VO2max and VEmax in those with and without asthma, and a decrease in resting salivary IP-10 levels among adults with asthma.

Low volume high intensity interval training leads to improved asthma control in adults.

OBJECTIVE: Regularly engaging in aerobic exercise is associated with improved asthma control and quality of life in adults with mild to moderate severity asthma. Previous intervention research has primarily employed moderate intensity continuous aerobic exercise protocols. As such, the impact of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on asthma control is poorly understood. METHODS: A six-week, low volume HIIT intervention (3 times/week, 20 min bouts) was conducted in adults with asthma (n = 20). Asthma control was assessed using the Asthma Control Questionnaire-7 (ACQ-7). RESULTS: ACQ-7 improved from pre to post-intervention (pre: 0.8 ± 0.6; post: 0.5 ± 0.4, p = 0.02, Cohens d = 0.5). In total, 7/20 (35%) participants experienced clinically meaningful improvements in ACQ-7. CONCLUSION: A low-volume HIIT intervention led to statistically and clinically significant improvements in asthma control as well as improved exertional dyspnea and exercise enjoyment.

Chemopreventive activity of hydroethanolic Murraya koenigii leaves extract (HEMKLE) against chemically induced skin carcinogenesis in mice.

The present study aimed to examine the chemoprotective effect of Hydroethanolic Murraya koenigii leaves extract (HEMKLE) on murine skin carcinogenesis model. For the study, male LACA mice divided into four groups (n = 15 per group). Group I (Control), Group II (DMBA/TPA), Group III (HEMKLE), and Group IV (HEMKLE + DMBA/TPA). Skin tumors were induced in Group II (DMBA/TPA) and Group IV (HEMKLE + DMBA/TPA) by topical application of 7, 12 dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) [500 nmol/100 µL of acetone, twice a week for two weeks] and 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) [1.7 nmol/100 µL of acetone, twice a week for eighteen weeks] and HEMKLE (200 mg/kg b. w.) was administered orally (instilled by oral gavage). The chemoprotective response of HEMKLE was evident by inhibition in tumor incidence, mean tumor volume, mean tumor burden, total number of tumors, and tumor size in Group IV (HEMKLE + DMBA/TPA) when compared to Group II (DMBA/TPA). HEMKLE administration also decreased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels and increased the antioxidants enzyme activities in Group IV (HEMKLE + DMBA/TPA) when compared to Group II (DMBA/TPA) that suggests its antioxidant potential. HEMKLE administration also increased the mRNA and protein expression of caspase-9 and caspase-3 and decreased the mRNA and protein expression of Bcl-2 in Group IV (HEMKLE + DMBA/TPA) when compared to Group II (DMBA/TPA) that suggest its apoptosis-inducing effect on DMBA/TPA induced skin carcinogenesis.

Does sedentary time increase in older adults in the days following participation in intense exercise?

BACKGROUND: Older adults have the highest sedentary time across all age groups, and only a small portion is meeting the minimum recommendations for weekly physical activity. Little research to date has looked at how changes in one of these behaviours influences the other. AIM: To assess changes in 24-h movement behaviours (sedentary time, light intensity physical activity (LPA), moderate-vigorous PA (MVPA) and sleep) over three consecutive days, following acute bouts of exercise of varying intensity in older adults. METHODS: Participants (n = 28, 69.7 ± 6.5 years) completed a maximal exercise test and the following exercise protocols in random order: moderate continuous exercise (MOD), high-intensity interval exercise (HI) and sprint interval exercise (SPRT). A thigh-worn device (ActivPAL™) was used to measure movement behaviours at baseline and the 3 days following each exercise session. RESULTS: Repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that compared to baseline, participants decreased MVPA in the 3 days following all exercise sessions and decreased LPA following HI and SPRT (p < 0.05). Over half of the sample had clinically meaningful increases in sedentary time (30 min/day) in the days following exercise participation. DISCUSSION: Older adults who compensate for exercise participation by reducing physical activity and increasing sedentary time in subsequent days may require behavioural counseling to ensure that incidental and recreational physical activities are not reduced. CONCLUSION: It appears that older adults compensate for acute exercise by decreasing MVPA and LPA, and increasing sedentary time in the days following exercise. Future research is needed to determine whether compensation persists with regular engagement.

Can EVH Results Predict Post-Exercise Changes in FEV1 Following Interval and Continuous Exercise?

The eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea (EVH) challenge is used to determine the presence of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIBC) by monitoring changes in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1). However, the predictability of the post-EVH decline in FEV1 on post-exercise FEV1 remains unclear. Participants completed an EVH challenge to confirm EIBC and completed a continuous exercise (CONT; n = 21), high-intensity interval exercise (HI; n = 13), and sprint interval exercise (SPRT; n = 8) sessions on separate days. FEV1 was assessed pre- and post exercise. A 1% decline in FEV1, post EVH was associated with 0.44%, 0.85%, and 0.56% declines in FEV1 post CONT, post HI, and post SPRT, respectively. The decline in FEV1 following the EVH challenge was associated with the decline in FEV1 following all exercise conditions, with the strongest association being observed following HI. These findings may have implications for exercise prescription and asthma education for recreationally active adults with EIBC.

Physical activity for children with chronic disease; a narrative review and practical applications.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity (PA) is associated with a diverse range of health benefits. International guidelines suggest that children should be participating in a minimum of 60 min of moderate to vigorous intensity PA per day to achieve these benefits. However, current guidelines are intended for healthy children, and thus may not be applicable to children with a chronic disease. Specifically, the dose of PA and disease specific exercise considerations are not included in these guidelines, leaving such children with few, if any, evidence-based informed suggestions pertaining to PA. Thus, the purpose of this narrative review was to consider current literature in the area of exercise as medicine and provide practical applications for exercise in five prevalent pediatric chronic diseases: respiratory, congenital heart, metabolic, systemic inflammatory/autoimmune, and cancer. METHODS: For each disease, we present the pathophysiology of exercise intolerance, summarize the pediatric exercise intervention research, and provide PA suggestions. RESULTS: Overall, exercise intolerance is prevalent in pediatric chronic disease. PA is important and safe for most children with a chronic disease, however exercise prescription should involve the entire health care team to create an individualized program. CONCLUSIONS: Future research, including a systematic review to create evidence-based guidelines, is needed to better understand the safety and efficacy of exercise among children with chronic disease.

Strength training is associated with better functional fitness and perceived healthy aging among physically active older adults: a cross-sectional analysis of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging.

BACKGROUND: Regular participation in strength exercise is important to promote healthy aging. However, much of the available evidence on physical activity and older adults has focused on aerobic activity, while there is less research on the benefits of exercise that is performed specifically to strengthen muscles. AIMS: Using cross-sectional data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging, the purpose of this study was to determine if strength training is associated with better functional fitness and health among older adults who meet the minimum guidelines for aerobic physical activity. METHODS: Older adults who met guidelines for aerobic physical activity (≥ 60 years, N = 9100) completed performance-based assessments of physical function and self-reported their physical activity, perceived health, and chronic conditions. Body fat was determined using DEXA. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine whether strength training was associated with better functional fitness, body composition, and health. RESULTS: 32.5% of active older adults reported engaging in strength training 1-7 days per week. Participating in any strength training was associated with better scores on measures of balance (OR 1.17, CI 1.04, 1.32), mobility (OR 1.32, CI 1.18, 1.47), body fatness (OR 1.58, CI 1.38, 1.81), and better perceived health (OR 1.34, CI 1.19, 1.51), and healthy aging (OR 1.26, CI 1.12, 1.42). DISCUSSION: These results suggest that all older adults, even those who are active and have good mobility, may benefit from strength training. CONCLUSION: Physical activity guidelines should place a greater emphasis on strength training for older adults.

Effects of replacing sitting time with physical activity on lung function: An analysis of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging.

BACKGROUND: Sitting time and physical activity may be modifiable determinants of lung function. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect that replacing various movement behaviours has on lung function among individuals with and without obstructive lung disease. DATA AND METHODS: For analysis, data were used from participants of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging, recruited between 2012 and 2015. Lung function was assessed using spirometry. A modified version of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly was used to assess sitting time and physical activity levels. Isotemporal substitution analysis was performed to analyze the effects of replacing 30 minutes per day of one movement behaviour with another, keeping the total time constant. Analyses were run separately for individuals with an obstructive lung disease (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1] ⟨ 5th percentile lower limit of normal; n=3,398), and healthy adults (n=14,707). RESULTS: When sitting time was replaced with 30 minutes per day of any type of physical activity or sleep, an increase in percent (%) of predicted FEV1 (i.e., ß=0.65, confidence interval [CI]: 0.43, 0.88 for replacing sitting time with strenuous or strengthening activity) was observed among healthy adults. Among adults with obstructive lung disease, replacing 30 minutes per day of sitting time or sleep duration with strenuous or strengthening activity was associated with an improvement in the percent of predicted FEV1 (i.e., ß=0.98, CI: 0.13, 1.82 for replacing sleep duration with strenuous or strengthening activity). DISCUSSION: Replacing sitting time with physical activity leads to significant improvements in lung function among adults with an obstructive lung disease, as well as among adults without a respiratory disease.

Acute responses to sprint-interval and continuous exercise in adults with and without exercise-induced bronchoconstriction.

The purpose was to compare the airway response to sprint interval exercise (SIE) and continuous exercise (CE) in active adults with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIBC), and to compare ventilatory and oxygen delivery responses between adults with and without EIBC. Adults with EIBC (n = 8, 22.3 ± 3.0 years) and adults without EIBC (n = 8, 22.3 ± 3.0 years) completed a SIE (4 × 30 s sprints separated by 4.5 min of active recovery) and CE (20 min at 65% peak power output) session. Lung function was assessed at baseline, during exercise, and up to 20 min post-exercise. Ventilatory parameters and tissue saturation index (TSI) were recorded continuously throughout the sessions. The decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 s was similar following SIE (-8.6 ± 12.6%) and CE (-9.0 ± 9.3%) in adults with EIBC. There were no significant differences in any of the ventilatory parameters or in TSI during SIE or CE between those with and without EIBC. These findings suggest that SIE and CE affect airway responsiveness to a similar extent. Future research using a lower intensity CE protocol in an inactive sample of adults with EIBC is needed.

Subjective responses to sprint interval exercise in adults with and without Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction.

OBJECTIVE: Little is known of the subjective response to exercise that involves short "all out" bursts of effort, separated by recovery periods (sprint interval exercise (SPRINT)) among adults with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIBC). The purpose of this study was to compare subjective responses to SPRINT and moderate intensity continuous exercise (MOD) among adults with EIBC, and to compare these responses between adults with EIBC and those without EIBC. METHODS: Eight adults (22.3 ± 3.0 years) with EIBC, and eight adults (22.3 ± 3.0 years) without EIBC completed a SPRINT (4 × 30 second sprints separated by 4.5 minutes of active recovery) and MOD (20 minutes at 65% peak power output) session in random order. Self-reported affect, perceived breathlessness, and perceived exertion were recorded throughout exercise using validated scales. Enjoyment was assessed following exercise. RESULTS: Differences between SPRINT and MOD were observed such that affect and perceived breathlessness were worse during the initial stages of SPRINT than MOD; however, differences disappeared by the end of exercise. Enjoyment was similar for SPRINT and MOD in the EIBC group (SPRINT: 72.9 ± 20.0 vs. MOD: 79.5 ± 20.5, p = 0.25), and between groups for SPRINT and MOD. CONCLUSIONS: Perceived breathlessness may impact affect during the early stages of exercise among those with EIBC. Post-exercise enjoyment appears to be similar between SPRINT and MOD. Future research is needed to better understand the relationship between ventilation patterns, exercise intensity, and enjoyment of exercise among those with EIBC.

Movement behaviours are associated with lung function in middle-aged and older adults: a cross-sectional analysis of the Canadian longitudinal study on aging.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity has been shown to attenuate the age-associated decline in lung function; however, there is little research evaluating different movement behaviours as potential correlates of lung function. Modifiable determinants need to be identified, as the prevalence of chronic respiratory disease is on the rise. The purpose of this study was to investigate associations of self-reported movement behaviours (i.e., sitting time, walking, different intensities of physical activity, and strengthening activities), with lung function in middle-aged and older adults without a respiratory disease, according to their smoking history. METHODS: Data from participants of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging were used for analysis (n = 16,839). Lung function was assessed using spirometry. A modified version of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly was used to assess sitting time and physical activity levels. Smoking status was classified as non-smoking, < 10 pack years smoking, and 10 or more pack years of smoking. The association between movement behaviours and lung function was assessed using hierarchical linear regression models with all covariates (age, sex, smoking status, body mass index, education, retirement status, and sleep duration) entered into block 1, and all movement behaviours entered into block 2. RESULTS: All movement behaviours were associated with Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 s (FEV1) and Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) % predicted in crude and adjusted models, regardless of smoking status. Sitting time was negatively associated with both FEV1%pred (ß: -0.094, CI: -0.140, - 0.047) and FVC%pred (ß: -0.087, CI: -0.128, -0.045) among those who never smoked, and strength activity was positively associated with both FEV1%pred (ß: 0.272, CI: 0.048, 0.496) and FVC%pred (ß: 0.253, CI: 0.063,0.442) among those who smoked < 10 pack years, as well as with FVC%pred among those who smoked 10 or more pack years (ß: 0.309, CI: 0.064, 0.554). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to assess the association of different movement behaviours with lung function among middle-aged and older adults without a respiratory disease. These findings indicate that movement behaviours are correlates of lung function, and that they may be modifiable determinants of the age-associated decline in lung function.

Physical activity and sedentary time are related to clinically relevant health outcomes among adults with obstructive lung disease.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the current study was to determine the association between sedentary time and physical activity with clinically relevant health outcomes among adults with impaired spirometry and those with or without self-reported obstructive lung disease (asthma or COPD). METHODS: Data from participants of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging were used for analysis (n = 4156). Lung function was assessed using spirometry. Adults were said to have impaired spirometry if their Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 s was <5th percentile lower limit of normal (LLN). A modified version of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly was used to assess sitting time and physical activity levels. Healthcare use and quality of life outcomes were assessed using self report. RESULTS: Among those with asthma, participating in strengthening activities was associated with lower odds of reporting poor perceived health (OR = 0.65, CI: 0.53, 0.79), poor perceived mental-health (OR = 0.73, CI: 0.60, 0.88), unhealthy aging (OR = 0.68, CI: 0.56, 0.83), and reporting an emergency department visit in the past 12 months (OR = 0.76, CI: 0.60, 0.95). Among those with COPD, those who reported highest weekly sedentary time had higher odds of reporting poor perceived health (OR = 2.70, CI: 1.72, 4.24), poor perceived mental-health (OR = 1.99, CI: 1.29, 3.06), and unhealthy aging (OR = 3.04, CI: 1.96, 4.72). Among those below the LLN, sitting time (OR = 2.57, CI: 1.40, 4.72) and moderate intensity physical activity (OR = 0.23, CI: 0.09, 0.63) were associated with overnight hospital stays. CONCLUSIONS: Higher physical activity levels and lower sedentary time may be associated with lower healthcare use and better quality of life. This research may have implications related to the use of physical activity for improving health outcomes and quality of life among adults with obstructive lung disease or impaired spirometry.

Sedentary Time in Male and Female Masters and Recreational Athletes Aged 55 and Older.

The purpose of this study was to quantify sedentary time among recreational and Masters (competitive) athletes aged 55 and older. A cross-sectional survey including questions on demographics, sport participation, as well as a short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and the Measure of Older Adult's Sedentary Time questionnaire was administered (n = 203). Male Masters athletes reported more time spent in vigorous intensity physical activity and less time watching TV than recreational athletes. Among females, being a Masters athlete was associated with being more sedentary than being a recreational athlete, while among males, being a recreational athlete was associated with being more sedentary. The intensity and duration that older Masters and recreational athletes spent in their sport was inversely associated with the amount of sedentary time accumulated. Future research using inclinometers is needed to further elucidate sedentary time in older male and female athletes.

Seasonal Changes in Functional Fitness and Neurocognitive Assessments in Youth Ice-Hockey Players.

Avery, M, Wattie, N, Holmes, M, and Dogra, S. Seasonal changes in functional fitness and neurocognitive assessments in youth ice-hockey players. J Strength Cond Res 32(11): 3143-3152, 2018-Deficits in balance and strength combined with differing rates of sensory and motor neural development may increase risk of sports-related injury in youth. This study evaluated changes in functional fitness and concussion status over the course of a competitive season in youth ice-hockey players, and examined the relationship between these variables and injury occurrence. Thirty-six participants (8.9 ± 1.1 years) completed preseason and postseason assessments including anthropometric measurements, the functional movement screen (FMS), Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test (YBT-LQ), and a computerized neurocognitive assessment (ImPACT). Paired-samples t-tests were used to compare preseason and postseason data. Independent samples t-tests were used to compare FMS, YBT-LQ, and ImPACT scores between injured and uninjured participants at baseline. The mean composite score of the FMS was not statistically different between preseason (15.1 ± 1.8) and postseason (15.6 ± 2.3, p < 0.16). The YBT-LQ composite score showed a decrease in reach distance scores between preseason (86.10 ± 6.00) and postseason (83.20 ± 5.40, p < 0.001). Neurocognitive assessment scores improved in both the injured and uninjured participants. There were no significant relationships between FMS scores, YBT-LQ, and injury incidence. Results from our study provide insight into changes in functional fitness levels and neurocognitive scores over the course of a season in youth ice-hockey players. These findings provide insight into expected changes over the course of a season and provide context for injury risk monitoring by coaches.

Sociodemographic, health-related and lifestyle correlates of physical activity in adults with current asthma.

OBJECTIVE: Regular physical activity is associated with better asthma control; however, little is known of the determinants of physical activity in a population of adults with asthma. Thus, the purpose of this study was to identify important sociodemographic, health and lifestyle correlates of physical activity among adults with asthma. METHODS: Data from adults with asthma aged 18-44 years (n = 2740) from the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS), 2011-2012 annual component were used for analysis. The main outcome was Daily Energy Expenditure (DEE). This variable was based on frequency and duration of leisure activities in the past 3 months. Self-reported sociodemographic (age, sex, total household income, highest education level, and ethnicity), health-related (body mass index (BMI), self-perceived health, mood disorder, anxiety disorder, and asthma symptoms/attacks, past year) and lifestyle (type of smoker, sedentary time, fruit and vegetable consumption) variables were assessed as correlates for DEE. Data were analysed using linear regressions. RESULTS: In the final model, sociodemographic correlates accounted for 4.2% of the variation in DEE. Adding health correlates increased the R2 to 12.1%. Finally, adding lifestyle correlates increased the R2 to 17.6%. CONCLUSIONS: In adults with current asthma, the main correlates of physical activity are age, total household income, BMI, self-perceived health, anxiety disorder, sedentary time, and fruit and vegetable consumption. These data are important for informing education and exercise interventions for adults with asthma. Future research is needed to determine asthma-specific correlates of physical activity.

Sedentary time in older men and women: an international consensus statement and research priorities.

Sedentary time is a modifiable determinant of poor health, and in older adults, reducing sedentary time may be an important first step in adopting and maintaining a more active lifestyle. The primary purpose of this consensus statement is to provide an integrated perspective on current knowledge and expert opinion pertaining to sedentary behaviour in older adults on the topics of measurement, associations with health outcomes, and interventions. A secondary yet equally important purpose is to suggest priorities for future research and knowledge translation based on gaps identified. A five-step Delphi consensus process was used. Experts in the area of sedentary behaviour and older adults (n=15) participated in three surveys, an in-person consensus meeting, and a validation process. The surveys specifically probed measurement, health outcomes, interventions, and research priorities. The meeting was informed by a literature review and conference symposium, and it was used to create statements on each of the areas addressed in this document. Knowledge users (n=3) also participated in the consensus meeting. Statements were then sent to the experts for validation. It was agreed that self-report tools need to be developed for understanding the context in which sedentary time is accumulated. For health outcomes, it was agreed that the focus of sedentary time research in older adults needs to include geriatric-relevant health outcomes, that there is insufficient evidence to quantify the dose-response relationship, that there is a lack of evidence on sedentary time from older adults in assisted facilities, and that evidence on the association between sedentary time and sleep is lacking. For interventions, research is needed to assess the impact that reducing sedentary time, or breaking up prolonged bouts of sedentary time has on geriatric-relevant health outcomes. Research priorities listed for each of these areas should be considered by researchers and funding agencies.This consensus statement has been endorsed by the following societies: Academy of Geriatric Physical Therapy, Exercise & Sports Science Australia, Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, Society of Behavioral Medicine, and the National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine.