RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Vaccines to prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) are urgently needed. The effect of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines on viral replication in both upper and lower airways is important to evaluate in nonhuman primates. METHODS: Nonhuman primates received 10 or 100 µg of mRNA-1273, a vaccine encoding the prefusion-stabilized spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, or no vaccine. Antibody and T-cell responses were assessed before upper- and lower-airway challenge with SARS-CoV-2. Active viral replication and viral genomes in bronchoalveolar-lavage (BAL) fluid and nasal swab specimens were assessed by polymerase chain reaction, and histopathological analysis and viral quantification were performed on lung-tissue specimens. RESULTS: The mRNA-1273 vaccine candidate induced antibody levels exceeding those in human convalescent-phase serum, with live-virus reciprocal 50% inhibitory dilution (ID50) geometric mean titers of 501 in the 10-µg dose group and 3481 in the 100-µg dose group. Vaccination induced type 1 helper T-cell (Th1)-biased CD4 T-cell responses and low or undetectable Th2 or CD8 T-cell responses. Viral replication was not detectable in BAL fluid by day 2 after challenge in seven of eight animals in both vaccinated groups. No viral replication was detectable in the nose of any of the eight animals in the 100-µg dose group by day 2 after challenge, and limited inflammation or detectable viral genome or antigen was noted in lungs of animals in either vaccine group. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination of nonhuman primates with mRNA-1273 induced robust SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing activity, rapid protection in the upper and lower airways, and no pathologic changes in the lung. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others.).
Assuntos
Betacoronavirus/imunologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/imunologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Pneumonia Viral/imunologia , Pneumonia Viral/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Vacina de mRNA-1273 contra 2019-nCoV , Animais , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/sangue , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Betacoronavirus/fisiologia , Antígenos CD4 , COVID-19 , Vacinas contra COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/patologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/terapia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Relação Dose-Resposta Imunológica , Imunização Passiva , Pulmão/patologia , Pulmão/virologia , Macaca mulatta , Pneumonia Viral/patologia , Pneumonia Viral/terapia , SARS-CoV-2 , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Carga Viral , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Replicação Viral , Soroterapia para COVID-19RESUMO
Highly potent and broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 antibodies (bNAbs) have been used to prevent and treat lentivirus infections in humanized mice, macaques, and humans. In immunotherapy experiments, administration of bNAbs to chronically infected animals transiently suppresses virus replication, which invariably returns to pre-treatment levels and results in progression to clinical disease. Here we show that early administration of bNAbs in a macaque simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) model is associated with very low levels of persistent viraemia, which leads to the establishment of T-cell immunity and resultant long-term infection control. Animals challenged with SHIVAD8-EO by mucosal or intravenous routes received a single 2-week course of two potent passively transferred bNAbs (3BNC117 and 10-1074 (refs 13, 14)). Viraemia remained undetectable for 56-177 days, depending on bNAb half-life in vivo. Moreover, in the 13 treated monkeys, plasma virus loads subsequently declined to undetectable levels in 6 controller macaques. Four additional animals maintained their counts of T cells carrying the CD4 antigen (CD4+) and very low levels of viraemia persisted for over 2 years. The frequency of cells carrying replication-competent virus was less than 1 per 106 circulating CD4+ T cells in the six controller macaques. Infusion of a T-cell-depleting anti-CD8ß monoclonal antibody to the controller animals led to a specific decline in levels of CD8+ T cells and the rapid reappearance of plasma viraemia. In contrast, macaques treated for 15 weeks with combination anti-retroviral therapy, beginning on day 3 after infection, experienced sustained rebound plasma viraemia when treatment was interrupted. Our results show that passive immunotherapy during acute SHIV infection differs from combination anti-retroviral therapy in that it facilitates the emergence of potent CD8+ T-cell immunity able to durably suppress virus replication.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/terapia , HIV/imunologia , Imunização Passiva , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/imunologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/terapia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/imunologia , Animais , Fármacos Anti-HIV/administração & dosagem , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/administração & dosagem , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/uso terapêutico , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/citologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/citologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Terapia Combinada , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , HIV/efeitos dos fármacos , HIV/isolamento & purificação , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/administração & dosagem , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/imunologia , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Meia-Vida , Macaca mulatta , Masculino , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/tratamento farmacológico , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/virologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/isolamento & purificação , Carga Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Carga Viral/imunologia , Viremia/imunologia , Viremia/terapia , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Replicação Viral/imunologiaRESUMO
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) can prevent lentiviral infection in nonhuman primates and may slow the spread of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Although protection by passive transfer of human bnAbs has been demonstrated in monkeys, durable expression is essential for its broader use in humans. Gene-based expression of bnAbs provides a potential solution to this problem, although immune responses to the viral vector or to the antibody may limit its durability and efficacy. Here, we delivered an adeno-associated viral vector encoding a simianized form of a CD4bs bnAb, VRC07, and evaluated its immunogenicity and protective efficacy. The expressed antibody circulated in macaques for 16 weeks at levels up to 66 g/ml, although immune suppression with cyclosporine (CsA) was needed to sustain expression. Gene-delivered simian VRC07 protected against simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) infection in monkeys 5.5 weeks after treatment. Gene transfer of an anti-HIV antibody can therefore protect against infection by viruses that cause AIDS in primates when the host immune responses are controlled.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , HIV-1/imunologia , Imunoglobulina G/genética , Modelos Moleculares , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/genética , Ciclosporina/farmacologia , Primers do DNA/genética , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Técnicas de Transferência de Genes , Terapia Genética/métodos , Vetores Genéticos/genética , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/genética , Humanos , Imunossupressores/farmacologia , Macaca mulatta , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Testes de Neutralização , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo RealAssuntos
Citometria de Fluxo/métodos , Imunofluorescência/métodos , Linfócitos T Auxiliares-Indutores/metabolismo , Células Th1/metabolismo , Células Th17/metabolismo , Células Th2/metabolismo , Animais , Citocinas/metabolismo , Humanos , Proteína Coestimuladora de Linfócitos T Induzíveis/metabolismo , Macaca mulatta , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/metabolismo , Receptores CXCR3/metabolismo , Receptores CXCR5/metabolismo , Linfócitos T Auxiliares-Indutores/citologia , Células Th1/citologia , Células Th17/citologia , Células Th2/citologiaRESUMO
The RV144 trial demonstrated that an experimental AIDS vaccine can prevent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in humans. Because of its limited efficacy, further understanding of the mechanisms of preventive AIDS vaccines remains a priority, and nonhuman primate (NHP) models of lentiviral infection provide an opportunity to define immunogens, vectors, and correlates of immunity. In this study, we show that prime-boost vaccination with a mismatched SIV envelope (Env) gene, derived from simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac239, prevents infection by SIVsmE660 intrarectally. Analysis of different gene-based prime-boost immunization regimens revealed that recombinant adenovirus type 5 (rAd5) prime followed by replication-defective lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (rLCMV) boost elicited robust CD4 and CD8 T-cell and humoral immune responses. This vaccine protected against infection after repetitive mucosal challenge with efficacies of 82% per exposure and 62% cumulatively. No effect was seen on viremia in infected vaccinated monkeys compared to controls. Protection correlated with the presence of neutralizing antibodies to the challenge viruses tested in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These data indicate that a vaccine expressing a mismatched Env gene alone can prevent SIV infection in NHPs and identifies an immune correlate that may guide immunogen selection and immune monitoring for clinical efficacy trials.
Assuntos
Adenoviridae , Produtos do Gene env/imunologia , Vírus da Coriomeningite Linfocítica , Vacinas contra a SAIDS/imunologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/imunologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/imunologia , Vacinas de DNA/imunologia , Vacinas contra a AIDS/genética , Vacinas contra a AIDS/imunologia , Animais , Feminino , Produtos do Gene env/genética , HIV-1/genética , HIV-1/imunologia , Imunização Secundária/métodos , Macaca mulatta , Masculino , Camundongos , Vacinas contra a SAIDS/genética , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/genética , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/prevenção & controle , Transdução Genética , Vacinas de DNA/genéticaRESUMO
Heterologous prime-boost immunization regimens are a common strategy for many vaccines. DNA prime rAd5-GP boost immunization has been demonstrated to protect non-human primates against a lethal challenge of Ebola virus, a pathogen that causes fatal hemorrhagic disease in humans. This protection correlates with antibody responses and is also associated with IFNγ+ TNFα+ double positive CD8+ T-cells. In this study, we compared single DNA vs. multiple DNA prime immunizations, and short vs. long time intervals between the DNA prime and the rAd5 boost to evaluate the impact of these different prime-boost strategies on vaccine-induced humoral and cellular responses in non-human primates. We demonstrated that DNA/rAd5 prime-boost strategies can be tailored to induce either CD4+ T-cell or CD8+ T-cell dominant responses while maintaining a high magnitude antibody response. Additionally, a single DNA prime immunization generated a stable memory response that could be boosted by rAd5 3 years later. These results suggest DNA/rAd5 prime-boost provides a flexible platform that can be fine-tuned to generate desirable T-cell memory responses.
Assuntos
Vacinas contra Ebola/administração & dosagem , Ebolavirus/imunologia , Doença pelo Vírus Ebola/prevenção & controle , Esquemas de Imunização , Imunização Secundária , Imunogenicidade da Vacina , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/virologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/virologia , Vacinas contra Ebola/imunologia , Ebolavirus/patogenicidade , Feminino , Doença pelo Vírus Ebola/imunologia , Doença pelo Vírus Ebola/virologia , Memória Imunológica , Macaca fascicularis , Fatores de Tempo , Vacinas de DNA/administração & dosagem , Vacinas de DNA/imunologiaRESUMO
Conventional cancer vaccines based on soluble vaccines and traditional adjuvants have produced suboptimal therapeutic efficacy in clinical trials. Thus, there is an urgent need for vaccine technologies that can generate potent T cell responses with strong anti-tumor efficacy. We have previously reported the development of synthetic high-density protein (sHDL) nanodiscs for efficient lymph node (LN)-targeted co-delivery of antigen peptides and CpG oligonucleotides (a Toll-like receptor-9 agonist). Here, we performed a comparative study in mice and non-human primates (NHPs) to identify an ideal vaccine platform for induction of CD8+ T cell responses. In particular, we compared the efficacy of CpG class B, CpG class C, and polyICLC (a synthetic double-stranded RNA analog, a TLR-3 agonist), each formulated with antigen-carrying sHDL nanodiscs. Here, we report that sHDL-Ag admixed with polyICLC elicited robust Ag-specific CD8+ T cell responses in mice, and when used in combination with α-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor, sHDL-Ag + polyICLC eliminated large established (~100 mm3) MC-38 tumors in mice. Moreover, sHDL-Gag + polyICLC induced robust Simian immunodeficiency virus Gag-specific, polyfunctional CD8+ T cell responses in rhesus macaques and could further amplify the efficacy of recombinant adenovirus-based vaccine. Notably, while both sHDL-Ag-CpG-B and sHDL-Ag-CpG-C generated strong Ag-specific CD8+ T cell responses in mice, their results were mixed in NHPs. Overall, sHDL combined with polyICLC offers a strong platform to induce CD8+ T cells for vaccine applications.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Vacinas Anticâncer , Adjuvantes Imunológicos , Animais , Macaca mulatta , Camundongos , Vacinas SintéticasRESUMO
Immune correlates of protection can be used as surrogate endpoints for vaccine efficacy. The nonhuman primate (NHP) model of SARS-CoV-2 infection replicates key features of human infection and may be used to define immune correlates of protection following vaccination. Here, NHP received either no vaccine or doses ranging from 0.3 - 100 µg of mRNA-1273, a mRNA vaccine encoding the prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike (S-2P) protein encapsulated in a lipid nanoparticle. mRNA-1273 vaccination elicited robust circulating and mucosal antibody responses in a dose-dependent manner. Viral replication was significantly reduced in bronchoalveolar lavages and nasal swabs following SARS-CoV-2 challenge in vaccinated animals and was most strongly correlated with levels of anti-S antibody binding and neutralizing activity. Consistent with antibodies being a correlate of protection, passive transfer of vaccine-induced IgG to naïve hamsters was sufficient to mediate protection. Taken together, these data show that mRNA-1273 vaccine-induced humoral immune responses are a mechanistic correlate of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in NHP. ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY: mRNA-1273 vaccine-induced antibody responses are a mechanistic correlate of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in NHP.
RESUMO
Neutralizing antibody responses gradually wane after vaccination with mRNA-1273 against several variants of concern (VOC), and additional boost vaccinations may be required to sustain immunity and protection. Here, we evaluated the immune responses in nonhuman primates that received 100 µg of mRNA-1273 vaccine at 0 and 4 weeks and were boosted at week 29 with mRNA-1273 (homologous) or mRNA-1273.ß (heterologous), which encompasses the spike sequence of the B.1.351 (beta or ß) variant. Reciprocal ID 50 pseudovirus neutralizing antibody geometric mean titers (GMT) against live SARS-CoV-2 D614G and the ß variant, were 4700 and 765, respectively, at week 6, the peak of primary response, and 644 and 553, respectively, at a 5-month post-vaccination memory time point. Two weeks following homologous or heterologous boost ß-specific reciprocal ID 50 GMT were 5000 and 3000, respectively. At week 38, animals were challenged in the upper and lower airway with the ß variant. Two days post-challenge, viral replication was low to undetectable in both BAL and nasal swabs in most of the boosted animals. These data show that boosting with the homologous mRNA-1273 vaccine six months after primary immunization provides up to a 20-fold increase in neutralizing antibody responses across all VOC, which may be required to sustain high-level protection against severe disease, especially for at-risk populations. ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY: mRNA-1273 boosted nonhuman primates have increased immune responses and are protected against SARS-CoV-2 beta infection.
RESUMO
Immune correlates of protection can be used as surrogate endpoints for vaccine efficacy. Here, nonhuman primates (NHPs) received either no vaccine or doses ranging from 0.3 to 100 µg of the mRNA-1273 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine. mRNA-1273 vaccination elicited circulating and mucosal antibody responses in a dose-dependent manner. Viral replication was significantly reduced in bronchoalveolar lavages and nasal swabs after SARS-CoV-2 challenge in vaccinated animals and most strongly correlated with levels of antiS antibody and neutralizing activity. Lower antibody levels were needed for reduction of viral replication in the lower airway than in the upper airway. Passive transfer of mRNA-1273induced immunoglobulin G to naïve hamsters was sufficient to mediate protection. Thus, mRNA-1273 vaccineinduced humoral immune responses are a mechanistic correlate of protection against SARS-CoV-2 in NHPs.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Neutralizantes/sangue , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Vacinas contra COVID-19/administração & dosagem , Vacinas contra COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Imunogenicidade da Vacina , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Vacina de mRNA-1273 contra 2019-nCoV , Animais , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Afinidade de Anticorpos , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/imunologia , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/virologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/virologia , Feminino , Esquemas de Imunização , Imunização Passiva , Imunização Secundária , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Memória Imunológica , Pulmão/imunologia , Pulmão/virologia , Macaca mulatta , Masculino , Mesocricetus , Mucosa Nasal/imunologia , Mucosa Nasal/virologia , SARS-CoV-2/fisiologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/imunologia , Vacinação , Potência de Vacina , Replicação ViralRESUMO
Adjuvanted soluble protein vaccines have been used extensively in humans for protection against various viral infections based on their robust induction of antibody responses. Here, soluble prefusion-stabilized spike protein trimers (preS dTM) from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) were formulated with the adjuvant AS03 and administered twice to nonhuman primates (NHPs). Binding and functional neutralization assays and systems serology revealed that the vaccinated NHP developed AS03-dependent multifunctional humoral responses that targeted distinct domains of the spike protein and bound to a variety of Fc receptors mediating immune cell effector functions in vitro. The neutralizing 50% inhibitory concentration titers for pseudovirus and live SARS-CoV-2 were higher than titers for a panel of human convalescent serum samples. NHPs were challenged intranasally and intratracheally with a high dose (3 × 106 plaque forming units) of SARS-CoV-2 (USA-WA1/2020 isolate). Two days after challenge, vaccinated NHPs showed rapid control of viral replication in both the upper and lower airways. Vaccinated NHPs also had increased spike protein-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody responses in the lung as early as 2 days after challenge. Moreover, passive transfer of vaccine-induced IgG to hamsters mediated protection from subsequent SARS-CoV-2 challenge. These data show that antibodies induced by the AS03-adjuvanted preS dTM vaccine were sufficient to mediate protection against SARS-CoV-2 in NHPs and that rapid anamnestic antibody responses in the lung may be a key mechanism for protection.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus , Animais , Anticorpos Neutralizantes , Anticorpos Antivirais , COVID-19/terapia , Cricetinae , Imunização Passiva , Pulmão , Primatas , SARS-CoV-2 , Vacinação , Soroterapia para COVID-19RESUMO
Neutralizing antibody responses gradually wane against several variants of concern (VOCs) after vaccination with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine messenger RNA-1273 (mRNA-1273). We evaluated the immune responses in nonhuman primates that received a primary vaccination series of mRNA-1273 and were boosted about 6 months later with either homologous mRNA-1273 or heterologous mRNA-1273.ß, which encompasses the spike sequence of the B.1.351 Beta variant. After boost, animals had increased neutralizing antibody responses across all VOCs, which was sustained for at least 8 weeks after boost. Nine weeks after boost, animals were challenged with the SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant. Viral replication was low to undetectable in bronchoalveolar lavage and significantly reduced in nasal swabs in all boosted animals, suggesting that booster vaccinations may be required to sustain immunity and protection.
Assuntos
Vacina de mRNA-1273 contra 2019-nCoV/imunologia , Vacinas contra COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Imunogenicidade da Vacina , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Eficácia de Vacinas , Vacina de mRNA-1273 contra 2019-nCoV/administração & dosagem , Animais , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/sangue , Anticorpos Antivirais/análise , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/imunologia , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/virologia , COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/virologia , Vacinas contra COVID-19/administração & dosagem , Imunidade nas Mucosas , Imunização Secundária , Macaca mulatta , Células B de Memória/imunologia , Nariz/imunologia , Nariz/virologia , RNA Viral/análise , SARS-CoV-2/genética , SARS-CoV-2/isolamento & purificação , SARS-CoV-2/fisiologia , Células T Auxiliares Foliculares/imunologia , Células Th1/imunologia , Replicação ViralRESUMO
Adjuvanted soluble protein vaccines have been used extensively in humans for protection against various viral infections based on their robust induction of antibody responses. Here, soluble prefusion-stabilized spike trimers (preS dTM) from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) were formulated with the adjuvant AS03 and administered twice to nonhuman primates (NHP). Binding and functional neutralization assays and systems serology revealed that NHP developed AS03-dependent multi-functional humoral responses that targeted multiple spike domains and bound to a variety of antibody FC receptors mediating effector functions in vitro. Pseudovirus and live virus neutralizing IC50 titers were on average greater than 1000 and significantly higher than a panel of human convalescent sera. NHP were challenged intranasally and intratracheally with a high dose (3×106 PFU) of SARS-CoV-2 (USA-WA1/2020 isolate). Two days post-challenge, vaccinated NHP showed rapid control of viral replication in both the upper and lower airways. Notably, vaccinated NHP also had increased spike-specific IgG antibody responses in the lung as early as 2 days post challenge. Moreover, vaccine-induced IgG mediated protection from SARS-CoV-2 challenge following passive transfer to hamsters. These data show that antibodies induced by the AS03-adjuvanted preS dTM vaccine are sufficient to mediate protection against SARS-CoV-2 and support the evaluation of this vaccine in human clinical trials.
RESUMO
A recombinant vaccine containing Aventis Pasteur's canarypox vector (ALVAC)-HIV and gp120 alum decreased the risk of HIV acquisition in the RV144 vaccine trial. The substitution of alum with the more immunogenic MF59 adjuvant is under consideration for the next efficacy human trial. We found here that an ALVAC-simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and gp120 alum (ALVAC-SIV + gp120) equivalent vaccine, but not an ALVAC-SIV + gp120 MF59 vaccine, was efficacious in delaying the onset of SIVmac251 in rhesus macaques, despite the higher immunogenicity of the latter adjuvant. Vaccine efficacy was associated with alum-induced, but not with MF59-induced, envelope (Env)-dependent mucosal innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) that produce interleukin (IL)-17, as well as with mucosal IgG to the gp120 variable region 2 (V2) and the expression of 12 genes, ten of which are part of the RAS pathway. The association between RAS activation and vaccine efficacy was also observed in an independent efficacious SIV-vaccine approach. Whether RAS activation, mucosal ILCs and antibodies to V2 are also important hallmarks of HIV-vaccine efficacy in humans will require further studies.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Compostos de Alúmen/uso terapêutico , Vacinas contra a SAIDS/uso terapêutico , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Virais/uso terapêutico , Imunidade Adaptativa/imunologia , Animais , Imunidade Inata/imunologia , Imunidade nas Mucosas , Imunogenicidade da Vacina , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Interleucina-17/imunologia , Linfócitos , Macaca mulatta , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/imunologia , Distribuição Aleatória , Transdução de Sinais , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/imunologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/imunologia , Transcriptoma , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/imunologia , Proteínas ras/imunologiaRESUMO
Ebolavirus disease causes high mortality, and the current outbreak has spread unabated through West Africa. Human adenovirus type 5 vectors (rAd5) encoding ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP) generate protective immunity against acute lethal Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) challenge in macaques, but fail to protect animals immune to Ad5, suggesting natural Ad5 exposure may limit vaccine efficacy in humans. Here we show that a chimpanzee-derived replication-defective adenovirus (ChAd) vaccine also rapidly induced uniform protection against acute lethal EBOV challenge in macaques. Because protection waned over several months, we boosted ChAd3 with modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) and generated, for the first time, durable protection against lethal EBOV challenge.
Assuntos
Vacinas contra Ebola/imunologia , Ebolavirus/imunologia , Doença pelo Vírus Ebola/imunologia , Doença pelo Vírus Ebola/prevenção & controle , Vacinas contra Adenovirus/administração & dosagem , Vacinas contra Adenovirus/genética , Vacinas contra Adenovirus/imunologia , Adenovírus Humanos/genética , Adenovírus Humanos/imunologia , Adenovirus dos Símios/genética , Adenovirus dos Símios/imunologia , Animais , Vírus Defeituosos/genética , Vírus Defeituosos/imunologia , Vacinas contra Ebola/administração & dosagem , Vacinas contra Ebola/genética , Ebolavirus/genética , Feminino , Vetores Genéticos , Doença pelo Vírus Ebola/virologia , Humanos , Imunização Secundária , Macaca fascicularis , Pan troglodytes , RNA Viral/sangue , RNA Viral/genética , Fatores de Tempo , Vaccinia virus/genética , Vaccinia virus/imunologiaRESUMO
Vaccination and SIV challenge of macaque species is the best animal model for evaluating candidate HIV vaccines in pre-clinical studies. As such, robust assays optimized for use in nonhuman primates are necessary for reliable ex vivo measurement of immune responses and identification of potential immune correlates of protection. We optimized and qualified an 8-color intracellular cytokine staining assay for the measurement of IFNγ, IL-2, and TNF from viable CD4 and CD8 T cells from cryopreserved rhesus macaque PBMC stimulated with peptides. After optimization, five laboratories tested assay performance using the same reagents and PBMC samples; similar results were obtained despite the use of flow cytometers with different configurations. The 8-color assay was then subjected to a pre-qualification study to quantify specificity and precision. These data were used to set positivity thresholds and to design the qualification protocol. Upon completion of the qualification study, the assay was shown to be highly reproducible with low inter-aliquot, inter-day, and inter-operator variability according to the qualification criteria with an overall variability of 20-40% for each outcome measurement. Thus, the 8-color ICS assay was formally qualified according to the ICH guidelines Q2 (R1) for specificity and precision indicating that it is considered a standardized/robust assay acceptable for use in pre-clinical trial immunogenicity testing.