Norovirus outbreaks in Fengtai District, Beijing, China, 2014.

Norovirus (NoV) is the most common cause of non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis (AGE) outbreaks worldwide. Eight NoV outbreaks in the Fengtai District of Beijing City, China, were identified in 2014. Samples were collected from the eight outbreaks, and 73 out of 119 samples from cases and 10 out of 59 samples from the close contacts were positive for NoVs. The genotypes were determined by sequencing analysis. Six different GII genotypes, including GII.2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 14, and 17 were found, and GII.4 was not the local major epidemic genotype in the present study. Enhanced strain surveillance is necessary for future NoV epidemics.

Outbreak of febrile illness caused by coxsackievirus A4 in a nursery school in Beijing, China.

BACKGROUND: Coxsackievirus A4 (CV-A4) is classified as human enterovirus A according to its serotype. CV-A4, an etiological agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease, affects children worldwide and can circulate in closed environments such as schools and hospitals for long periods. FINDINGS: An outbreak of febrile illness at a nursery school in Beijing, China, was confirmed to be caused by CV-A4. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome of the isolated strain showed that the virus belongs to the same cluster as the predominant CV-A4 strain in China. This outbreak was controlled by effective measures. CONCLUSIONS: The early identification of the pathogen and timely intervention may be the most critical factors in controlling an outbreak caused by CV-A4 in a preschool.

[Molecular epidemiological characteristics of HIV-1 B'/C strains in Beijing].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the molecular epidemiological characteristic of HIV-1 B'/C strains prevalent in Beijing. METHODS: Plasma samples were collected from 200 newly diagnosed HIV-1 B'/C individuals reported during 2006 to 2010 in Beijing. The gag gene fragments were amplified from RNA template extracted from plasma with reverse transcription (RT) and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). And the sequences were analyzed by phylogenetic methods and Entropy analysis. RESULTS: A total of 159 sequences were successfully amplified from the gag genes of which 147 was CRF07_BC and 12 CRF08_BC. There were 3 main sub-clusters in CRF07_BC phylogenetic tree and they were named as sub-cluster IDU-Max (89 sequences), sub-cluster IDU-Min (22 sequences) and sub-cluster MSM (34 sequences) based on transmission.No international reference strain was closely related with these three sub-clusters except for one strain identified in Taiwan. All CRF07_BC recombinant strains were remarkable for their low interpatient diversity in gag genes (3.7%, 3.3% and 2.0% for isolates from IDU-Max, IDU-Min and MSM respectively).When compared with sub-cluster IDU-Max, there were 32 and 41 significantly different sites of nucleotide polymorphism compositions in sub-clusters IDU-Min and MSM. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of describing the existence of three main epidemic sub-clusters in CRF07_BC strains prevalent in Beijing. And IDU-Max sub-cluster is the dominant strain. The CRF07_BC in Beijing are less diverse than other strains and may be derived from a common ancestor.

Asymptomatic Norovirus Infection Among Children in Kindergartens and Primary Schools - Beijing Municipality, China, 2021.

What is already known about this topic?: Children in kindergartens and primary schools are the high-incidence groups of norovirus acute gastroenteritis. However, asymptomatic norovirus infection among them is seldom reported. What is added by this report?: The norovirus positive rate was 3.48% among asymptomatic children in kindergartens and primary schools in Beijing Municipality in June 2021, the most common genotype was GII.4 Sydney, and no acute gastroenteritis outbreak was reported over the study period. What are the implications for public health practice?: The asymptomatic norovirus infection was relatively low among kindergarten children and primary school students in summer. Norovirus genotypes in asymptomatic children were similar to those circulating in the symptomatic cases. Asymptomatic norovirus infection may play a limited role in causing acute gastroenteritis outbreaks.

Should we pay attention to recombinant norovirus strain GII.P7/GII.6?

BACKGROUND: Recombinant norovirus strain GII.P7/GII.6 has been circulating in Asia and around the world for at least 20 years, but has been responsible for relatively few outbreaks. METHODS: We used statistical analyses, real-time reverse transcription - PCR, and genome sequence analyses to investigate an outbreak of gastroenteritis, identifying the pathogen, the risk factors associated with the outbreak, and the molecular features of GII.P7/GII.6 strains. RESULTS: An outbreak of gastroenteritis was reported at a school involving 12 students and lasting 6 days, from September 13 to September 18, 2017. Epidemiological studies suggested that norovirus was transmitted from person to person and not via contaminated food or drinking water in this outbreak. Using a sequence analysis of the junction region between open reading frames 1 and 2, the pathogen was identified as a recombinant norovirus (strain GII.P7/GII.6). The full-length genome of the outbreak strain shared 86%-97% identity with those of other GII.P7/GII.6 strains. Phylogenetic trees were constructed from partial open reading frame 1 (ORF1) and ORF2 sequences from the outbreak strain and GII.P7/GII.6 norovirus sequences available in GenBank. On the ORF1 tree, the partial sequences of ORF1 were grouped into cluster A (with GII.6), cluster B (with GII.7), and a separate cluster (C), based on the GII.6 and GII.7 reference strains. The ORF2 tree showed all GII.P7/GII.6 strains formed a cluster together with GII.6 strains. Amino-acid substitutions and insertions/deletions were common in the capsid protein, especially in it's P2 and P1 domains. The outbreak was controlled within several days using appropriate measures. CONCLUSIONS: Because it may play a prominent role in future outbreaks, recombinant norovirus strain GII.P7/GII.6 should be monitored with routine surveillance.

Outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by coxsackievirus A6 in a Juku in Fengtai District, Beijing, China, 2015.

An outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) that occurred in a Juku in Fengtai District, Beijing, China, in 2015 was monitored by the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. Epidemiological investigation showed that 11 cases occurred from two classes in the preschool art training department in the Juku. Coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) was identified as the causative pathogen of the outbreak via sequences analysis of products of real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and nested RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CV-A6 strains isolated in this study clustered with epidemic strains isolated in China since 2013. The outbreak ended quickly with effective measures. This event indicates that continuous surveillance of HFMD etiological agents other than enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 is necessary.

A Waterborne Gastroenteritis Outbreak Caused by Norovirus GII.17 in a Hotel, Hebei, China, December 2014.

Norovirus (NoV) is responsible for an estimated 90 % of all epidemic nonbacterial outbreaks of gastroenteritis worldwide. Waterborne outbreaks of NoV are commonly reported. A novel GII.17 NoV strain emerged as a major cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks in China during the winter of 2014/2015. During this time, an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred at a hotel in a ski park in Hebei Province, China. Epidemiological investigations indicated that one water well, which had only recently been in use, was the probable source. GII.17 NoV was detected by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction from samples taken from cases, from concentrated water samples from water well, and from the nearby sewage settling tank. Nucleotide sequences of NoV extracted from clinical and water specimens were genetically identical and had 99 % homology with Beijing/CHN/2015. All epidemiological data indicated that GII.17 NoV was responsible for this outbreak. This is the first reported laboratory-confirmed waterborne outbreak caused by GII.17 NoV genotype in China. Strengthening management of well drinking water and systematica monitoring of NoV is essential for preventing future outbreaks.

A report on the first outbreak of a single clone group A Streptococcus (emm-type 89) tonsillopharyngitis in China.

In 2012, 28 out of 140 staff working for a film crew in a Beijing movie and television base experienced a sudden onset of fever, sore throat, and/or tiredness, headache within the 24 hour period of July 26-27. All of the patients visited the hospital and were diagnosed as having tonsillopharyngitis. On July 28, 2012, a team of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention staff arrived and initiated an outbreak investigation. Pharyngeal swabs were obtained from patients for microbiologic analysis. All isolates of the outbreak were analyzed for toxin-genes and drug-resistance genes by polymerase chain reaction, and were performed for the emm typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing. On July 30, 2012, Group A Streptococcus was isolated from eight of the 16 throat swab specimens obtained on site. These isolates were found to have the same genotype emm 89. This is the first report to identify Group A Streptococcus emm type-89 as a cause of tonsillopharyngitis in Beijing, China.