Calcipotriol Nanosuspension-Loaded Trilayer Dissolving Microneedle Patches for the Treatment of Psoriasis: In Vitro Delivery and In Vivo Antipsoriatic Activity Studies.

Psoriasis, affecting 2-3% of the global population, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition without a definitive cure. Current treatments focus on managing symptoms. Recognizing the need for innovative drug delivery methods to enhance patient adherence, this study explores a new approach using calcipotriol monohydrate (CPM), a primary topical treatment for psoriasis. Despite its effectiveness, CPM's therapeutic potential is often limited by factors like the greasiness of topical applications, poor skin permeability, low skin retention, and lack of controlled delivery. To overcome these challenges, the study introduces CPM in the form of nanosuspensions (NSs), characterized by an average particle size of 211 ± 2 nm. These CPM NSs are then incorporated into a trilayer dissolving microneedle patch (MAP) made from poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and w poly(vinyl alcohol) as needle arrays and prefrom 3D printed polylactic acid backing layer. This MAP features rapidly dissolving tips and exhibits good mechanical properties and insertion capability with delivery efficiency compared to the conventional Daivonex ointment. The effectiveness of this novel MAP was tested on Sprague-Dawley rats with imiquimod-induced psoriasis, demonstrating efficacy comparable to the marketed ointment. This innovative trilayer dissolving MAP represents a promising new local delivery system for calcipotriol, potentially revolutionizing psoriasis treatment by enhancing drug delivery and patient compliance.

Transdermal Delivery of Pramipexole Using Microneedle Technology for the Potential Treatment of Parkinson's Disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease primarily impacting neurons responsible for dopamine production within the brain. Pramipexole (PRA) is a dopamine agonist that is currently available in tablet form. However, individuals with PD commonly encounter difficulties with swallowing and gastrointestinal motility, making oral formulations less preferable. Microneedle (MN) patches represent innovative transdermal drug delivery devices capable of enhancing skin permeability through the creation of microconduits on the surface of the skin. MNs effectively reduce the barrier function of skin and facilitate the permeation of drugs. The work described here focuses on the development of polymeric MN systems designed to enhance the transdermal delivery of PRA. PRA was formulated into both dissolving MNs (DMNs) and directly compressed tablets (DCTs) to be used in conjunction with hydrogel-forming MNs (HFMNs). In vivo investigations using a Sprague-Dawley rat model examined, for the first time, if it was beneficial to prolong the application of DMNs and HFMNs beyond 24 h. Half of the patches in the MN cohorts were left in place for 24 h, whereas the other half remained in place for 5 days. Throughout the entire 5 day study, PRA plasma levels were monitored for all cohorts. This study confirmed the successful delivery of PRA from DMNs (Cmax = 511.00 ± 277.24 ng/mL, Tmax = 4 h) and HFMNs (Cmax = 328.30 ± 98.04 ng/mL, Tmax = 24 h). Notably, both types of MNs achieved sustained PRA plasma levels over a 5 day period. In contrast, following oral administration, PRA remained detectable in plasma for only 48 h, achieving a Cmax of 159.32 ± 113.43 ng/mL at 2 h. The HFMN that remained in place for 5 days demonstrated the most promising performance among all investigated formulations. Although in the early stages of development, the findings reported here offer a hopeful alternative to orally administered PRA. The sustained plasma profile observed here has the potential to reduce the frequency of PRA administration, potentially enhancing patient compliance and ultimately improving their quality of life. This work provides substantial evidence advocating the development of polymeric MN-mediated drug delivery systems to include sustained plasma levels of hydrophilic pharmaceuticals.

Microneedle and Polymeric Films: Delivery of Proteins, Peptides and Nucleic Acids.

In the last 20 years, protein, peptide and nucleic acid-based therapies have become the fastest growing sector in the pharmaceutical industry and play a vital role in disease therapy. However, the intrinsic sensitivity and large molecular sizes of biotherapeutics limit the available routes of administration. Currently, the main administration routes of biomacromolecules, such as parenteral, oral, pulmonary, nasal, rectal and buccal routes, each have their limitations. Several non-invasive strategies have been proposed to overcome these challenges. Researchers were particularly interested in microneedles (MNs) and polymeric films because of their less invasiveness, convenience and greater potential to preserve the bioactivity of biotherapeutics. By facilitating with MNs and polymeric films, biomacromolecules could provide significant benefits to patients suffering from various diseases such as cancer, diabetes, infectious and ocular diseases. However, before these devices can be used on patients, how to upscale MN manufacture in a cost-effective and timely manner, as well as the long-term safety of MN and polymeric film applications necessitates further investigation.

Porous microneedle arrays as promising tools for the quantification of drugs in the skin: a proof of concept study.

This study aimed to demonstrate the potential of using porous microneedles (PMNs) as a promising tool for the noninvasive quantification of topically applied pharmaceutical products. We fabricated a porous microneedle (PMN) from a blend of cellulose acetate and dimethyl sulfoxide by casting and phase separation; it was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and a Texture Analyzer. An ex vivo study was conducted as a proof-of-concept study to assess whether this PMN could be used to quantify drug absorption through the skin after the topical administration of two nonequivalent products of sodium ibuprofen (gel and dissolving microneedles). Three cellulose acetate formulations (PMN1: 37.5%, PMN-2: 44.4%, and PMN-3: 50%) were used to prepare PMN patches; subsequently, these were evaluated for their morphological and insertion properties. Only PMN-2 microneedle patches were chosen to continue with the ex vivo study. The ex vivo study results demonstrated that PMNs could absorb and release sodium ibuprofen (SDIB) and differentiate between two different SDIB topical products. This can be attributed to the porous and interconnected architecture of these microneedles. This developmental study highlights the potential success of such a tool for the quantification of dermal drug concentration and supports moving to in vivo tests.

Development and Evaluation of Dissolving Microarray Patches for Co-administered and Repeated Intradermal Delivery of Long-acting Rilpivirine and Cabotegravir Nanosuspensions for Paediatric HIV Antiretroviral Therapy.

PURPOSE: Whilst significant progress has been made to defeat HIV infection, the efficacy of antiretroviral (ARV) therapy in the paediatric population is often hindered by poor adherence. Currently, two long-acting (LA) intramuscular injectable nanosuspensions of rilpivirine (RPV) and cabotegravir (CAB) are in clinical development for paediatric populations. However, administration requires access to healthcare resources, is painful, and can result in needle-stick injuries to the end user. To overcome these barriers, this proof-of-concept study was developed to evaluate the intradermal delivery of RPV LA and CAB LA via self-disabling dissolving microarray patches (MAPs). METHODS: Dissolving MAPs of two conformations, a conventional pyramidal and a bilayer design, were formulated, with various nanosuspensions of RPV and CAB incorporated within the respective MAP matrix. MAPs were mechanically robust and were capable of penetrating ex vivo skin with intradermal ARV deposition. RESULTS: In a single-dose in vivo study in rats, all ARV MAPs demonstrated sustained release profiles, with therapeutically relevant plasma concentrations of RPV and CAB detected to at least 63 and 28 d, respectively. In a multi-dose in vivo study, repeated MAP applications at 14-d intervals maintained therapeutically relevant plasma concentrations throughout the duration of the study. CONCLUSIONS: These results illustrate the potential of the platform to repeatedly maintain plasma concentrations for RPV and CAB. As such, these MAPs could represent a viable option to improve adherence in the paediatric population, one that is capable of being painlessly administered in the comfort of the patient's own home on a biweekly or less frequent basis.

Fabrication of dissolving microneedles for transdermal delivery of protein and peptide drugs: polymer materials and solvent casting micromoulding method.

Proteins and peptides are rapidly developing pharmaceutical products and are expected to continue growing in the future. However, due to their nature, their delivery is often limited to injection, with drawbacks such as pain and needle waste. To overcome these limitations, microneedles technology is developed to deliver protein and peptide drugs through the skin. One type of microneedles, known as dissolving microneedles, has been extensively studied for delivering various proteins and peptides, including ovalbumin, insulin, bovine serum albumin, polymyxin B, vancomycin, and bevacizumab. This article discusses polymer materials used for fabricating dissolving microneedles, which are poly(vinylpyrrolidone), hyaluronic acid, poly(vinyl alcohol), carboxymethylcellulose, GantrezTM, as well as other biopolymers like pullulan and ulvan. The paper is focused solely on solvent casting micromoulding method for fabricating dissolving microneedles containing proteins and peptides, which will be divided into one-step and two-step casting micromoulding. Additionally, future considerations in the market plan for dissolving microneedles are discussed in this article.

The Role of 3D Printing Technology in Microengineering of Microneedles.

Microneedles (MNs) are minimally invasive devices, which have gained extensive interest over the past decades in various fields including drug delivery, disease diagnosis, monitoring, and cosmetics. MN geometry and shape are key parameters that dictate performance and therapeutic efficacy, however, traditional fabrication methods, such as molding, may not be able to offer rapid design modifications. In this regard, the fabrication of MNs using 3D printing technology enables the rapid creation of complex MN prototypes with high accuracy and offers customizable MN devices with a desired shape and dimension. Moreover, 3D printing shows great potential in producing advanced transdermal drug delivery systems and medical devices by integrating MNs with a variety of technologies. This review aims to demonstrate the advantages of exploiting 3D printing technology as a new tool to microengineer MNs. Various 3D printing methods are introduced, and representative MNs manufactured by such approaches are highlighted in detail. The development of advanced MN devices is also included. Finally, clinical translation and future perspectives for the development of MNs using 3D printing are discussed.

Elucidating the Impact of Surfactants on the Performance of Dissolving Microneedle Array Patches.

The need for biocompatible polymers capable of dissolving in the skin while exhibiting reasonable mechanical features and delivery efficiency limits the range of materials that could be utilized in fabricating dissolving microneedle array patches (MAPs). The incorporation of additives, such as surfactants, during microneedle fabrication might be an alternative solution to overcome the limited range of materials used in fabricating dissolving MAPs. However, there is a lacuna in the knowledge on the effect of surfactants on the manufacture and performance of dissolving MAPs. The current study explores the role of surfactants in the manufacture and performance of dissolving MAPs fabricated from poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) loaded with the model drugs, ibuprofen sodium and itraconazole. Three nonionic surfactants, Lutrol F108, Pluronic F88, and Tween 80, in solutions at varying concentrations (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% w/w) were loaded into these dissolving MAPs. It was discovered that all of the dissolving MAPs that incorporated surfactant displayed a lower reduction in the microneedle height (≈10%) relative to the control formulation (≈20%) when subjected to a compressive force of 32 N. In addition, the incorporation of surfactants in some instances enhanced the insertion profile of these polymeric MAPs when evaluated using ex vivo neonatal porcine skin. The incorporation of surfactant into ibuprofen sodium-loaded dissolving MAPs improved the insertion depth of MAPs from 400 µm down to 600 µm. However, such enhancement was not apparent when the MAPs were loaded with the model hydrophobic drug, itraconazole. Skin deposition studies highlighted that the incorporation of surfactant enhanced the delivery efficiency of both model drugs, ibuprofen sodium and itraconazole. The incorporation of surfactant enhanced the amount of ibuprofen sodium delivered from 60.61% up to ≈75% with a majority of the drug being delivered across the skin and into the receptor compartment. On the other hand, when surfactants were added into MAPs loaded with the model hydrophobic drug itraconazole, we observed enhancement in intradermal delivery efficiency from 20% up to 30%, although this did not improve the delivery of the drug across the skin. This work highlights that the addition of nonionic surfactant is an alternative formulation strategy worth exploring to improve the performance and delivery efficiency of dissolving MAPs.

A New and Sensitive HPLC-UV Method for Rapid and Simultaneous Quantification of Curcumin and D-Panthenol: Application to In Vitro Release Studies of Wound Dressings.

Curcumin (CUR) and D-panthenol (DPA) have been widely investigated for wound-healing treatment. In order to analyse these two compounds from a dosage form, such as polymer-based wound dressings or creams, an analytical method that allows the quantification of both drugs simultaneously should be developed. Here, we report for the first time a validated high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method coupled with UV detection to quantify CUR and DPA based on the standards set by the International Council on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The separation of the analytes was performed using a C18 column that utilised a mobile phase consisting of 0.001% v/v phosphoric acid and methanol using a gradient method with a run time of 15 min. The method is linear for drug concentrations within the range of 0.39-12.5 µg mL-1 (R2 = 0.9999) for CUR and 0.39-25 µg mL-1 for DPA (R2 = 1). The validated method was found to be precise and accurate. Moreover, the CUR and DPA solution was found to be stable under specific storage conditions. We, therefore, suggest that the HPLC-UV method developed in this study may be very useful in screening formulations for CUR and DPA within a preclinical setting through in vitro release studies.

In Vitro Permeation Studies on Carvedilol Containing Dissolving Microarray Patches Quantified Using a Rapid and Simple HPLC-UV Analytical Method.

Analytical method validation is a vital element of drug formulation and delivery studies. Here, high-performance liquid chromatography in conjunction with UV detection (HPLC-UV) has been used to produce a straightforward, quick, yet sensitive analytical approach to quantify carvedilol (CAR). A C18 column was used to isolate the analyte from the mixture by isocratic elution with a mobile phase comprising a mixture of 0.1% v/v trifluoroacetic acid in water and acetonitrile in a ratio of 65:35 v/v at a flow rate of 0.6 mL min-1. Linearity was observed for CAR concentrations within the range of 1.5-50 µg mL-1 (R2 = 0.999) in phosphate buffer saline and within the range of 0.2-6.2 µg mL-1 (R2 = 0.9999) in methanol. The International Council on Harmonization (ICH) requirements were followed throughout the validation of the isocratic approach, rendering it specific, accurate, and precise. Moreover, robustness tests indicated that the method remained selective and specific despite small deliberate changes to environmental and operational factors. An efficient extraction procedure was also developed to extract and quantify CAR from excised neonatal porcine skin, resulting in recovery rates ranging from 95 to 97%. The methods reported here have been successfully utilised to evaluate CAR permeation, both transdermally and intradermally following application of a dissolving microarray patch (MAP) to excised neonatal porcine skin.

Poly(caprolactone)-Based Coatings on 3D-Printed Biodegradable Implants: A Novel Strategy to Prolong Delivery of Hydrophilic Drugs.

Implantable devices are versatile and promising drug delivery systems, and their advantages are well established. Of these advantages, long-acting drug delivery is perhaps the most valuable. Hydrophilic compounds are particularly difficult to deliver for prolonged times. This work investigates the use of poly(caprolactone) (PCL)-based implant coatings as a novel strategy to prolong the delivery of hydrophilic compounds from implantable devices that have been prepared by additive manufacturing (AM). Hollow implants were prepared from poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) using fused filament fabrication (FFF) AM and subsequently coated in a PCL-based coating. Coatings were prepared by solution-casting mixtures of differing molecular weights of PCL and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). Increasing the proportion of low-molecular-weight PCL up to 60% in the formulations decreased the crystallinity by over 20%, melting temperature by over 4 °C, and water contact angle by over 40°, resulting in an increased degradation rate when compared to pure high-molecular-weight PCL. Addition of 30% PEG to the formulation increased the porosity of the formulation by over 50% when compared to an equivalent PCL-only formulation. These implants demonstrated in vitro release rates for hydrophilic model compounds (methylene blue and ibuprofen sodium) ranging from 0.01 to 34.09 mg/day, depending on the drug used. The versatility of the devices produced in this work and the range of release rates achievable show great potential. Implants could be specifically developed in order to match the specific release rate required for a number of drugs for a wide range of conditions.

Development, Evaluation, and Pharmacokinetic Assessment of Polymeric Microarray Patches for Transdermal Delivery of Vancomycin Hydrochloride.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can cause harmful and potentially deadly infections. Vancomycin remains the first-line antibiotic treatment for MRSA-derived infections. Nevertheless, as a peptide drug, it is poorly absorbed when administered orally because of its high molecular weight and low permeability in the gastrointestinal tract and is therefore administered intravenously for the treatment of systemic diseases. In order to circumvent some of the many drawbacks associated with intravenous injection, other routes of drug delivery should be investigated. One of the strategies which has been employed to enhance transdermal drug delivery is based on microarray patches (MAPs). This work, for the first time, describes successful transdermal delivery of vancomycin hydrochloride (VCL) using dissolving MAPs (DMAPs) and hydrogel-forming MAPs (HFMAPs). VCL was formulated into DMAPs and reservoirs [film dosage forms, lyophilized wafers, and compressed tablets (CSTs)] using excipients such as poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), poly(vinyl alcohol), sodium hyaluronate, d-sorbitol, and glycerol. In this study, HFMAPs were manufactured using aqueous blends containing poly(methylvinyl ether-co-maleic acid) cross-linked by esterification with poly(ethylene glycol). The VCL-loaded CSTs (60% w/w VCL) were the most promising reservoirs to be integrated with HFMAPs based on the physicochemical evaluations performed. Both HFMAPs and DMAPs successfully delivered VCL in ex vivo studies with the percentage of drug that permeated across the neonatal porcine skin recorded at 46.39 ± 8.04 and 7.99 ± 0.98%, respectively. In in vivo studies, the area under the plasma concentration time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC0-∞) values of 162.04 ± 61.84 and 61.01 ± 28.50 µg h/mL were achieved following the application of HFMAPs and DMAPs, respectively. In comparison, the AUC0-∞ of HFMAPs was significantly greater than that of the oral administration control group, which showed an AUC0-∞ of 30.50 ± 9.18 µg h/mL (p < 0.05). This work demonstrates that transdermal delivery of VCL is feasible using DMAPs and HFMAPs and could prove effective in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by MRSA, such as skin and soft tissue infections, lymphatic-related infections, and neonatal sepsis.

Microneedle Mediated Transdermal Delivery of Protein, Peptide and Antibody Based Therapeutics: Current Status and Future Considerations.

The success of protein, peptide and antibody based therapies is evident - the biopharmaceuticals market is predicted to reach $388 billion by 2024 [1], and more than half of the current top 20 blockbuster drugs are biopharmaceuticals. However, the intrinsic properties of biopharmaceuticals has restricted the routes available for successful drug delivery. While providing 100% bioavailability, the intravenous route is often associated with pain and needle phobia from a patient perspective, which may translate as a reluctance to receive necessary treatment. Several non-invasive strategies have since emerged to overcome these limitations. One such strategy involves the use of microneedles (MNs), which are able to painlessly penetrate the stratum corneum barrier to dramatically increase transdermal drug delivery of numerous drugs. This review reports the wealth of studies that aim to enhance transdermal delivery of biopharmaceutics using MNs. The true potential of MNs as a drug delivery device for biopharmaceuticals will not only rely on acceptance from prescribers, patients and the regulatory authorities, but the ability to upscale MN manufacture in a cost-effective manner and the long term safety of MN application. Thus, the current barriers to clinical translation of MNs, and how these barriers may be overcome are also discussed.

Two-Photon Polymerisation 3D Printing of Microneedle Array Templates with Versatile Designs: Application in the Development of Polymeric Drug Delivery Systems.

PURPOSE: To apply a simple and flexible manufacturing technique, two-photon polymerisation (2PP), to the fabrication of microneedle (MN) array templates with high precision and low cost in a short time. METHODS: Seven different MN array templates were produced by 2PP 3D printing, varying needle height (900-1300 µm), shape (conical, pyramidal, cross-shaped and with pedestal), base width (300-500 µm) and interspacing (100-500 µm). Silicone MN array moulds were fabricated from these templates and used to produce dissolving and hydrogel-forming MN arrays. These polymeric MN arrays were evaluated for their insertion in skin models and their ability to deliver model drugs (cabotegravir sodium and ibuprofen sodium) to viable layers of the skin (ex vivo and in vitro) for subsequent controlled release and/or absorption. RESULTS: The various templates obtained with 2PP 3D printing allowed the reproducible fabrication of multiple MN array moulds. The polymeric MN arrays produced were efficiently inserted into two different skin models, with sharp conical and pyramidal needles showing the highest insertion depth values (64-90% of needle height). These results correlated generally with ex vivo and in vitro drug delivery results, where the same designs showed higher drug delivery rates after 24 h of application. CONCLUSION: This work highlights the benefits of using 2PP 3D printing to prototype variable MN array designs in a simple and reproducible manner, for their application in drug delivery.

A Drug Content, Stability Analysis, and Qualitative Assessment of Pharmacists' Opinions of Two Exemplar Extemporaneous Formulations.

Despite a decline in the number of active pharmaceutical ingredients prepared extemporaneously using proprietary products, there remains a need for such products in the community (for example, liquid medicines for paediatrics which may be otherwise commercially unavailable). A lack of experience and quality assurance systems may have diminished pharmacist's confidence in the extemporaneous preparation process; therefore, pharmacists were asked to prepare two proprietary products, omeprazole and amlodipine. The resulting products were characterised in terms of variability in drug quantity, stability, particle size and antimicrobial properties. Furthermore, a self-administered questionnaire was used to assess 10 pharmacists' opinions on the perceived complexity of the extemporaneous compounding process and their overall confidence in the final extemporaneously compounded products. Drug content studies revealed that 88.5% and 98.0% of the desired drug content was obtained for omeprazole and amlodipine, respectively. Antimicrobial properties were maintained for both drugs, however variability in particle size, particularly for amlodipine, was evident between formulations. While pharmacists who partook in the study had some or high confidence in the final products, they reported difficulty formulating the suspensions. Findings from this study provide insight into pharmacists' views on two extemporaneously prepared products and highlight the variability obtained in preparations prepared by different pharmacists.

Control of Klebsiella pneumoniae Infection in Mice by Using Dissolving Microarray Patches Containing Gentamicin.

Using a murine model of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacterial infection, we demonstrate that gentamicin dissolving microarray patches, applied to murine ears, could control K. pneumoniae infection. Mice treated with microarray patches had reduced bacterial burden in the nasal-associated lymphoid tissue and lungs compared with their untreated counterparts. This proof of concept study represents the first published data on the in vivo delivery of the antibiotic gentamicin via dissolving microarray patches, resulting in the control of bacterial infection.

Novel Hydrogel-Forming Microneedle Array for Intradermal Vaccination in Mice Using Ovalbumin as a Model Protein Antigen.

Global vaccination strategies have traditionally relied on the hypodermic needle and syringe model. However, to facilitate increased immunization coverage and reduce costs, novel methods of vaccine delivery are warranted. Dissolving microneedle arrays (MNs) have been proposed as an alternative approach to the hypodermic needle, offering the prospect for self-vaccination and increased immunogenicity via direct targeting of skin dendritic cells. This study, for the first time, compares the use of novel hydrogel-forming MNs and dissolving MNs for the delivery of a model protein antigen ovalbumin (OVA). We provide comparative data on both MN types in terms of in vitro characteristics and in vivo immunogenicity. Herein, both MN platforms were tested and characterized in terms of mechanical integrity and insertion properties using a validated skin insertion model. A comparative in vivo vaccination study in BALB/c mice was conducted, whereby anti-OVA specific IgG was used as a measure of delivery efficacy and subsequent immune response. While vaccination of mice with both MN platforms resulted in IgG responses, those vaccinated with dissolving MNs had significantly higher IgG titers ( p < 0.0149), despite the quantity of OVA delivered being significantly less. This study highlights the importance of MN design and the potential impact of dissolving MN polymers on the immune response to vaccine antigens. Furthermore, detailed studies are therefore required to elucidate the effects of polymer-vaccine interactions and their subsequent effect on immune responses.

Microneedle-Mediated Transdermal Delivery of Bevacizumab.

Bevacizumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody used clinically as a combination chemotherapeutic. Antibody therapeutics are usually formulated as parenteral injections, owing to their low oral bioavailability. Microneedle technology provides a transdermal alternative for drug-delivery using micron-scale needle structures to penetrate directly through the stratum corneum into the dermal interstitium. This study describes the design, formulation, and in vitro characterization of both dissolving and hydrogel-forming microneedle array platforms for transdermal delivery of bevacizumab. Bevacizumab recovery and transdermal permeation studies were conducted and analyzed using bevacizumab specific ELISA. Prototype microneedle-patches were tested in vivo in Sprague-Dawley rats with serum, exterior lumbar and axial lymph nodes, spleen, and skin tissue concentrations of bevacizumab reported. This work represents the first example of high dose transdermal delivery of an antibody therapeutic in vivo using dissolving and hydrogel-forming microneedle platforms. Basic pharmacokinetic parameters are described including hydrogel-forming microneedles: Cmax 358.2 ± 100.4 ng/mL, Tmax 48 h, AUC 44357 ± 4540, and Css 942 ± 95 ng/mL, highlighting the potential for these devices to provide sustained delivery of antibody therapeutics to the lymph and systemic circulation. Targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to the lymphatic system by MN technology may provide new treatment options for cancer metastases.

DNA vaccination for cervical cancer; a novel technology platform of RALA mediated gene delivery via polymeric microneedles.

HPV subtypes (16, 18) are associated with the development of cervical cancer, with oncoproteins E6 and E7 responsible for pathogenesis. The goal of this study was to evaluate our 'smart system' technology platform for DNA vaccination against cervical cancer. The vaccination platform brings together two main components; a peptide RALA which condenses DNA into cationic nanoparticles (NPs), and a polymeric polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) microneedle (MN) patch for cutaneous delivery of the loaded NPs. RALA condensed E6/E7 DNA into NPs not exceeding 100nm in diameter, and afforded the DNA protection from degradation in PVP. Sera from mice vaccinated with MN/RALA-E6/E7 were richer in E6/E7-specific IgGs, displayed a greater T-cell-mediated TC-1 cytotoxicity and contained more IFN-γ than sera from mice that received NPs intramuscularly. More importantly, MN/RALA-E6/E7 delayed TC-1 tumor initiation in a prophylactic model, and slowed tumor growth in a therapeutic model of vaccination, and was more potent than intramuscular vaccination.

Hydrogel-Forming Microneedle Arrays Made from Light-Responsive Materials for On-Demand Transdermal Drug Delivery.

We describe, for the first time, stimulus-responsive hydrogel-forming microneedle (MN) arrays that enable delivery of a clinically relevant model drug (ibuprofen) upon application of light. MN arrays were prepared using a polymer prepared from 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) by micromolding. The obtained MN arrays showed good mechanical properties. The system was loaded with up to 5% (w/w) ibuprofen included in a light-responsive 3,5-dimethoxybenzoin conjugate. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of the conjugate inside the polymeric MN matrix. In vitro, this system was able to deliver up to three doses of 50 mg of ibuprofen upon application of an optical trigger over a prolonged period of time (up to 160 h). This makes the system appealing as a controlled release device for prolonged periods of time. We believe that this technology has potential for use in "on-demand" delivery of a wide range of drugs in a variety of applications relevant to enhanced patient care.