Receptor activator of NF-κB mediates podocyte injury in diabetic nephropathy.

Receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) expression is increased in podocytes of patients with diabetic nephropathy. However, the relevance of RANK to diabetic nephropathy pathobiology remains unclear. Here, to evaluate the role of podocyte RANK in the development of diabetic nephropathy, we generated a mouse model of podocyte-specific RANK depletion (RANK-/-Cre T), and a model of podocyte-specific RANK overexpression (RANK TG), and induced diabetes in these mice with streptozotocin. We found that podocyte RANK depletion alleviated albuminuria, mesangial matrix expansion, and basement membrane thickening, while RANK overexpression aggravated these indices in streptozotocin-treated mice. Moreover, streptozotocin-triggered oxidative stress was increased in RANK overexpression but decreased in the RANK depleted mice. Particularly, the expression of NADPH oxidase 4, and its obligate partner, P22phox, were enhanced in RANK overexpression, but reduced in RANK depleted mice. In parallel, the transcription factor p65 was increased in the podocyte nuclei of RANK overexpressing mice but decreased in the RANK depleted mice. The relevant findings were largely replicated with high glucose-treated podocytes in vitro. Mechanistically, p65 could bind to the promoter regions of NADPH oxidase 4 and P22phox, and increased their respective gene promoter activity in podocytes, dependent on the levels of RANK. Taken together, these findings suggested that high glucose induced RANK in podocytes and caused the increase of NADPH oxidase 4 and P22phox via p65, possibly together with the cytokines TNF- α, MAC-2 and IL-1 ß, resulting in podocyte injury. Thus, we found that podocyte RANK was induced in the diabetic milieu and RANK mediated the development of diabetic nephropathy, likely by promoting glomerular oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokine production.

The Krüppel-like factor 15-NFATc1 axis ameliorates podocyte injury: a novel rationale for using glucocorticoids in proteinuria diseases.

Podocyte injury and loss contribute to proteinuria, glomerulosclerosis and eventually kidney failure. Recent studies have demonstrated that the loss of Kruppel-like factor 15 (KLF15) in podocytes increases the susceptibility to injury; however, the mechanism underlying the protective effects on podocyte injury remains incompletely understood. Herein, we showed that KLF15 ameliorates podocyte injury through suppressing NFAT signaling and the salutary effects of the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone in podocyte were partially mediated by the KLF15-NFATc1 axis. We found that KLF15 was significantly reduced in glomerular cells of proteinuric patients and in ADR-, LPS- or HG-treated podocyets in vitro. Overexpression of KLF15 attenuated podocyte apoptosis induced by ADR, LPS or HG and resulted in decreased expression of pro-apoptotic Bax and increased expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. Conversely, the flow cytometry analysis and TUNEl assay demonstrated that loss of KLF15 accelerated podocyte apoptosis and we further found that 11R-VIVIT, a specific NFAT inhibitor, and NFATc1-siRNA rescued KLF15-deficient induced podocyte apoptosis. Meanwhile, Western blot and RT-qPCR showed that the expression of NFATc1 was up-regulated in KLF15 silenced podocytes and reduced in KLF15 overexpressed podocytes. Mechanistically, ChIP analysis showed that KLF15 bound to the NFATc1 promoter region -1984 to -1861base pairs upstream of the transcription start site and the binding amount was decreased after treatment with LPS. The dual-luciferase reporter assay indicated that NFATc1 was a direct target of KLF15. In addition, we found that in vitro treatment with dexamethasone induced a decrease of NFATc1 expression in podocytes and was abrogated by knockdown of KLF15. Hence, our results identify the critical role of the KLF15-NFATc1 axis in podocyte injury and loss, which may be involved in mediating the salutary effects of dexamethasone in podocytes.

Treatment of Uremic Tumoral Calcinosis in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Uremic tumoral calcinosis (UTC) is a rare disease with metastatic tissue calcification in maintenance hemodialysis (HD) patients. However, limited data are available on the treatment of UTC in HD patients. This article mainly discusses the diagnostic findings and efficacy of treatment on HD patients with UTC. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted based on the data of 13 cases of UTC, including their clinical features, biochemical indicators, imaging findings, diagnosis, therapeutic methods, and follow-up results. Parathyroidectomy (PTX) or drug treatment was determined based on intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels and clinical symptoms. RESULTS: All 13 patients were diagnosed as UTC definitely by imaging examination. The predominant areas involved were the buttocks (4 cases, 30.77%), shoulders (4 cases, 30.77%), and elbows (3 cases, 23.08%). Based on the levels of iPTH, cases were categorized into 2 different groups: PTX treatment group was associated with high levels of iPTH, while drug treatment group (lanthanum carbonate or sevelamer with sodium thiosulfate) was associated with lower iPTH levels. After PTX treatment, there was a significant decrease in serum iPTH, calcium (Ca), phosphate (P), and alkaline phosphatase levels (p < 0.05). In drug treatment group, the serum p levels were decreased significantly, along with a finding that hemoglobin levels were increased (p < 0.05). All the UTC had lessened or even disappeared after 4-6 months treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Although most UTC patients have an increased iPTH, a small number had lower iPTH levels. Based on iPTH levels and clinical symptoms, the patients were treated with PTX or drug therapy. With proper treatment, UTC disappeared without the need for surgery to remove calcinosis tissue.

RANK Deficiency Ameliorates Podocyte Injury by Suppressing Calcium/Calcineurin/ NFATc1 Signaling.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Podocyte injury and loss contribute to proteinuria, glomerulosclerosis and eventually kidney failure. Receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) belongs to the TNF receptor superfamily, which plays a key role in the pathogenesis of podocyte injury. However, the mechanism underlying the effect of RANK in podocyte injury remains unclear. Here, we sought to explore the possible molecular mechanisms involved in podocyte injury caused by RANK. METHODS: Immortalized mouse podocytes were treated with siRNA targeting RANK for 48 h or ionomycin for 24 h before harvest. Western blot, quantitative RT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining were used to evaluate the expression and function of RANK, nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1), transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C, member 6 (TRPC6) and calcineurin in podocytes. The Calcineurin Cellular Activity Assay kit was used to detect the phosphatase activity of calcineurin in cultured podocytes. A Ca2+ influx assay was performed to analyze alterations in Ca2+ entry under different conditions. Co-immunoprecipitation assays were used to observe the relationship between RANK and TRPC6. RESULTS: RANK mRNA and protein expression were markedly increased in injured podocytes (ionomycin stimulation). Further study found that translocation of NFATc1 to the nucleus was significantly reduced after knocking down RANK by siRNA. Meanwhile, we also demonstrated that loss of RANK suppressed the phosphatase activity of calcineurin and attenuated the ionomycin-induced increase in Ca2+ influx. In addition, we showed that RANK knockdown in cultured podocytes decreased TRPC6 protein expression. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments suggested that RANK binds to TRPC6 and that ionomycin enhanced the binding of RANK to TRPC6. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrated that RANK deficiency ameliorates podocyte injury by suppressing calcium/calcineurin/NFATc1 signaling, which may present a promising target for therapeutic intervention.

NF-κB/miR-455-5p/SOCS3 axis aggravates sepsis induced acute kidney injury through promoting renal inflammation.

INTRODUCTION: Sepsis is the leading contributor to acute kidney injury (AKI), responsible for 45% to 70% of AKI occurrences. Despite this, septic AKI is a highly multifactorial and complex condition, and our grasp of its pathogenesis is still not fully developed. Consequently, there remains a significant gap in effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for septic AKI. METHODS: In the in vitro experiments, BUMPT cells were exposed to lipopolysaccharides (LPS). In vivo experiments involved inducing sepsis in mice through administration of LPS injections. Additionally, in certain experiments, either a miR-455-5p mimic or an anti-miR-455-5p LAN was administered to the mice via injections into the tail vein. The mice were then sacrificed 24 hours following LPS administration for subsequent analysis. RESULTS: We observed a significant elevation in miR-455-5p levels within renal tubular cells following LPS-induced septic AKI. Our investigation revealed that NF-κB plays a crucial role in the upregulation of miR-455-5p. Inhibition of NF-κB using TPCA-1 prevented the rise in miR-455-5p levels in BUMPT cells (mouse proximal tubular cells from Boston University) cultured in vitro. ChIP assays confirmed that NF-κB directly interacts with the promoter region of the miR-455-5p gene in response to LPS treatment. Functionally, introducing miR-455-5p mimics intensified cell apoptosis, kidney damage, and the production of inflammatory cytokines, while silencing miR-455-5p had protective effects in septic mice. Notably, administering anti-miR-455-5p enhanced SOCS3 expression, whereas miR-455-5p mimics reduced SOCS3 levels following LPS exposure. Furthermore, our luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that SOCS3 is a direct target of miR-455-5p. CONCLUSION: This study indicates a NF-κB/miR-455-5p/SOCS3 axis which can exacerbate kidney damage by enhancing renal inflammation. This process highlights potential therapeutic targets for managing septic AKI.

GAP-43 ameliorates Podocyte injury by decreasing nuclear NFATc1 expression.

Podocyte injury is sufficient to cause glomerulosclerosis and proteinuria, eventually leading to kidney failure. Previous studies found that podocytes and neurons had similar biological characteristics. Growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) is a growth cone protein in neurons, and a marker of axonal and synaptic growth. However, it is not known whether GAP-43 is expressed in podocytes. Compared with normal glomerular podocytes, GAP-43 was significantly reduced in patients with glomerular diseases. GAP-43 also significantly reduced in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated podocytes. We found that the decreased expression of nephrin, the cell marker of the podocyte, was significantly recovered with GAP-43 overexpression. In contrast, the migration ability in LPS-treated podocyte was reduction after GAP-43 overexpressing. Moreover, overexpression of GAP-43 attenuated podocyte apoptosis by up-regulating the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax with LPS treatment. Finally, Plaue and Rcan1 which are downstream target gene of NFATc1 decreased with overexpression of GAP-43 podocytes. We concluded that GAP-43 attenuated podocyte injury by inhibiting calcineurin/NFATc1 signaling. The findings may provide a promising treatment for podocyte injury-related diseases.