Effects of selenium enrichment on fermentation characteristics, selenium content and microbial community of alfalfa silage.

BACKGROUND: Selenium is essential for livestock and human health. The traditional way of adding selenium to livestock diets has limitations, and there is a growing trend to provide livestock with a safe and efficient source of selenium through selenium-enriched pasture. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of selenium enrichment on fermentation characteristics, selenium content, selenium morphology, microbial community and in vitro digestion of silage alfalfa by using unenriched (CK) and selenium-enriched (Se) alfalfa as raw material for silage. RESULTS: In this study, selenium enrichment significantly increased crude protein, soluble carbohydrate, total selenium, and organic selenium contents of alfalfa silage fresh and post-silage samples, and it significantly decreased neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents (p < 0.05). Selenium enrichment altered the form of selenium in plants, mainly in the form of SeMet and SeMeCys, which were significantly higher than that of CK (p < 0.05). Selenium enrichment could significantly increase the lactic acid content, reduce the pH value, change the diversity of bacterial community, promote the growth of beneficial bacteria such as Lactiplantibacillus and inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria such as Pantoea, so as to improve the fermentation quality of silage. The in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD), in vitro digestibility of acid detergent fibers (IVADFD) and in vitro digestibility of acid detergent fibers (IVNDFD) of silage after selenium enrichment were significantly higher than those of CK (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study showed that the presence of selenium could regulate the structure of the alfalfa silage bacterial community and improve alfalfa silage fermentation quality. Selenium enrichment measures can change the morphology of selenium in alfalfa silage products, thus promoting the conversion of organic selenium.

Small Target Detection in Refractive Panorama Surveillance Based on Improved YOLOv8.

Panoramic imaging is increasingly critical in UAVs and high-altitude surveillance applications. In addressing the challenges of detecting small targets within wide-area, high-resolution panoramic images, particularly issues concerning accuracy and real-time performance, we have proposed an improved lightweight network model based on YOLOv8. This model maintains the original detection speed, while enhancing precision, and reducing the model size and parameter count by 10.6% and 11.69%, respectively. It achieves a 2.9% increase in the overall mAP@0.5 and a 20% improvement in small target detection accuracy. Furthermore, to address the scarcity of reflective panoramic image training samples, we have introduced a panorama copy-paste data augmentation technique, significantly boosting the detection of small targets, with a 0.6% increase in the overall mAP@0.5 and a 21.3% rise in small target detection accuracy. By implementing an unfolding, cutting, and stitching process for panoramic images, we further enhanced the detection accuracy, evidenced by a 4.2% increase in the mAP@0.5 and a 12.3% decrease in the box loss value, validating the efficacy of our approach for detecting small targets in complex panoramic scenarios.

Acetal-thiol Click-like Reaction: Facile and Efficient Synthesis of Dynamic Dithioacetals and Recyclable Polydithioacetals.

Dithioacetals are heavily used in organic, material and medical chemistries, and exhibit huge potential to synthesize degradable or recyclable polymers. However, the current synthetic approaches of dithioacetals and polydithioacetals are overwhelmingly dependent on external catalysts and organic solvents. Herein, we disclose a catalyst- and solvent-free acetal-thiol click-like reaction for synthesizing dithioacetals and polydithioacetals. High conversion, higher than acid catalytic acetal-thiol reaction, can be achieved. High universality was confirmed by monitoring the reactions of linear and cyclic acetals (including renewable bio-sourced furan-acetal) with aliphatic and aromatic thiols, and the reaction mechanism of monomolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN1) and auto-protonation (activation) by thiol was clarified by combining experiments and density functional theory computation. Subsequently, we utilize this reaction to synthesize readily recyclable polydithioacetals. By simple heating and stirring, linear polydithioacetals with M ‾ ${\bar M}$ w of ~110 kDa were synthesized from acetal and dithiol, and depolymerization into macrocyclic dithioacetal and repolymerization into polydithioacetal can be achieved; through reactive extrusion, a semi-interpenetrating polymer dynamic network with excellent mechanical properties and continuous reprocessability was prepared from poly(vinyl butyral) and pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate). This green and high-efficient synthesis method for dithioacetals and polydithioacetals is beneficial to the sustainable development of chemistry.

Measurement of linear shear through optical vortices in digital shearing speckle pattern interferometry.

Digital shearing speckle pattern interferometry (DSSPI) is a powerful interferometric technique used to visualize the slope contours undergoing static and dynamic deformations. Precise determination of the shear amount is crucial for quantitative analysis in DSSPI. However, accurately measuring the shear amount is often challenging due to factors such as optical device dimensions, deflections, aberrations, and misalignments. In this paper, we propose a novel method utilizing optical vortices deflection in pseudo-phase for shear measurement. This method eliminates the need for attaching calibration objects and replacing the light source, making it applicable to inaccessible or fragile samples. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method in determining shear amounts in DSSPI. The method can be easily automated and integrated into existing setups, offering broader application prospects.

Regulation mechanism of human insulin fibrillation by L-lysine carbon dots: low concentration accelerates but high concentration inhibits the fibrillation process.

The fibrillation process of human insulin (HI) is closely related to the therapy for type II diabetes (T2D). Due to changes in the spatial structure of HI, the fibrillation process of HI takes place in the body, which leads to a significant decrease in normal insulin levels. L-Lysine CDs with a size of around 5 nm were synthesized and used to adjust and control the fibrillation process of HI. ThT fluorescence analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization of the CDs showed the role of HI fibrillation from the perspective of the kinetics of HI fibrillation and regulation. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) was used to explore the regulatory mechanism of CDs at all stages of HI fibrillation from the perspective of thermodynamics. Contrary to common sense, when the concentration of CDs is less than 1/50 of the HI, CDs will promote the growth of fibres, while a high concentration of CDs will inhibit the growth of fibres. The experimental results of ITC clearly prove that different concentrations of CDs will correspond to different pathways of the combination between CDs and HI. CDs have a strong ability to combine with HI during the lag time, and the degree of combination has become the main factor influencing the fibrillation process.

Alternations of ensiling performance and bacterial community in response to different native grassland in Mongolian Plateau.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of bacterial communities and natural fermentation quality in three steppe types [meadow steppe (MS); typical steppe (TS); and desert steppe (DS)] on the Mongolian Plateau. METHODS AND RESULTS: PacBio single molecule with real-time sequencing technology was applied to provide insights into the dynamics of the physicochemical characteristics and the complex microbiome of native grass after 1, 7, 15, and 30 days of fermentation process. The dry matter, crude protein, and water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) contents of the three groups slowly decreased after 1 day of fermentation process, and the lowest WSC concentration after 30 days of ensiling was detected in the DS group compared to that in the MS and TS groups. There was no significant effect of steppe types on lactic acid and butyric acid content (P > 0.05). The pH was higher in the early stages of fermentation. After 30 days of fermentation, the pH of MS and DS dropped to ∼5.60, while TS was as high as 5.94. At different ensiling days, the pH of TS was significantly higher than that of MS (P < 0.05). The ammonia nitrogen content of MS was significantly higher than TS and DS (P < 0.05). During the whole fermentation process, Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Pseudocitrobacter faecalis were the main species of DS, while Enterobacter roggenkampii and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii dominated the fermentation process in MS and TS, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The fermentation quality of native grass silage of different steppe types was less satisfactory, with the silage quality ranging from DS, MS, and TS in descending order. The epiphytic bacteria dominating the fermentation process differed between steppe types of silage. Leuconostoc mesenteroides as the main strain of DS had a modulating effect on pH and LA content, while the main strains of MS and TS (Enterobacter roggenkampii and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii) dominated the silage without significant effect on improving fermentation characteristics and nutritional quality.

Dynamics of the fermentation quality and microbiotsa in Ephedra sinica treated native grass silage.

AIMS: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Ephedra sinica on physicochemical characteristics and bacterial community of ensiled native grass by multiple physicochemical analyses combined with high-throughput sequencing. METHODS AND RESULTS: Treatments were a control treatment with no additive (CON), E. sinica was added at 1% (CEa1), 3% (CEa2), and 5% of the fresh materials (CEa3). Compared to the CON group, the dry matter and water-soluble carbohydrate contents were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in the CEa1 group. Compared to the CON group, the pH was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in E. sinica treated silages, and a higher lactic acid content was observed in E. sinica treated silages. At the genus level, the abundance of Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, and Weissella were the predominant member in the CON, CEa1, CEa2, and CEa3 groups, respectively. The abundance of Lactobacillus was significantly (p < 0.05) increased in the CEa1 group and Pediococcus was significantly (p < 0.05) increased in the CEa2 group. According to the 16S rRNA gene-predicted functional profiles, the inoculation of E. sinica accelerated the carbohydrate metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, the addition of E. sinica could improve the silage quality of native grass by regulating the bacterial community, and the addition of a 1% percentage of fresh materials exhibited the potential possibility of responding to get high-quality native grass silages. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The utilization of herbal additives on fermentation quality combined with 16S rRNA gene-predicted functional analyses will contribute to the direction of future research in improving silage quality.

Demodulation method based on a component synthesis and gradient projection for phase-shifting interferometry.

In order to reduce the vibration error of phase-shifting interferometry (PSI) and improve the demodulation accuracy of the wavefront phase, a demodulation method based on a component synthesis and gradient projection for PSI is proposed. For two sequences of interference images with a phase shift of 0, π/2, the method first corrects the vibration error by the pre-processing mechanism and multi-component synthesis. At the same time, two frames of interference images with a phase shift of 0, π/2 are synthesized. Then the gradient projection algorithm is used to filter the background light of the synthesized image, and the wavefront phase is demodulated based on the arctangent operation. The experimental results show that the percentage of pixels demodulated effectively at the truncated interface is more than 90%. Compared with the traditional demodulation method, the number of pixels demodulated effectively (demodulation accuracy) is improved.

Diversity and potential biogeochemical impacts of viruses in bulk and rhizosphere soils.

Viruses can affect microbial dynamics, metabolism and biogeochemical cycles in aquatic ecosystems. However, viral diversity and functions in agricultural soils are poorly known, especially in the rhizosphere. We used virome analysis of eight rhizosphere and bulk soils to study viral diversity and potential biogeochemical impacts in an agro-ecosystem. The order Caudovirales was the predominant viral type in agricultural soils, with Siphoviridae being the most abundant family. Phylogenetic analysis of the terminase large subunit of Caudovirales identified high viral diversity and three novel groups. Viral community composition differed significantly between bulk and rhizosphere soils. Soil pH was the main environmental driver of the viral community structure. Remarkably, abundant auxiliary carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme) genes were detected in viromes, including glycoside hydrolases, carbohydrate esterases and carbohydrate-binding modules. These results demonstrate that virus-encoded putative auxiliary metabolic genes or metabolic genes that may change bacterial metabolism and indirectly contribute to biogeochemical cycling, especially carbon cycling, in agricultural soil.

Responses of microbial communities and their interactions to ibuprofen in a bio-electrochemical system.

Ibuprofen has caused great concerns due to their potential environmental risks. However, their removal efficiency and their effects on microbial interactions in bio-electrochemical system remain unclear. To address these issues, a lab-scale bio-electrochemical reactor integrated with sulfur/iron-mediated autotrophic denitrification (BER-S/IAD) system exposing to 1000 µg L-1 ibuprofen was operated for about two months. Results revealed that the BER-S/IAD system obtained efficient simultaneous denitrification (98.93%) and phosphorus (82.67%) removal, as well as an excellent ibuprofen removal performance (96.98%). Ibuprofen had no significant impacts on the nitrate (NO3--N) removal and the ammonia (NH4+-N) accumulation, but decreased the total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) removal efficiencies. MiSeq sequencing analysis revealed that ibuprofen significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the microbial community diversity and changed their overall structure. Some bacteria related to denitrification and phosphorus removal, such as Pseudomonas and Thiobacillus, decreased significantly (P < 0.05). Moreover, molecular ecological network (MEN) analysis revealed that ibuprofen decreased the network's size and complexity, and enhanced the negative correlations of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. Besides, ibuprofen decreased the links of some keystone bacteria related to denitrification and phosphorus removal. This research could provide a new dimension for our comprehending of the responses of microbial communities and their interactions to ibuprofen in bio-electrochemical system.

[Effect of Sanbitang recipe in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with kidney empty and cold-dampness symptom].

To explore the clinical effect of Sanbitang recipe in treatment for the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with kidney empty and cold-dampness symptom and its safety. A total 168 cases eligible patients were randomly divided into the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) group, the chemical medicine group and the TCM combined with chemical medicine group, with 56 cases in each group. The TCM group was treated with Sanbitang recipe; The chemical medicine group was given methotrexate tablets; And Sanbitang recipe and methotrexate tablets was adopted in the TCM combined with chemical medicine group. A course of treatment was 16 weeks. Health assessment questionnaire (HAQ), disease activity scores 28-joint counts (DAS28), visual analogue scale (VAS), TCM symptom, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), cyclic citrullinated peptides (CCP) and rheumatoid factor (RF) were detected. The efficiencies and incidence of adverse reactions in the three groups were compared. The total effective rate of the TCM combined with chemical medicine group was 92.7%, which was higher than 79.2% of the TCM group and 82.4% of the chemical medicine group (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the TCM group and the chemical medicine group. This suggested that Sanbitang recipe was effective in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with kidney empty and cold-dampness symptom. After treatment, the scores of HAQ, DAS28, VAS, ESR, CRP, CCP and RF of the TCM combined with chemical medicine group were significantly higher (P<0.05) among the three groups. There was no statistically significant difference between the TCM group and the chemical medicine group. This indicated that Sanbitang recipe could effectively alleviate the clinical symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with kidney empty and cold-dampness symptom. In terms of efficiency and incidence of adverse reactions, the order from low to high was that the TCM group (3.8%, 2/53)

Efficacy and Safety of Tigecycline for Patients with Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: Tigecycline is an antibiotic agent with a broad spectrum, which has an antibacterial effect against many multidrug-resistant organisms. However, its clinical efficacy in the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is disputed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this report, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tigecycline for the treatment of HAP. The primary outcome was the rate of clinical cure, and the secondary outcomes were mortality and adverse events (AEs). RESULTS: Four trials involving 1,234 patients were included. The standard-dose tigecycline and comparator groups did not differ significantly in their rates of clinical cure. However, high-dose tigecycline was more effective than standard-dose tigecycline or the comparators for the treatment of HAP. There was no significant difference in mortality between the standard-dose or high-dose regimen and the comparators. Although the safety profile of standard-dose tigecycline was similar to the comparators, the high-dose regimen exhibited more AEs compared with the other groups. CONCLUSION: High-dose tigecycline is efficient for the treatment of HAP but is associated with more AEs.

Inhaled antibiotics in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: A meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of inhaled antibiotics for the treatment of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (NCFB). METHODS: Pubmed, Cochrane library, Embase, Elsevier, OVID, Springerlink, Web of knowledge and NEJM were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on inhaled antibiotics in treatment of NCFB from inception until April 2015. Meta-analysis was conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of inhaled antibiotics in the treatment of NCFB. RESULTS: Twelve RCTs involving 1154 participants were included. They showed that inhaled antibiotics were more effective in reduction of sputum bacterial density, eradication of P. aeruginosa, prolonged time to exacerbation and reduction of new pathogens emergence with no significant difference in adverse events compared with control groups. However, we did not find significant benefits of inhaled antibiotics in reducing the risk of acute exacerbation, improving health-related quality of life and reduction of P. aeruginosa resistance. Moreover, inhaled antibiotics exerted a statistically significant reduction in FEV1%. CONCLUSIONS: Inhaled antibiotics may be an alternative pathway to inhibit airway inflammation with no more adverse events in patients with NCFB.

Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia intestinalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Captive Non-Human Primates in Qinling Mountains.

Non-human primates (NHPs) are confirmed as reservoirs of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia intestinalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi. In this study, 197 fresh fecal samples from 8 NHP species in Qinling Mountains, northwestern China, were collected and examined using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method. The results showed that 35 (17.8%) samples were positive for tested parasites, including Cryptosporidium spp. (3.0%), G. intestinalis (2.0%), and E. bieneusi (12.7%). Cryptosporidium spp. were detected in 6 fecal samples of Macaca mulatta, and were identified as C. parvum (n=1) and C. andersoni (n=5). Subtyping analysis showed Cryptosporidium spp. belonged to the C. andersoni MLST subtype (A4, A4, A4, and A1) and C. parvum 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) subtype IId A15G2R1. G. intestinalis assemblage E was detected in 3 M. mulatta and 1 Saimiri sciureus. Intra-variations were observed at the triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), beta giardin (bg), and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) loci, with 3, 1, and 2 new subtypes found in respective locus. E. bieneusi was found in Cercopithecus neglectus (25.0%), Papio hamadrayas (16.7%), M. mulatta (16.3%), S. sciureus (10%), and Rhinopithecus roxellana (9.5%), with 5 ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genotypes: 2 known genotypes (D and BEB6) and 3 novel genotypes (MH, XH, and BSH). These findings indicated the presence of zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi in NHPs in Qinling Mountains. This is the first report of C. andersoni in NHPs. The present study provided basic information for control of cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, and microsporidiosis in human and animals in this area.

Tire particles and its leachates: Impact on antibiotic resistance genes in coastal sediments.

Tire particles (TPs), a significant group of microplastics, can be discharged into the coastal environments in various ways. However, our understanding of how TPs impact the antibiotic resistance and pathogenic risks of microorganisms in coastal sediments remains limited. In this study, we used metagenomics to investigate how TPs and their leachates could affect the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), virulence factor genes (VFGs), and their potential risks to the living creatures such as soil invertebrates and microorganisms in the coastal sediments. We discovered that TP addition significantly increased the abundance and diversity of ARGs and VFGs in coastal sediments, with raw TPs displayed higher impacts than TP leachates and TPs after leaching on ARGs and VFGs. With increasing TP exposure concentrations, the co-occurrence frequency of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in the same contig also increased, suggesting that TPs could enhance the dispersal risk of ARGs. Our metagenome-based binning analysis further revealed that exposure to TPs increased the abundance of potentially pathogenic antibiotic-resistant bacteria (PARB). In addition, chemical additives of TP leachates (e.g., Zn and N-cyclohexylformamide) significantly affected the changes of ARGs in the pore water. In summary, our study provides novel insights into the adverse effects of TP pollutions on aggravating the dissemination and pathogenic risks of ARGs and PARB in the coastal environment.

Long-term application of organic fertilizer prompting the dispersal of antibiotic resistance genes and their health risks in the soil plastisphere.

Microplastic (MP) pollution is a rapidly growing global environmental concern that has led to the emergence of a new environmental compartment, the plastisphere, which is a hotspot for the accumulation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and human bacterial pathogens (HBPs). However, studies on the effects of long-term organic fertilizer application on the dispersal of ARGs and virulence factor genes (VFGs) in the plastisphere of farmland soil have been limited. Here, we performed a field culture experiment by burying nylon bags filled with MPs in paddy soil that had been treated with different fertilizers for over 30 years to explore the changes of ARGs and VFGs in soil plastisphere. Our results show that the soil plastisphere amplified the ARG and VFG pollution caused by organic fertilization by 1.5 and 1.4 times, respectively. And it also led to a 2.7-fold increase in the risk of horizontal gene transfer. Meanwhile, the plastisphere tended to promote deterministic process in the community assembly of HBPs, with an increase of 1.4 times. Network analysis found a significant correlation between ARGs, VFGs, and bacteria in plastisphere. Correlation analysis highlight the important role of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and bacterial communities in shaping the abundance of ARGs and VFGs, respectively. Our findings provide new insights into the health risk associated with the soil plastisphere due ARGs and VFGs derived from organic fertilizers.

Effects of non-pelleted or pelleted low-native grass and pelleted high-native grass diets on meat quality by regulating the rumen microbiota in lambs.

Diet modulates the rumen microbiota, which in turn can impact the animal performance. The rumen microbiota is increasingly recognized for its crucial role in regulating the growth and meat quality of the host. Nevertheless, the mechanism by which the rumen microbiome influences the fatty acid and amino acid profiles of lambs in the grass feeding system remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different native grass-based diets on animal performance, meat quality, fatty acid compositions, amino acid profiles, and rumen microbiota of lamb. Seventy-two Ujumqin lambs were randomly assigned into three treatments according to the initial body weight (27.39 ± 0.51 kg) and age (6 months ± 6 days). The lambs received three diets: (i) non-pelleted native grass hay with 40% concentrate diet; the native grass and concentrate were fed individually; (ii) pelleted native grass hay with 40% concentrate diet (PHLC); (iii) pelleted native grass hay with 60% concentrate diet (PHHC). The results showed that among the three groups, the PHHC and PHLC diets had markedly (P < 0.05) higher average daily gain and pH45 min, respectively. All amino acid levels were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in the PHHC diet than in the PHLC diet. The principal coordinate analysis of the ruminal microbiota indicated the markedly distinct separation (P = 0.001) among the three groups. In addition, the correlation analysis showed that the Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Prevotellaceae_UCG-003, Succinivibrio, and Succiniclasticum were significantly (P < 0.05) associated with most of the fatty acid and amino acid profiles. The correlation analysis of the association of microbiome with the meat quality provides us with a comprehensive understanding of the composition and function of the rumen microbial community, and these findings will contribute to the direction of future research in lamb. IMPORTANCE: Diet modulates the gut microbiome, which in turn impact the meat quality, yet few studies investigate the correlation between the rumen microbiome and the fatty acid profile of meat. Here, the current study develops an experiment to investigate the correlation of the rumen microbiome and fatty acid profile of meat: rumen microbiome responses to feed type and meat quality. The results indicated a unique microbiota in the rumen of lamb in response to diets and meat quality. Associations between utilization and production were widely identified among the affected microbiome and meat quality, and these findings will contribute to the direction of future research in lamb.

Numerical study on solar photovoltaic/thermal system with tesla valve.

In recent years, photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) systems have played a crucial role in reducing energy consumption and environmental degradation, nonetheless, the low energy conversion efficiency presents a considerable obstacle for PV/T systems. Therefore, improving heat conversion efficiency is essential to enhance energy efficiency. In this paper, the PV/T system with the Tesla valve is proposed to solve this problem. Firstly, the cooling effect is simulated and analyzed in the system with four different flow channel structures: semicircle, rectangle, triangle and Tesla valve. The results indicate that the system with the Tesla valve exhibits superior cooling performance. Subsequently, several factors including angle, valve number, valve type, and pipe diameter ratio for the Tesla valve are further studied through numerical and simulation analysis. The results reveal that Tesla valves demonstrate optimal cooling performance when possessing the following structural parameters: complete symmetry, more valves, a 30-degree angle and a pipe diameter ratio of 1. Finally, four different types of fluid are selected to explore the Tesla valve. The conclusion shows that nanofluids with high density, low specific heat, and high thermal conductivity also improve the cooling performance. Thus, the PV/T system with the Tesla valve exhibits good heat dissipation and energy storage efficiency, electrical efficiency can reach 16.32% and thermal efficiency reach 59.65%.

[Carbon Footprint of Spent Ternary Lithium-Ion Battery Waste Recycling].

Road transport is the primary source of greenhouse gas emissions in China's transportation field. As an important means to achieve the "double carbon" goal in the transportation field, the new energy automobile industry will face a large number of power battery scrapping in the future. In order to quantitatively assess the carbon emission reduction benefits generated by the spent ternary lithium-ion battery waste recycling industry, the carbon footprint accounting model of spent ternary lithium-ion battery waste recycling and utilization was constructed from the life cycle perspective. By optimizing the power structure and transportation structure, the carbon emission reduction potential of spent ternary lithium-ion battery waste recycling was predicted and evaluated. In addition, the uncertainty analysis was conducted using the propagation of uncertainty equation to ensure the reliability and effectiveness of the carbon footprint results. The results showed that the current carbon footprint of Chinese enterprises using wet technology to recover 1 kg waste lithium batteries was -2 760.90 g (directional recycling process) and -3 752.78 g (recycling process), and the uncertainty of the carbon footprint was 16 % (directional recycling process) and 15 % (recycling process), respectively. From the analysis of carbon emission contribution, the regenerated product stage was the primary source of carbon reduction in the wet recycling and utilization of waste ternary lithium batteries, whereas the battery acquisition, disassembly, and end treatment stages were the main sources of carbon increase. Compared to optimizing the transportation structure, optimizing the power structure could effectively achieve greater carbon emission reduction potential. Under the collaborative optimization scenario, compared to that before optimization, 14 %-19 % carbon emission reduction could be achieved. Compared with native products, the directional circulation process and recycling process could achieve 9 % and 11 % emission reduction potential, respectively.