Attitude towards and experience with clozapine of patients and their caregivers after three months of starting of clozapine.

AIM: To evaluate the patients' perceptions of clozapine and that of their family caregivers about the positive and negative effects of clozapine. METHODOLOGY: 52 patients and their family caregivers were assessed for their perception of the positive and negative effects of clozapine by using a self-designed questionnaire. RESULTS: About half (53.8%) of the patients were not distressed of frequent blood testing. At least two-thirds of the patients acknowledged a reduction in psychopathology, achieving clinical stability, improvement in the behavior of others towards them, improvement in their behavior towards others, improvement in regularity in medication intake, agreed that their clinical state will worsen if clozapine is stopped, and reported overall satisfaction/happiness with the intake of clozapine. In general, caregivers also reported similar perceptions. In terms of caregiver outcomes, about two-third to three-fourth of the caregivers reported a reduction in caregiving needs, personal caregiver distress and tension, caregiver burden and time spent in caregiving. About half of the caregivers reported a reduction in the cost of treatment, since the starting of clozapine. CONCLUSIONS: To conclude, the present study suggests that a significant proportion of patients receiving clozapine for three months and their relatives report positive perception and experience with the molecule.

Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Duties During Lockdown on Police Personnel and Their Perception About the Behavior of the People: an Exploratory Study from India.

To evaluate the psychosocial issues among the police personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic. In a web-based cross-sectional survey, 623 police personnel were evaluated on Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) and Perceived stress scale (PSS), and a self-designed questionnaire. 10.6% of the police personnel had significant anxiety and 18% have significant depressive symptoms with overall psychological morbidity of 22.2%. Higher age was significantly associated with higher depressive symptoms, total PHQ-4 score, and higher perceived stress. The present survey suggests that a substantial proportion of the police personnel on COVID-19 duty during the lockdown period have significant anxiety, depressive symptoms, and perceive significant stress. There is an urgent need to evaluate the mental health issues and provide psychological support to the police personnel who are considered as faceless warriors of the COVID-19. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11469-020-00408-8.

Hindi Translation and Validation of Scales for Subjective Well-being, Locus of Control and Spiritual Well-being.

BACKGROUND: Well-being and locus of control have been important areas of research over the last few years. However, limited information is available about the same from India, due to the lack of validated instruments in regional languages for the same.This research aimed to translate, adapt, and validate the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS), Spiritual Well-being Scale (SWBS), and Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) Scale in Hindi. METHODS: The scales were translated into Hindi by following the translation-back-translation methodology as specified by the World Health Organization. Next, the Hindi versions of the scales were completed by 102 participants, and then, the participants completed either the Hindi or the English version of the scales after 3-7 days. RESULTS: The Hindi versions of WEMWBS, MHLC, and SWBS have high cross-language equivalence with the English version of the scale, both at the level of the individual items and the various dimensions in all three scales, which was significant (P < 0.001). Cronbach's alpha for the Hindi version of WEMWBS, SWBS, and MHLC scales was 0.92, 0.83, and 0.77, respectively. The Spearman-Brown coefficient was 0.82, 0.63, and 0.63 for WEMWBS, SWBS, and MHLC, respectively. As measured on the Centrality of Religiosity Scale (CRS), higher religiosity was associated with greater religious and existential well-being. CONCLUSION: The Hindi versions of WEMWBS, SWBS, and MHLC have good cross-language equivalence, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability. It is expected that these validated scales will stimulate more research in this area, focusing on evaluating the association of clinical parameters along with well-being and locus of control.

Management of obsessive-compulsive disorder with virtual reality-based exposure.

Little information is available about use of virtual reality exposure for management of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). We present a patient with OCD, who presented with significant dysfunction related to his OC symptoms and was managed with virtual reality based exposure therapy. A 27-year-old male, presented with a history suggestive of OCD for last 8 years. His symptoms were characterized by obsessive images of known people, leading to significant anxiety and distress. To get rid of his anxiety and distress, he would repeat the acts at hand, multiple times till these images would subside or till he would be able to replace these images by desirable images. These symptoms led to marked socio-occupational dysfunction. The treatment history was suggestive of minimal response to adequate trials of multiple selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and he was on capsule fluoxetine 80 mg/day at the time of presentation. Exposure and Response therapy was tried in the past by using imaginal exposure, but this was unsuccessful, as the patient would avoid imagining the anxiety-provoking images. Hence, he was exposed to the anxiety provoking images by using virtual reality which involved presenting him with videos containing pictures of known and unknown people arranged randomly, along with the anxiety-provoking images. Over a period of 2 months, 60 sessions of ERP were carried out and the whole hierarchy was completed. This case demonstrates that virtual reality can be used in behaviour therapy for OCD, by using virtual reality techniques, and there is a need to develop software and programs for assessment and management of OCD.

Comparison of religiosity and spirituality in patients of depression with and without suicidal attempts.

AIM: This study is aimed to compare the religiosity and spirituality of patients with first-episode depression with suicidal ideation and those with recent suicidal attempts. Additional aim was compare the religiosity and spirituality of patients with first-episode depression with healthy controls. METHODS: Patients of first episode depression with suicidal ideation and healthy controls were assessed by Centrality of Religiosity Scale (CRS), Duke University Religion Index (DUREL), Brief Religious coping scale (R-COPE), and Spiritual Attitude Inventory (SAI). RESULTS: Patients with depression were divided into two groups based on the presence (n = 53) or absence (n = 62) of suicidal attempts in the previous 14 days. Both the patients with and without suicide attempts were matched for depression severity. Both the patient groups did not differ in terms of religiosity and spirituality as assessed using CRS and SAI. Both depression groups had lower scores on religiosity as compared to healthy controls as assessed on CRS. The two groups also had a lower score on the "sense of hope" which is a part of SAI, when compared to healthy controls. Compared to patients without suicide attempts (i.e., ideators group) and healthy controls, subjects with suicide attempts more often used negative religious coping. Total numbers of lifetime suicide attempts in the attempt group were associated with the ideology domain of the CRS. CONCLUSION: Compared with healthy controls, patients with depression have lower levels of religiosity and spirituality. In the presence of comparable severity of depression, higher use of negative religious coping is associated with suicide attempts.

Religiosity and Spirituality of patients with severe mental disorders.

BACKGROUND: Religion and spirituality form an integral part of life, yet have been poorly studied in patients with mental illness. AIM: This study evaluated the religious and spiritual practices, a sense of purpose/connection, religious/spiritual belief and sense of hope/control among clinically stable patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression and compared the same with healthy controls. It also aimed to evaluate the association of residual psychopathology with various dimensions of religiosity and spirituality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder, in a state of clinical remission were assessed on the Spiritual Attitude Inventory and compared with a healthy control group. RESULTS: A total of 284 participants were recruited, which included patients with major depressive disorder (n = 72), bipolar disorder (n = 75), schizophrenia (n = 63), and healthy controls (n = 74). The groups were matched for age and gender. As compared to healthy controls, participants with any severe mental disorder had significantly lower participation in organized religious activities. In terms of existential well-being, all patient groups had significantly lower scores than the healthy control group. Patients with severe mental disorders significantly more frequently used negative religious coping than the healthy controls and also had lower scores on the sense of purpose. No significant difference was observed between the three patient groups on various dimensions of religiosity and spirituality as assessed in the present study. In patients with schizophrenia, higher use of negative religious coping was associated with greater residual psychopathology. CONCLUSION: Considering the association of negative religious coping with residual psychopathology, there is a need to incorporate psychological interventions to address religious and spiritual issues for patients with various severe mental disorders.

Delirium Research in India: A Systematic Review.

Delirium is the most common psychiatric diagnoses encountered in patients with various medical-surgical illnesses, in all the treatment set-ups, with relatively higher incidence and prevalence in the intensive care units. As delirium is encountered in multiple specialties, it is important to understand the research on this diagnosis. This study aims to assess the research output involving patients of delirium from India. A comprehensive search was undertaken using Medline (PubMed) and other databases. Search words included were "delirium," "delirious," "delirium tremens" AND "India." No filters were used. Internet and hand searches yielded 305 articles. Out of these articles, 151 had the terms "delirium," "delirious," "delirium tremens" in the title and these were included for the review. Additionally, 14 articles were included for the review, although these did not have these terms in the title, but delirium was one of the major outcome parameters in these studies. Majority of the papers were original articles ( n = 81), and these were followed by, case reports ( n = 58), review articles ( n = 10), letter to the editor (not as case reports but as a communication; n = 13), editorials ( n = 2) and one clinical practice guideline. Most of the original papers have either focused on epidemiology (incidence, prevalence, outcome, etc.), symptom profile, with occasional studies focusing on effectiveness of various pharmacological interventions. There is a dearth of research in the field of delirium from India. There is a lack of studies on biomarkers, evaluation of nonpharmacological interventions, and evaluation of prevention strategies. It is the need of the hour to carry out more studies to further our understanding of delirium in the Indian context.

Delusion of pregnancy for 21 years in an elderly woman: A case report and review of literature.

Delusion of pregnancy (DOP) is a rare phenomenon especially in the elderly, with only 22 cases being reported. In this report, we present a case of a 74-year-old female with DOP and depressive disorder. In this case, a diagnosis of persistent delusional disorder was considered as the DOP persisted even after resolution of depressive symptoms with the use of antidepressants, antipsychotics, and electroconvulsive therapy.

Profile of Patients Seen in Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry in India: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVES: This review aimed to evaluate all the published studies from India conducted in the consultation-liaison (CL) psychiatry setting to identify the diagnostic patterns and referral rates in this setting. Understanding the same can help in organizing the services and knowing the training needs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A thorough literature search was done in August 2020 using different search engines (PubMed, Medknow, and Google Scholar). This was followed by an individual search of various Indian Psychiatry journals and a hand search of references in the available articles. Only those studies that described patients referred to psychiatry services from various specialties were included. RESULTS: A total of 33 studies were selected for the review. More than half of them were published in the last 5 years. Studies have primarily reported psychiatric profile medically ill inpatients referred to CL psychiatry services, with the majority of the studies reporting the number of patients seen for the duration of at least 1 year. The referral rates for inpatients across different institutes have varied from 0.01% to 3.6%. The referral rates from emergency set-ups have varied from 1.42% to 5.4%, and in outpatients, from 0.06% to 7.17%. The most commonly diagnosed psychiatric disorders across different studies include depression; organic disorders, including delirium; substance use; intentional self-harm; and anxiety disorders. CONCLUSIONS: A limited number of studies have reported the profile of patients seen in CL psychiatry setups. Available data from these studies suggest that referral rates to psychiatry services from other specialists are dismal. There is an urgent need to change the focus of psychiatry training at both undergraduate and the postgraduate levels to enhance the psychiatric knowledge of physicians to improve psychiatry referrals.

Why all COVID-19 hospitals should have mental health professionals: The importance of mental health in a worldwide crisis!

COVID-19 pandemic has led to a worldwide crisis. At present, everyone is focusing on the prevention of COVID-19 infection, preparing and discussing issues related to physical health consequences. However, it is important to understand that the life-threatening negative physical health consequences are going to be faced by a few, but everyone is going to face the negative mental health consequences of the pandemic. At various places COVID-19 hospitals are being established, to address the physical health consequences of the pandemic. However, mental health professionals have not been very actively involved in the management of people going through this pandemic. This viewpoint discusses the mental health consequences of the pandemic for the health care workers, people who are undergoing quarantine, people who are admitted to the COVID-19 hospitals, and those who have recovered from the infection. The article also highlights the mental health needs of people at different levels and the kind of interventions, which may be carried out.

Translation and Adaptation into Hindi of Central Religiosity Scale, Brief Religious Coping Scale (Brief RCOPE), and Duke University Religion Index (DUREL).

BACKGROUND: Religion/religiosity plays an important role in the lives of most Indians. However, there are lack of validated instruments in regional languages to assess the various dimensions of religiosity in the Indian population. This limits evaluation of religion/religiosity and comparison of Indian data with western research for health-related issues. METHODS: The CRS, BRCOPE, and DUREL scales were translated into Hindi by using the standard translation-back-translation methodology as specified by the World Health Organization. Initially, the Hindi version of each scale was completed by 132 participants, and the second time, participants completed either the Hindi or the English version of the scales after 3-7 days. Data were evaluated for cross-language equivalence, test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and split half reliability. RESULTS: The Hindi version of CRS, DUREL, and RCOPE had good cross-language equivalence with the English version for all the items and dimensions in all three scales, which was highly significant (P < 0.001). The test-retest reliability was also high for all three scales (Cohen's Kappa value >0.67 for various items and subscales P < 0.001). Cronbach's alpha for the Hindi version of the scales was 0.95, 0.76, and 0.89 for CRS, DUREL, and BRCOPE, respectively. The Spearman-Brown coefficient was 0.89, 0.70, and 0.43 for CRS, DUREL, and BRCOPE, respectively. CONCLUSION: The Hindi version of CRS, DUREL, and BRCOPE has good cross-language equivalence, internal consistency, split-half reliability, and test-retest reliability. It is expected that availability of these validated versions will provide impetus to research evaluating the association of clinical parameters and religiosity.

Prevalence of premenstrual dysphoric disorder among school-going adolescent girls.

BACKGROUND: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a severe form of premenstrual syndrome which has a significant negative impact on the various domains of life of adolescent girls. AIM: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of PMDD in adolescent girls studying in classes 7th-10th and ascertain the level of stress, anxiety, and depression among them. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted in three all-girls schools in Chandigarh (two - government and one - private) after taking necessary permissions. Participants were evaluated on a self-rated questionnaire which included the PMDD scale, Perceived Stress Scale, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) questionnaire, and Patient Health Questionnaire-9. RESULTS: A total of 397 girls participated in the study. The mean age of respondents was 14.34 (standard deviation [SD]: 1.17; range: 11-20) years, with most (44%) studying in class 10th. The mean age of attaining menarche was 12.54 (SD: 0.92; range: 10-15) years. The prevalence of PMDD was found to be 4.8% (n = 19). Majority of the respondents reported moderate levels of perceived stress (62%). A positive correlation was seen between the severity of PMDD, age, levels of perceived stress, severity of depression, and anxiety in the respondents. CONCLUSION: Nearly 5% of adolescent girls suffer from PMDD, with higher prevalence among those with depression, GAD, and higher perceived stress. Thus, there is a need to screen adolescent females for PMDD at the earliest and institute intervention to minimize its negative impact.

Perceived stress and barriers to seeking help from mental health professionals among trainee doctors at a tertiary care centre in North India.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the level and causes of perceived stress, and the barriers to seeking help from mental health professionals among Resident doctors at a tertiary care centre in North India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 17 item questionnaire, requiring about 5-6 minutes for completion was used to carry out the survey. RESULTS: Out of the 1300 Residents currently working in the institute, 442 (32%) Residents participated in the survey. Most of the participants were post-graduate trainees. In terms of level of stress related to the work/workplace, moderate and severe stress was perceived by 42.8% and 39.1% of respondents. The stress was attributed mainly to long working hours (66.2%), lack of off-days (52.3%), poor work environment (35.4%) and academic pressure (41.3%). Nearly three-fourths of the respondents considered that the stress was taking a toll on their physical as well as mental health. However, only about 13% had sought help from mental health professionals within or outside the institute. The main barriers reported for not seeking help from mental health professionals included stigma of being labeled as mentally ill (54.6%), being labeled as weak amongst their peers (58.1%) and lack of time to seek consultation among others (43.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Trainee doctors face significant levels of stress during their training program. However, few seek help. There is an unsaid need to address various issues pertaining to training, work environment and attitudes towards seeking help.

Attitude and perceptions of patients towards long acting depot injections (LAIs).

BACKGROUND: Despite the well-established efficacy of the long acting depot injectable (LAIs) antipsychotics, these are significantly underused and underutilized by the mental health professionals, with a belief that patients will not accept the same. AIMS & OBJECTIVES: To explore the acceptability and perception of patients towards various psychiatric treatments, with specific focus on LAIs. Additionally the study aimed to compare the acceptability of various types of treatments including LAIs between patients with severe mental disorders (Psychotic disorders and Bipolar disorder) and those with Common mental disorders (Anxiety, neurotic and depressive disorders). METHODOLOGY: A self-designed semi-structured questionnaire was used to evaluate the preferred treatment options of all the new patients attending the psychiatry outpatient clinic of a tertiary care hospital. Depending on the response, they were further probed for the reasons for accepting or rejecting the LAIs. RESULTS: 2659 patients were interviewed who were divided into two groups (Group I - 321 subjects with psychotic disorders and 120 subjects with bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) and Group II - 2218 subjects with neurotic, stress-related and unipolar depressive disorders). More than three-fourth (78.8%) of the participants in the whole study sample opted for tablets only as their first preferred choice and injectables were opted by about 5% of the participants only, with no significant difference between the 2 groups. After being explained about LAIs, one fourth of the participants (24.9%) reported that they may consider LAIs, without any significant difference between the 2 groups. Among those who refused to take LAIs even after explanation, the commonly reported reasons were difficulty in visiting hospital frequently for the injectables (41.69%), injectables being painful (19.41%), fear of injections (13.96%), no need to take LAIs (12.45%) and preference to take some other types of medicines (8.52%). CONCLUSIONS: Considering the fact that LAIs are highly underused in patients with severe mental disorders and there is lack of awareness about LAIs among patients with severe mental disorders, the present study findings suggest that there is reasonable level of acceptance of LAIs among patients with severe mental disorders when explained about the same.

The prevalence of non-communicable disease risk factors in community-living patients with psychiatric disorders: A study from North India.

OBJECTIVE: Screening for non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors can help in prevention or reduction in the ill-effects of NCDs. Data on NCD risk factors in community-dwelling patients with common mental disorders (CMD) is lacking. This study was designed to screen for selected NCD risk factors in patients attending a community psychiatry service (CPS) in the states of Punjab and Haryana in North India. METHODS: Following ethical clearance, the study was conducted in 4 satellite clinics of the CPS of a tertiary hospital from North India. Consecutive adult patients were approached and 719 patients were assessed. A one-time cross-sectional assessment was carried out which included socio-demographic data, clinical details, history of tobacco and alcohol use, personal history of hypertension and diabetes, family history of diabetes, prevalence of hypertension, obesity (central and generalised) and levels of physical activity. RESULTS: 302 males and 417 females were assessed. Most patients were diagnosed with CMD. The prevalence of hypertension was 42.7% in males and 34.1% in females. The prevalence of central and generalised obesity in males and females was 41.4%, 71.2% and 34.8%, 45.6% respectively. 32.5% of males and 40.2% females were assessed to be inadequately physically active. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study suggest that there is high prevalence of NCD risk factors in patients with CMD. Hypertension is more common in males while obesity and inadequate physical activity is more common in females. NCD risk factor screening and management, health education should be integrated in CPS.

Unusual cases of succubus: A cultural phenomenon manifesting as part of psychopathology.

Succubus is also known as demon female lover who approaches males in their dreams to have sex. This is the phenomenon which is rarely described in psychiatric literature. It is more identified as a cultural belief in different religions. We report the two cases diagnosed with schizophrenia, who reported this rare phenomenon of succubus as part of their psychopathology and discuss the phenomenon of succubus.

Factor analysis of symptom dimensions (psychotic, affective and obsessive compulsive symptoms) in schizophrenia.

AIM: To carryout factor analysis of symptom profile of patients with schizophrenia assessed by using positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS), Calgary depression rating scale (CDSS), Young mania rating scale (YMRS) and YBOCS checklist. METHODOLOGY: 181 patients of schizophrenia were assessed on PANSS, CDSS, YMRS and YBOCS checklist. RESULTS: Factor analysis of PANSS yielded 3 factor structure (positive, negative, anxiety). When the items of CDSS were added to the PANSS items, total number of factors increased to 4 with depression emerging as a separate factor. Addition of YMRS to PANSS and CDSS led to emergence of 5 factor model. Further addition of YBOCS checklist led to emergence of a 7 factor model (positive, depressive, obsessive compulsive, negative, manic, anxiety and obsessive compulsive-2), which explained 49.85% variance of the data. Positive symptoms emerged as the factor-1. Depressive symptoms loaded on the factor-2, negative symptoms loaded on to factor-4, manic symptoms loaded onto factor-5 and anxiety symptoms loaded onto factor-6. OC symptoms loaded onto factor 3 and 7. CONCLUSIONS: Present study suggests that when multiple scales are used for assessment of various symptoms of schizophrenia, the symptoms separate out into 7 factors. This finding suggests that clinical assessment of schizophrenia should not be limited to core psychotic symptoms only and structured instruments must be used to elicit other symptoms too while monitoring the clinical picture of patients with schizophrenia.

Dropout rates and factors associated with dropout from treatment among elderly patients attending the outpatient services of a tertiary care hospital.

AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the "dropout" rates from treatment and associated factors among elderly patients attending a tertiary care psychiatry outpatient facility. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data of 1422 patients aged ≥60 years, attending the walk-in clinic were evaluated. RESULTS: Out of 1422 patients, 406 (28.55%) belonged to the "dropout" group. In the "dropout" group, the age of patients was significantly higher than the followed-up group, and a higher proportion of patients were >70 years old. Significantly lower proportion of patients with diagnosis of depressive disorders belonged to the "dropout" group and significantly higher proportion of patients with "other" diagnoses belonged to the dropped out group. In patients with depressive disorders, a higher proportion of the patients in the "dropout" group were Hindu by religion (68.7% vs. 58.7%; χ2 = 4.26; P = 0.03). In patients with bipolar disorder, patients in the "dropout" group had significantly higher income (Rs. 13,323 [standard deviation [SD] = 16,769] vs. 5681 [SD = 9422]; t-test value: 2-25; P = 0.028) and lesser proportion of patients were of the male gender (63.15 vs. 86.95%; Mann-Whitney U value = 257.5; P = 0.039). In the group of other diagnoses, a higher proportion of patients in the "dropout" group were currently single (32.3% vs. 18.7%; χ2 = 4.12; P = 0.042), from rural locality (63.1% vs. 46.72%; χ2 = 4.33; P = 0.037) and were not prescribed medications (40% vs. 22.4%; χ2 = 6.05; P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Dropout from treatment among elderly patients is associated with higher age, not being prescribed medications, and diagnosis other than the affective disorders, psychotic disorders, and the cognitive disorders.

Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms/disorder in patients with schizophrenia: Prevalence, relationship with other symptom dimensions and impact on functioning.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of comorbid obsessive compulsive symptoms/disorder and its impact on outcome among patients with schizophrenia. 181 patients with schizophrenia were evaluated on Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Symptom Checklist, Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia, Positive and Negative Symptom Scale, Social Occupational Functioning Scale, Global Assessment of Functioning Scale and Indian Disability Evaluation and Assessment Scale. Slightly more than one-fourth of patients fulfilled the diagnosis of current (28.2%) and lifetime (29.8%) diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder. On Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Symptom Checklist, the most common lifetime obsessions were those of contamination (25.4%), followed by obsessions of need for symmetry or exactness (11.6%). The most common compulsions were those of cleaning/washing (27.1%), followed by those of checking (24.3%). Presence of obsessive compulsive symptoms was associated with younger age of onset, higher prevalence of comorbid depression, and current suicidal ideations. Thus, it can be concluded that a significant proportion of patients with schizophrenia have obsessive compulsive symptoms/disorder. Clinicians managing patients of schizophrenia should evaluate the patients thoroughly for presence of comorbid obsessive compulsive symptoms/disorder and must take the same into account while managing the patients.

Factor analysis of Y-BOCS checklist and severity scale among patients with schizophrenia.

AIM: To carry out factor analysis of YBOCS checklist and YBOCS severity scale among patients with schizophrenia. METHODOLOGY: 181 patients of schizophrenia were assessed on the Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Symptom (YBOCS) checklist, YBOCS severity scale and, positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS). RESULTS: About one fourth (28.18%) of the patients fulfilled the diagnosis of current OCD and 29.83% of patients fulfilled the lifetime diagnosis of OCD. Factor analysis of YBOCS checklist yielded 5 factor structures. Factor analysis of YBOCS severity scale yielded a 2 factor model. The five factors of YBOCS checklist were named as: Hoarding (included hoarding obsessions and compulsions), contamination (included contamination obsessions and cleaning compulsions), symmetry & ordering (obsessions of symmetry and ordering compulsions), Blasphemous, religious & repetition (sexual and religious obsessions, repeating and counting compulsions) and Aggression and checking (aggressive and somatic obsessions, checking compulsions). In the two factor model of YBOCS severity scale, Factor-1 included 6 items related to time spent, interference and distress related to obsessions and compulsions; whereas factor-2 included items of resistance to and control over obsessions and compulsions. CONCLUSIONS: Present study suggests that YBOCS checklist yielded 5 factor structures and factor analysis of YBOCS severity scale results in a 2 factor model among patients with schizophrenia. The five factor model is comparable with what has been reported for patients with pure OCD.