The screening of rare blood donors in a highly admixed population: A new approach for Holley and Diego genotyping and impact of genomic and self-reported ancestry.

OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to develop strategies for genotyping DO*HY (Dombrock system) and DI*A/DI*B (Diego system) alleles and to evaluate the impact of genomic and self-declared ancestry on rare donor screening in admixed populations. BACKGROUND: The antigens Hy and Dib demonstrate clinical importance. The lack of antisera for the serological evaluation of these antigens makes it necessary to develop molecular methods. In addition, considering that some rare red blood cell phenotypes present differences in frequency between ethnic groups, it is important to assess the applicability of self-declared ancestry in the search for rare donors in admixed populations. METHODS: DO*HY and DI*A/DI*B genotyping based on real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was standardised. A total of 457 blood donors clustered by self-defined skin colour/race categories were genotyped. Furthermore, individual genomic ancestry was used in the analyses. RESULTS: The assays developed are reproducible and provide satisfactory results even at low concentrations of DNA, which make them useful in situations where the DNA is scarce, such as dried blood spots on filter paper, or when screening for pooled samples. No significant difference was observed in the frequencies of the DI*A, DI*B and DO*HY, comparing the self-declared White (branco) donors with those who are Black (preto) and Brown (pardo). CONCLUSION: Real-time PCR, especially using pooled samples, is a promising strategy to screen rare blood donors. Although both self-reported race/colour and some blood group phenotypes are associated with ancestry, the results point to a greater complexity in the application of self-declared race/colour in the screening of rare donors in admixed populations.

Plasmin induces in vivo monocyte recruitment through protease-activated receptor-1-, MEK/ERK-, and CCR2-mediated signaling.

The plasminogen (Plg)/plasmin (Pla) system is associated with a variety of biological activities beyond the classical dissolution of fibrin clots, including cell migration, tissue repair, and inflammation. Although the capacity of Plg/Pla to induce cell migration is well defined, the mechanism underlying this process in vivo is elusive. In this study, we show that Pla induces in vitro migration of murine fibroblasts and macrophages (RAW 264.7) dependent on the MEK/ERK pathway and by requiring its proteolytic activity and lysine binding sites. Plasmin injection into the pleural cavity of BALB/c mice induced a time-dependent influx of mononuclear cells that was associated with augmented ERK1/2 and IκB-α phosphorylation and increased levels of CCL2 and IL-6 in pleural exudates. The inhibition of protease activity by using a serine protease inhibitor leupeptin or two structurally different protease-activated receptor-1 antagonists (SCH79797 and RWJ56110) abolished Pla-induced mononuclear recruitment and ERK1/2 and IκB-α phosphorylation. Interestingly, inhibition of the MEK/ERK pathway abolished Pla-induced CCL2 upregulation and mononuclear cell influx. In agreement with a requirement for the CCL2/CCR2 axis to Pla-induced cell migration, the use of a CCR2 antagonist (RS504393) prevented the Plg/Pla-induced recruitment of mononuclear cells to the pleural cavity and migration of macrophages at transwell plates. Therefore, Pla-induced mononuclear cell recruitment in vivo was dependent on protease-activated receptor-1 activation of the MEK/ERK/NF-κB pathway, which led to the release of CCL2 and activation of CCR2.

Severe preeclampsia: association of genes polymorphisms and maternal cytokines production in Brazilian population.

INTRODUCTION: Preeclampsia (PE) is a multi-system disorder of pregnancy characterized by hypertension and proteinuria. Healthy pregnancy is associated with a controlled inflammatory process, which is exacerbated in PE in response to excessive placental stimuli. Gene expression levels can affect inflammation and immune regulation. It is known that differences in cytokine allele frequencies amongst populations may contribute to difference in the incidence of several diseases. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-10 genes polymorphisms and their relationship with the cytokines plasma levels in PE. METHODS: A total of 281 women were included in this study; 116 with severe PE, 107 normotensive pregnant and 58 non-pregnant women. Cytokine genotyping was carried out by the polymerase chain reaction. The analyzed polymorphisms were: TNF-α (-308 G→A), IL-10 (-1082 G→A), IL-6 (-174 G→C), and IFN-γ (+874 A→T). Cytokine plasma levels were measured by Cytometric Bead Array method. RESULTS: A higher frequency of the IFN-γ (+874) T/T genotype in severe PE comparing to normotensive pregnant women was found (P<0.001). TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ plasma levels were higher in PE women compared to non-pregnant women (P<0.001; P<0.001; P=0.004). IL-6 and IFN-γ levels were also higher in PE women compared to normotensive pregnant (P<0.001; P=0.010). IL-10 levels were higher in normotensive pregnant women compared to PE (P<0.001). IFN-γ and IL-6 genes polymorphisms influenced the genic expression in PE and normotensive pregnant women, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that IFN-γ seems to play a role in PE occurrence.

Severe preeclampsia goes along with a cytokine network disturbance towards a systemic inflammatory state.

Although preeclampsia causes high maternal/fetal morbidity and mortality, the etiology of this multi-system disorder still remains to be elucidated. Herein, we have characterized the cytokine plasma levels in severe preeclamptic women compared to normotensive pregnant and non-pregnant women, aiming to better understand the immunological network and its clinical significance for the pathogenesis and severity of preeclampsia. A total of 219 women were selected. The study population was composed of three groups referred as severe preeclamptic, normotensive pregnant and non-pregnant women. Cytokine plasma levels were determined using commercially available kits, Cytometric Beads Array - CBA to quantify TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-12. Our findings demonstrated that severe preeclamptic state is associated with high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8, IL-6, and IFN-γ (P < 0.05 for all) whereas normotensive pregnancy evolves high levels of regulatory cytokine IL-10 (P < 0.05). Moreover, an outstanding pro-inflammatory "cytokine signature" could be observed in severe preeclamptic women display, while an overall regulatory state is the hallmark for normotensive pregnancy. In summary, our data showed that elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the maternal circulation with a deviation in the "IL-8 × IL-6" axis towards IFN-γ might drive the cytokine network in preeclamptic women towards an excessive systemic inflammatory state.

Association of microparticles and preeclampsia.

Preeclampsia (PE) is a syndrome characterized by poor placentation and endothelial dysfunction. The diagnosis for this syndrome is based in hypertension and proteinuria presented after the 20th week of pregnancy. Despite intensive research, PE is still one of the leading causes of maternal mortality, although reliable screening tests or effective treatments of this disease have yet to be proposed. Microparticles (MPs) are small vesicles released after cell activation or apoptosis, which contain membrane proteins that are characteristic of the original parent cell. MPs have been proven to play key role in thrombosis, inflammation, and angiogenesis, as well as to mediate cell-cell communication by transferring mRNAs and microRNA from the cell of origin to target cells. Placenta-derived syncytiotrophoblast MPs are one of the most increased MPs during PE and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of this syndrome. Therefore, a better overall understanding of the role of MPs in PE may be useful for new clinical diagnoses and therapeutic approaches.

ADAMTS13 and Von Willebrand factor in patients undergoing hemodialysis.

Hemodialysis (HD) is associated with increasing thrombotic trend. Vascular access thrombosis (VAT) increases morbidity in HD patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate ADAMTS13 and VWF plasma levels from patients undergoing HD as putative biomarkers of the hypercoagulability state, as well the association between these markers and VAT occurrence. This study included 195 patients on HD for more than 6 months. HD patients were allocated into two groups according to the occurrence or not of previous episode of VAT; HD with VAT (N = 46) and HD without VAT (N = 149). ADAMTS13 and VWF were performed by ELISA. There was no significant difference between HD patients with and without VAT for ADAMTS13 and VWF levels. However, VWF levels were higher (P < 0.001) and ADAMTS13 were lower (P < 0.001) in HD patients, comparing to the control group composed by healthy subjects without kidney disease, age and sex-matched (N = 80). Taken together our data suggest a potential role of the kidneys function compromised on ADAMTS13 synthesis or metabolism, regardless other known sources of ADAMTS13. The imbalance between ADAMTS13 and VWF levels does not explain the development of VAT in HD patients by itself, although it should contribute for the hypercoagulability state. Therefore, additional studies to identify other risk factors are warranted and essential for better management of HD patients.

Racial differences in protein S Tokushima and two protein C variants as genetic risk factors for venous thromboembolism.

BACKGROUND: Racial differences in genetic risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE) are elucidated, with factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A being prevalent among the Caucasian population but rare among non-Caucasians. OBJECTIVES: To assess the worldwide distribution of three gene polymorphisms previously identified as genetic risk factors among East Asian subpopulations: protein S (PS) Tokushima (p.Lys196Glu), protein C (PC) p.Arg189Trp, and PC p.Lys193del. METHODS: An international collaborative study group of seven centers in five countries-Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Hungary, and Brazil-was created, and genotype analyses were performed. A total of 2850 unrelated individuals (1061 patients with VTE and 1789 controls) were included. RESULTS: PS Tokushima was confined to Japanese patients with VTE (allele frequency, 2.35%) and controls (1.12%), with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.15 (95% confidence interval, 1.16-3.99). PC p.Arg189Trp carriers were prevalent among Chinese and Malay patients with VTE in Singapore, with allele frequencies of 10.53% and 22.73%, respectively. Carriers of PC p.Lys193del were identified among Japanese and Korean patients with VTE (0.87% and 2.35%, respectively) and controls (0.36% and 1.07%, respectively), with the OR for VTE not being significant, and Chinese patients with VTE in Singapore (5.26%). In contrast, no carriers of PS Tokushima and two PC gene variants were found among patients with VTE or controls from Hungary, Brazil, or Indians in Singapore. CONCLUSION: The three variants were prevalent among East and Southeast Asians, having some differences in geographic distribution, but were absent among Caucasian subpopulations and Brazilians.

Plasma total homocysteine levels and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Thrombotic episodes account for approximately 80% of deaths in type 2 diabetic patients. Hyperhomocysteinaemia is a well recognized independent risk factor for atherosclerosis and thromboembolism. Increased homocysteine levels may occur due to a number of factors including inherited gene polymorphism of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T. Here, we evaluate plas- ma total homocysteine (tHcy) levels and frequency of the MTHFR C677T gene polymorphism in asymptomatic healthy volunteers and type 2 diabetic patients with hypertension but without nephropathy. We have also investigated the relationship between tHcy levels and the presence of MTHFR C677T gene polymorphism. METHODS: Plasma tHcy levels and MTHFR C677T genotype were investigated in a total of 53 subjects. These included asymptomatic healthy volunteers (n = 16), patients with type 2 diabetes (n = 7), subjects with hypertension (n = 12) and patients with both type 2 diabetes and hypertension (n = 18). Renal function, serum lipids and other metabolites were also assessed. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in tHcy levels between the groups studied. The frequency of MTHFR C677T gene polymorphism observed was similar to that obtained for the general Brazilian population. In patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension but without impaired renal function, we observed no meaningful correlation between increased tHcy levels and the presence of MTHFR C677T gene polymorphism. CONCLUSIONS: Type 2 diabetics who are homozygous or heterozygous for the MTHFR C677T gene polymorphism showed normal tHcy levels. Our results further suggest that diabetes without an associated adverse risk profile is not an independent correlate of increased tHcy levels.

Monocytes and plasma tissue factor levels in normal individuals and patients with deep venous thrombosis of the lower limbs: potential diagnostic tools?

INTRODUCTION: Tissue factor (TF) is the main physiological initiator of blood coagulation; it is membrane-bound on monocytes (mTF) and free in plasma (pTF). Abnormal expression of TF by monocytes has been implicated in various diseases. We therefore quantified monocytes expressing TF and pTF levels in patients with lower-limb deep venous thrombosis (DVT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: DVT was confirmed by Duplex Scan. Blood mTF levels under resting condition (baseline), after incubation without (unstimulated) and with (stimulated) lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and total mTF levels were determined by flow cytometry using two analytical methods (Histogram and Quadrant-Statistics). Plasma TF levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA). Results were compared with age-matched controls. RESULTS: Histogram analysis in patients with DVT showed significantly elevated mTF levels for baseline, unstimulated and total mTF over controls. For Quadrant-Statistics, DVT patients also showed significantly raised baseline, unstimulated, stimulated and total mTF. Similarly, pTF levels were significantly raised in subjects with DVT compared to controls. Baseline mTF levels correlated with pTF levels by Histogram and Quadrant-Statistics analysis. Using the relative operating characteristic (ROC) curve, baseline mTF and pTF assays displayed sensitivity and specificity in detecting DVT. Quadrant-Statistics baseline mTF and pTF gave the best discrimination. CONCLUSIONS: The TF assays used in this study showed acceptable sensitivity and specificity and are cost-effective and practical. Therefore, they should be considered in patients with, or at risk of, DVT.

Tissue factor-dependent pathway in severe preeclampsia revisited: a Brazilian cohort study.

Previously we investigated the tissue factor (TF)-dependent coagulation pathway and key haemostatic cofactors in white women with preeclampsia (P-EC) and suggested that plasma factor VII (FVII) levels can differentiate women with P-EC from healthy nonpregnant women or normal pregnant women, at the same trimester, with high sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values. Here we re-examine the TF-dependent pathway in a large cohort of Brazilian women. A total of 240 women were studied. These included healthy nonpregnant women (n = 79), normotensive pregnant women (n = 80) and women with severe P-EC (n = 81). Commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure plasma FVII, activated factor VII (FVIIa), TF and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI). All study participants were matched for age. Pregnant women (with/without P-EC) were matched for gestational age and parity. Plasma levels of FVII, FVIIa and TFPI were significantly increased in women with severe P-EC compared with healthy nonpregnant women (P < 0.01) or normotensive pregnant women (P < 0.01). FVIIa was also higher in normotensive pregnant women compared with nonpregnant women (P < 0.01). However, no such significant trends were observed for plasma TF levels (P = 0.074). In conclusion, circulating FVII, FVIIa and TFPI were significantly elevated in women with severe P-EC in the absence of comparable changes in plasma TF levels. The present work is in agreement with our previous report on FVII levels in white women with P-EC. Thus, this lends further support to the notion that plasma FVII levels are potentially valuable diagnostic marker for P-EC, irrespective of ethnicity.

A new index to discriminate between iron deficiency anemia and thalassemia trait.

BACKGROUND: The most common microcytic and hypochromic anemias are iron deficiency anemia and thalassemia trait. Several indices to discriminate iron deficiency anemia from thalassemia trait have been proposed as simple diagnostic tools. However, some of the best discriminative indices use parameters in the formulas that are only measured in modern counters and are not always available in small laboratories. The development of an index with good diagnostic accuracy based only on parameters derived from the blood cell count obtained using simple counters would be useful in the clinical routine. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop and validate a discriminative index to differentiate iron deficiency anemia from thalassemia trait. METHODS: To develop and to validate the new formula, blood count data from 106 (thalassemia trait: 23 and iron deficiency: 83) and 185 patients (thalassemia trait: 30 and iron deficiency: 155) were used, respectively. Iron deficiency, ß-thalassemia trait and α-thalassemia trait were confirmed by gold standard tests (low serum ferritin for iron deficiency anemia, HbA2>3.5% for ß-thalassemia trait and using molecular biology for the α-thalassemia trait). RESULTS: The sensitivity, specificity, efficiency, Youden's Index, area under receiver operating characteristic curve and Kappa coefficient of the new formula, called the Matos & Carvalho Index were 99.3%, 76.7%, 95.7%, 76.0, 0.95 and 0.83, respectively. CONCLUSION: The performance of this index was excellent with the advantage of being solely dependent on the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and red blood cell count obtained from simple automatic counters and thus may be of great value in underdeveloped and developing countries.

Lipoxin A4 Is Increased in the Plasma of Preeclamptic Women.

BACKGROUND: Excessive inflammation is involved in preeclampsia (PE) pathogenesis. Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) is an eicosanoid that counter-regulates inflammation. The main objective of this study was to determine LXA4 plasma levels in PE women. The correlations among LXA4 levels, ultrasensitive C-reactive protein (us-CRP) levels, and clinical/laboratory parameters of the studied participants were also investigated. METHODS: LXA4 plasma levels were determined by ELISA in 23 nonpregnant, 26 normotensive pregnant, and 27 PE women (early PE (N = 10) and late PE (N = 17)), according to gestational age (GA) at clinical symptoms onset). The clinical/laboratory parameters included in Spearman's correlation analysis were: systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, respectively), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, platelet count, proteinuria, and white blood cell count (WBC). RESULTS: LXA4 levels were higher in PE women than in nonpregnant and normotensive pregnant women, and similar between nonpregnant and normotensive pregnant women. LXA4 plasma levels were higher in early PE vs. normotensive pregnancy (GA < 34 weeks) and in late PE vs. normotensive pregnancy (GA ≥ 34 weeks). No significant differences were detected between early and late PE. LXA4 levels were positively correlated with us-CRP levels, SBP, DBP, and WBC. No significant correlation was detected between LXA4 levels and the other laboratory parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic inflammation in PE, in spite of increased levels of LXA4, points to a possible failure in this regulatory pathway. Further studies are necessary to clarify this issue and to evaluate the role of LXA4 and other proresolving mediators of inflammation in the pathogenesis of PE.

Association between Von Willebrand factor, disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type 1 motif member 13, d-Dimer and cystatin C levels with retinopathy in type 1 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the association between plasma levels of VWF, ADAMTS13 and d-Dimer, which consist on endothelial dysfunction and hypercoagulability biomarkers, and cystatin C with retinopathy in type 1 diabetic patients. METHODS: Patients were classified according to presence (n=55) or absence (n=70) of retinopathy. Plasma levels of VWF, ADAMTS13, d-Dimer and cystatin C were evaluated by ELISA and ADAMTS13 activity was evaluated by FRET. RESULTS: Plasma levels of VWF (p=0.033), ADAMTS13 activity (p=0.014), d-Dimer (p=0.002) and cystatin C (p<0.001) were elevated in diabetic patients with retinopathy compared to those without this complication. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that ADAMTS13 activity (p=0.031) d-Dimer (p=0.015) and cystatin C (p=0.001) remained associated with retinopathy after adjustment for age, diabetes duration, use of statin, use of ACEi or angiotensin antagonist, use of acetylsalicylic acid and glomerular filtration rate. CONCLUSION: ADAMTS13 activity, d-Dimer and cystatin C are associated with retinopathy in type 1 diabetic patients and are promising biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of diabetic retinopathy.

Annexin A1 Is Increased in the Plasma of Preeclamptic Women.

BACKGROUND: Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy disease associated with exacerbated inflammatory response. Annexin A1 (AnxA1) is a glucocorticoid-regulated protein endowed with anti-inflammatory and proresolving properties that has been much studied in various animal models of inflammation but poorly studied in the context of human inflammatory diseases. The main objective of this study was to measure AnxA1 levels in PE women and to compare those levels in normotensive pregnant and non-pregnant women. We evaluated the association among AnxA1, ultrasensitive C reactive protein (us-CRP) and soluble tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor type 1 (sTNF-R1) plasma levels of the study participants. METHODS: This study included 40 non-pregnant, 38 normotensive pregnant and 51 PE women. PE women were stratified in early (N = 23) and late (N = 28) subgroups, according to gestational age (GA) at onset of clinical symptoms. Protein AnxA1 and us-CRP plasma levels were determined by ELISA and immunoturbidimetric assays, respectively. Transcript levels of AnxA1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were measured by real time RT-PCR. RESULTS: Increased levels of AnxA1 coincided with higher us-CRP levels in the plasma of PE women. Pregnant women with early PE had higher levels of AnxA1 and us-CRP than normotensive pregnant women with GA <34 weeks. No significant difference was found for AnxA1 and us-CRP, comparing late PE and normotensive pregnant women with GA ≥ 34 weeks. AnxA1 mRNA levels in PBMC were similar among the studied groups. AnxA1 was positively correlated with sTNF-R1, but not with us-CRP. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that increased AnxA1 levels were associated with a systemic inflammatory phenotype in PE, suggesting AnxA1 deregulation in PE pathogenesis. However, more studies are needed to clarify the role of AnxA1 and other proresolving molecules in the context of the systemic inflammatory response in this intriguing disease.

Effect of acetylsalicylic acid on platelet activation and oxidative profile in a set of Brazilian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is a metabolic disorder associated with hyperactivation of platelets, increased formation of platelet microparticles (PMPs) and oxidative stress that are related to cardiovascular complications. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is an antiplatelet agent used in the prevention of atherothrombosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ASA by means of platelet activation and oxidative profile. We collected blood samples of 81 patients with DM2 before and during ASA treatment. These samples were analyzed to determine the levels of 2,3-dinor thromboxane-B2 (2,3-dinor-TXB2), PMPs, thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). Moreover, the relationship between the levels of 2,3-dinor-TXB2 with some clinical and laboratory variables such as glycated hemoglobin, platelet count, D dimer, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa and cyclooxygenase-1 polymorphisms was evaluated. ASA intake did not change the levels of PMP, TBARS and MTT. Although a significant decrease in the levels of 2,3 dinorTXB2 (P < 0.001) in patients under ASA has been observed, an equal and satisfactory response to this drug was not found. However, the presence of PIA2 allele in GPIIIa gene may be associated with a better response to ASA intake in these patients, whereas other clinical and laboratory variables showed no association with this drug use. These findings are consistent with previous reports in the literature that patients with DM2 do not benefit in an equal way from the use of ASA for primary prevention of atherothrombotic events.

Severe preeclampsia: are hemostatic and inflammatory parameters associated?

BACKGROUND: Preeclampsia (PE) is characterized by hypertension and proteinuria. A predisposition to endothelial dysfunction, which may trigger abnormal activation of the hemostatic and/or inflammatory systems, is thought to play a crucial part in pathogenesis of PE. We investigated the relationship between hemostatic and inflammatory parameters in women with severe PE. METHODS: D-Dimer, PAI-1, IL-8, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ concentrations were measured in 59 pregnant women with severe PE (sPE), 49 normotensive pregnant and 48 non-pregnant women. RESULTS: D-Dimer and PAI-1 were higher in women with sPE compared to normotensive pregnant and non-pregnant women. IL-8, IL-6, and IFN-γ also were higher in women with sPE compared to normotensive pregnant women. However, only IL-6 and IFN-γ were higher in women with sPE compared to non-pregnant women. Moreover, D-Dimer and PAI-1 showed an elevated area under ROC curve proving to be excellent for discriminating sPE. Correlation analysis showed a weak correlation between D-Dimer and IL-8 and between PAI-1 and IFN-γ in sPE. CONCLUSION: D-Di and PAI-1 concentrations showed to be an important tool for monitoring sPE.

Tissue factor and tissue factor pathway inhibitor in women with a past history of preeclampsia: implication for a hypercoagulable state postpregnancy.

Preeclampsia (P-EC) is a multisystem disorder of pregnancy whose cause and pathogenesis remain poorly understood. However, abnormal haemostasis and endothelial dysfunction are thought to be implicated. Women with a past medical history of P-EC have a baseline hypercoagulable state postpregnancy. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between tissue factor (TF) and TF pathway inhibitor (TFPI) in women who have had P-EC within the last 3 years (more than 6 months postpartum) and their normal counterparts. Blood specimens were collected from women known to have had P-EC within the last 3 years (n = 26) and aged-matched healthy women without past history of P-EC in previous pregnancy (n = 26). Plasma TF and TFPI levels were measured using ELISAs. Women who have had P-EC showed increased TF levels compared with their normal counterparts, whereas TFPI levels were reduced. Neither parameter differed significantly when the groups were tested against each other. Interestingly, the TF/TFPI ratio was significantly increased (P = 0.024) when the two groups were compared. In summary, there was a trend towards increased TF and reduced TFPI levels in the P-EC group. Such a tendency was not statistically significant. However, the TF/TFPI ratio was significantly increased when the groups were compared. Our findings suggest an imbalance between TF/TFPI levels in women with past history of P-EC postpregnancy. This may contribute to the development of maternal hypercoagulable states and may predispose women with a history of P-EC to cardiovascular risks later in life.

Soluble endoglin, transforming growth factor-Beta 1 and soluble tumor necrosis factor alpha receptors in different clinical manifestations of preeclampsia.

BACKGROUND: Despite intensive research, the etiopathogenesis of preeclampsia (PE) remains uncertain. Inflammatory and angiogenic factors are thought to play considerable roles in this disease. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between soluble endoglin (sEng), transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-ß1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha soluble receptors (sTNF-Rs) and the clinical manifestations of PE. METHODS: Plasma levels of sEng, TGF-ß1 and sTNF-Rs were determined by ELISA in 23 non-pregnant, 21 normotensive pregnant and 43 PE women. PE women were stratified into subgroups according to the severity [mild (n = 12) and severe (n = 31)] and onset-time of the disease [early (n = 19) and late (n = 24)]. RESULTS: Pregnancy was associated with higher levels of sEng, sTNF-R1 and sTNF-R2 than the non-pregnant state. Moreover, PE women had higher levels of sEng and sTNF-R1 than normotensive pregnant women. No difference was found in TGF-ß1 levels, comparing the three study groups. Late PE had higher levels of sTNF-R1 and sTNF-R2 than early PE. No significant differences were found in sEng and TGF-ß1 comparing early and late PE. sEng levels were higher in severe PE than in mild PE and no difference was found for TGF-ß1, sTNF-R1 and sTNF-R2 levels. There was a positive correlation among sEng, TNF-R1 and sTNF-2 levels. Logistic regression analysis revealed that primiparity and sEng levels are independently associated with the development of PE. Furthermore, sEng levels are independently associated with the disease severity. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that pregnancy is a condition associated with higher levels of anti-angiogenic and pro-inflammatory factors than the non-pregnant state and that PE is associated with an imbalance of these factors in the maternal circulation.