Astrocyte-specific transcriptome responses to chronic ethanol consumption.

Astrocytes play critical roles in central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis and are implicated in the pathogenesis of neurological and psychiatric conditions, including drug dependence. Little is known about the effects of chronic ethanol consumption on astrocyte gene expression. To address this gap in knowledge, we performed transcriptome-wide RNA sequencing of astrocytes isolated from the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of mice following chronic ethanol consumption. Differential expression analysis revealed ethanol-induced changes unique to astrocytes that were not identified in total homogenate preparations. Astrocyte-specific gene expression revealed calcium-related signaling and regulation of extracellular matrix genes as responses to chronic ethanol use. These findings emphasize the importance of investigating expression changes in specific cellular populations to define molecular consequences of chronic ethanol consumption in mammalian brain.

Neuroimmune signaling in alcohol use disorder.

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a widespread disease with limited treatment options. Targeting the neuroimmune system is a new avenue for developing or repurposing effective pharmacotherapies. Alcohol modulates innate immune signaling in different cell types in the brain by altering gene expression and the molecular pathways that regulate neuroinflammation. Chronic alcohol abuse may cause an imbalance in neuroimmune function, resulting in prolonged perturbations in brain function. Likewise, manipulating the neuroimmune system may change alcohol-related behaviors. Psychiatric disorders that are comorbid with AUD, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, and other substance use disorders, may also have underlying neuroimmune mechanisms; current evidence suggests that convergent immune pathways may be involved in AUD and in these comorbid disorders. In this review, we provide an overview of major neuroimmune cell-types and pathways involved in mediating alcohol behaviors, discuss potential mechanisms of alcohol-induced neuroimmune activation, and present recent clinical evidence for candidate immune-related drugs to treat AUD.

Glial gene networks associated with alcohol dependence.

Chronic alcohol abuse alters the molecular structure and function of brain cells. Recent work suggests adaptations made by glial cells, such as astrocytes and microglia, regulate physiological and behavioral changes associated with addiction. Defining how alcohol dependence alters the transcriptome of different cell types is critical for developing the mechanistic hypotheses necessary for a nuanced understanding of cellular signaling in the alcohol-dependent brain. We performed RNA-sequencing on total homogenate and glial cell populations isolated from mouse prefrontal cortex (PFC) following chronic intermittent ethanol vapor exposure (CIE). Compared with total homogenate, we observed unique and robust gene expression changes in astrocytes and microglia in response to CIE. Gene co-expression network analysis revealed biological pathways and hub genes associated with CIE in astrocytes and microglia that may regulate alcohol-dependent phenotypes. Astrocyte identity and synaptic calcium signaling genes were enriched in alcohol-associated astrocyte networks, while TGF-ß signaling and inflammatory response genes were disrupted by CIE treatment in microglia gene networks. Genes related to innate immune signaling, specifically interferon pathways, were consistently up-regulated across CIE-exposed astrocytes, microglia, and total homogenate PFC tissue. This study illuminates the cell-specific effects of chronic alcohol exposure and provides novel molecular targets for studying alcohol dependence.

Ethanol and a rapid-acting antidepressant produce overlapping changes in exon expression in the synaptic transcriptome.

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are prevalent, debilitating, and highly comorbid disorders. The molecular changes that underlie their comorbidity are beginning to emerge. For example, recent evidence showed that acute ethanol exposure produces rapid antidepressant-like biochemical and behavioral responses. Both ethanol and fast-acting antidepressants block N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activity, leading to synaptic changes and long-lasting antidepressant-like behavioral effects. We used RNA sequencing to analyze changes in the synaptic transcriptome after acute treatment with ethanol or the NMDAR antagonist, Ro 25-6981. Ethanol and Ro 25-6981 induced differential, independent changes in gene expression. In contrast with gene-level expression, ethanol and Ro 25-6981 produced overlapping changes in exons, as measured by analysis of differentially expressed exons (DEEs). A prominent overlap in genes with DEEs indicated that changes in exon usage were important for both ethanol and Ro 25-6981 action. Structural modeling provided evidence that ethanol-induced exon expression in the NMDAR1 amino-terminal domain could induce conformational changes and thus alter NMDAR function. These findings suggest that the rapid antidepressant effects of ethanol and NMDAR antagonists reported previously may depend on synaptic exon usage rather than gene expression.