Predictors and impact of target vessel revascularization after stent implantation for acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: lessons from HORIZONS-AMI.

BACKGROUND: Target vessel revascularization (TVR) may compromise the benefits of primary percutaneous coronary intervention in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) We set out to identify the predictors and examine the impact of TVR after STEMI in patients receiving a coronary stent. METHODS: In HORIZONS-AMI, 3,602 patients with STEMI were randomized to bivalirudin versus heparin and a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor. Stents were implanted in 3,202 patients (2,982 were randomized to bare-metal stents versus paclitaxel-eluting stents, and 220 received nonrandomized stents). RESULTS: Target vessel revascularization occurred in 219 patients (6.9%) at 1 year and in 437 patients (14.4%) at 3 years. Target vessel revascularization was ischemia-driven in 418 cases (95.7%). Target vessel revascularization was due to restenosis in 219 patients (50.1%), definite stent thrombosis in 124 (28.4%), and disease progression in 94 (21.5%). Independent predictors of TVR were more extensive coronary artery disease, smaller vessel size, longer lesion length and the number of stents implanted, post-percutaneous coronary intervention diameter stenosis, symptom onset to balloon time, treatment with bare-metal stents rather than paclitaxel-eluting stents, and scheduled angiographic follow-up. Target vessel revascularization was an independent predictor of subsequent myocardial infarction (hazard ratio [HR] 5.25, P < .0001), ST (HR 5.98, P < .0001), and major bleeding (HR 5.25, P < .0001) but not mortality (HR 0.88, P = .61). CONCLUSIONS: In HORIZONS-AMI, TVR within 3 years after stent implantation was performed in ~1 of every 7 patients and was associated with more extensive coronary disease, more complex procedures, and bare metal stents. Target vessel revascularization was often due to stent thrombosis and disease progression as well as restenosis and was strongly associated with adverse outcomes but not mortality.

Comparison of Outcomes and Prognosis of Patients With Versus Without Newly Diagnosed Diabetes Mellitus After Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (the HORIZONS-AMI Study).

A history of diabetes mellitus (DM) is an independent predictor for adverse events in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Outcomes of patients with STEMI and newly diagnosed DM (NDM) are less well described. We used the Harmonizing Outcomes with Revascularization and Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction (HORIZONS-AMI) trial database to identify the outcomes at 30 days and 3 years according to no, known, and NDM in patients with STEMI. In HORIZONS-AMI, 3,602 patients with STEMI were randomized to bivalirudin versus heparin and a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor, and eligible patients were randomized again to a paclitaxel-eluting stent or a bare-metal stent. DM was defined as a history of hyperglycemia managed by insulin, oral hypoglycemic agents, or diet. NDM was defined as the absence of previous diagnosis or treatment for DM at baseline and its addition at discharge. DM was present in 593/3,599 patients (16.5%), and NDM was diagnosed in 130 cases (3.6%). Compared with nondiabetics, those with DM and NDM had higher 3-year rates of death (11.4% and 12.0% vs 5.6%, respectively, p <0.0001) and major adverse cardiac events (29.6% and 30.2% vs 19.9%, respectively, p <0.0001). There were no significant differences in adverse events between new and known diabetic patients. DM and NDM were independent predictors of 3-year mortality and 3-year major adverse cardiac events. In conclusion, patients with NDM have a similarly poor prognosis after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in STEMI as those with previously established DM.

Clinical profile and impact of family history of premature coronary artery disease on clinical outcomes of patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: analysis from the HORIZONS-AMI Trial.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Family history of coronary artery disease (CAD) is a well-established risk factor of future cardiovascular events. The authors sought to examine the relationship between family history of CAD and clinical profile and prognosis of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). MATERIALS/METHODS: Baseline features and clinical outcomes at 30 days and at 3 years from 3601 patients with STEMI enrolled in the HORIZONS-AMI trial were compared in patients with and without family history of premature CAD, which was present in 1059 patients (29.4%). RESULTS: These patients were younger (median 56.7 vs. 62.1years, P<0.0001) and more often current smokers (52.4% vs. 43.5%, P<0.0001), had more dyslipidemia (47.7% vs. 41.1%, P=0.0003), less diabetes mellitus (14.1% vs. 17.5%, P=0.01) and had shorter symptom onset to balloon times (median 213 vs. 225 min, P=0.02). Patients with a family history of premature CAD had higher rates of final TIMI 3 flow (93.8% vs. 90.6%, P=0.002), and myocardial blush grade 2 or 3 (83.2% vs. 78.0% P=0.0008), and fewer procedural complications. Although the unadjusted 30-day and 3-year mortality rates were lower in patients with a family history of premature CAD (1.8% vs. 3.0%, P=0.046 and 4.8% vs. 7.7%, P=0.002, respectively), by multivariable analysis the presence of a family history of premature CAD was not an independent predictor of death at 3 years (HR [95%CI]=1.00 [0.70, 1.44], P=0.98). CONCLUSIONS: A family history of premature CAD is not an independent predictor of higher mortality.

Impact of the severity of coronary artery calcification on clinical events in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (from the Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage Strategy Trial).

The treatment of calcified coronary lesions by percutaneous coronary intervention has been shown to be associated with poor outcomes and an increased rate of complications. However, the impact of coronary calcification in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is unknown. A total of 755 patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome in the Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage Strategy trial underwent CABG. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to the presence and extent of coronary calcifications (lesion level: severe, moderate, none to mild) as assessed by an independent angiographic core laboratory. Major ischemic and bleeding outcomes were assessed at 30 days and 1 year. Severe calcification was found in 103 patients (13.6%), moderate calcification in 249 patients (33.0%), and none-to-mild calcification in 403 patients (53.4%). The presence of severe calcification compared with moderate or none to mild was associated with a significantly higher unadjusted rate of death (11.8% vs 3.7% vs 4.5%, p = 0.006), death or myocardial infarction (MI; 31.1% vs 19.7% vs 16.4%, p = 0.006), and major adverse cardiac event (MACE; 32.0% vs 22.6% vs 20.8%, p = 0.059) at 1 year. By multivariate analysis, severe calcification (vs nonsevere calcification) was identified as an independent predictor of 1-year MACE (hazard ratio 1.49, 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 2.21, p = 0.04) and death or MI (hazard ratio 1.77, 95% confidence interval 1.18 to 2.66, p = 0.006). In conclusion, the presence of severe coronary calcification was associated with worse outcomes after CABG, including an increased risk of death. The presence of severe coronary calcification was identified as an independent predictor of MACE and death or MI 1 year after CABG.