[Electroconvulsive therapy in therapy-resistant mania. A case study]. / Elektroconvulsieve therapie bij therapieresistente manie.

A 25-year-old woman was separated for 6 weeks on account of her suicidal and chaotic behaviour occurring within the framework of a first manic episode. Her response to medication (olanzapine 20 mg, clorazepate 50 mg and lithium (serum level 0.9 mmol/l)) was inadequate. After only one ect treatment her condition had improved to such an extent that she no longer needed to be isolated. After about 4 weeks her mental condition was reasonably good; her medication consisted only of 10 mg of olanzapine and she could be transferred to out-patient care. ect can bring about rapid improvement in patients with therapy-resistant manic symptoms.

Partial-thickness scalds in children: A comparison of different treatment strategies.

AIM: The aim of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes of different treatment strategies for children with partial-thickness scalds at two burn centers. At the first burn center, these burns were treated with a hydrofiber dressing (Aquacel®, Convatec, Inc.®, Princeton, NJ, USA) or silver sulfadiazine (SSD, Flammazine®, Sinclair IS Pharma, London, UK Pharmaceuticals), while at the second burn center, cerium nitrate-silver sulfadiazine (CN-SSD, Flammacerium®, Sinclair IS Pharma, London, UK Pharmaceuticals) was used. METHODS: A two-center retrospective study was conducted of children admitted between January 2009 and December 2013 for partial-thickness scalds up to 10% TBSA who were treated primarily with a hydrofiber dressing or silver sulfadiazine (Burn Center Rotterdam) vs. cerium nitrate-silver sulfadiazine (Burn Center Groningen). The Dutch Burn Repository R3 and the electronic medical records of the study population were used for data extraction. The primary outcome was the time to wound healing. The secondary outcomes were the length of hospital stay, wound infection, and surgical treatment. RESULTS: The time to wound healing differed between the groups (HR=1.46, 95%CI 1.17-1.82); the shortest time to wound healing was observed in the patients treated with CN-SSD (median 13 days), compared with 15 days for the patients treated with hydrofiber and 16 days for the patients treated with SSD (p<0.01). The length of stay was significantly shorter for the hydrofiber patients (medians: hydrofiber 3 days, SSD 10 days and CN-SSD 7 days; p<0.01), but their outpatient treatment period was significantly longer (medians: hydrofiber 12 days, SSD 6 and CN-SSD 4 days; p<0.01). The proportion of surgeries and the mean time to surgery was similar between the burn centers. CONCLUSIONS: This study compared different burn centers' treatment strategies for children with partial-thickness scalds and found a shorter time to wound healing in the CN-SSD group. Patients treated with hydrofiber had a shorter clinical period in comparison with the SSD and CN-SSD patients. The results of CN-SSD are promising and warrant further study. A prospective study is needed to gain full insight into the merits and drawbacks of the treatment strategies. This will allow clinicians to make full use of the strengths of particular treatments to benefit specific patients.

Effect and mechanism of hydrocortisone on organ function in patients with severe burns.

INTRODUCTION: In patients with severe burns, resuscitation with large volumes of fluid is needed, partly because of an increase in capillary leakage. Corticosteroids might be beneficial by diminishing capillary leakage. This study aimed to assess in severely burned nonseptic patients whether hydrocortisone (HC) improved outcome and diminished capillary leakage. METHODS: Retrospective analyses of a prospectively collected database were performed, including 39 patients (age 52 [35-62] years, 72% male). Patients were divided based on HC therapy. First, in patients in whom HC was started late, that is when deteriorating (late; 5-12 days postburn) data before and after start of HC were compared. Second, patients in whom HC was started day 0 or 1 postburn (upfront; within 48 hours) were compared with patients who did not receive HC (control). Outcome was assessed as organ dysfunction by Denver Multiple Organ Failure (MOF) score and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score. As markers for capillary leakage and hydration state, proteinuria, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), and fluid administration were assessed. Follow-up was 20 days postburn. Possible adverse effects including mortality were recorded. Repeated measurement regression analyses were performed using MLwiN. RESULTS: In the late group, Denver MOF and SOFA scores significantly decreased after HC (P<.001). Proteinuria tended to decrease (P=.13), BNP increased on the days HC was used (P<.001), and amounts of fluids diminished (P<.001). In the upfront vs control group, Denver MOF and SOFA scores (P<.001) decreased more quickly. Proteinuria (P=.006) and administered fluids decreased more rapidly (P<.001). Mortality rate, numbers of positive blood cultures, incidence of pneumonia, and graft loss were similar in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: Hydrocortisone treatment in severe burned patients without sepsis might improve organ dysfunction possibly because of a reduction in capillary leakage, as reflected by a decrease of proteinuria, an increase of BNP, and diminished fluid resuscitation volumes.

Hyperglycemia and ambulatory surgery.

BACKGROUND: Perioperative hyperglycemia is associated with postoperative complications after major surgery. However, more than 50% of surgical procedures are performed in an ambulatory setting, where glucose is not routinely measured. The objectives of this study were to investigate the change in capillary glucose during ambulatory surgery, to identify patients at risk for perioperative increasing glucose and to evaluate whether hyperglycemia predisposes for complications after ambulatory surgery. METHODS: In this prospective multicenter cohort study, adult patients planned for ambulatory surgery, were included and capillary glucose was measured 1 hour before and 1 hour after surgery. Patients were contacted 90 days after surgery to determine the occurrence of postoperative complications. RESULTS: Nine hundred and nine patients were included, 48 (5.3%) patients had diabetes mellitus (DM). Overall median glucose increased from 5.4 mmol L-1 preoperatively to 5.6 mmol L-1 postoperatively (P<0.001). Hyperglycemia, glucose ≥7.8 mmol L-1, occurred in 8.8% of the patients. Dexamethasone administration (given in 406 [44.7%] patients) was a risk factor for glucose increase (P<0.001). Hyperglycemia was not a risk factor for postoperative complications (OR 1.19, 95%CI 0.57-2.48, P=0.646). However, prediagnosed DM was a risk factor for postoperative complications, independent of hyperglycemia (OR 2.56, 95%CI 1.10-5.97, P=0.030). CONCLUSION: Minor ambulatory surgery is not associated with a clinically relevant increase in glucose. The very small glucose increase we observed could be attributed to the administration of dexamethasone for PONV prophylaxis. Hyperglycemia during ambulatory surgery is not associated with complications after discharge.

[Experiences with outpatient laparoscopic cholecystectomy]. / Ervaringen met poliklinische laparoscopische cholecystectomie.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the feasibility and desirability of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in day care. DESIGN: Prospective, pilot study. SETTING: Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. METHOD: Fifteen patients (ASA I/II according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists) with symptomatic gallstones underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy with the intention to discharge them the same day. Data were collected about: pain (visual analogue scale); pain medication before and after discharge; (rc)admissions; consultations of general practitioner or day care centre; complications; satisfaction of the patients about this treatment modality. RESULTS: Fourteen patients could be discharged after 6.2 hour (standard deviation 1.2) of observation. The pain scores and medication use were low. Readmissions did not take place and there were no consultations of general practitioners or the day care centre. These patients had no complications. Thirteen of them preferred day care over admission in hospital. One patient was admitted because of colicky pains and a common bile duct stone was diagnosed, which was removed endoscopically. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in day care appears feasible in patients with symptomatic gallstones and no functional incapacities if day care facilities are present.

[An intrauterine and prenatal fasciola hepatica infection in a dairy herd in South Netherlands]. / Een intra-uteriene en prenatale leverbotinfectie op een rundveebedrijf in Zuid-Nederland.

A intra-uterine infection with Fasciola hepatica in a three years old cow is proved on a milking cow herd in the South of the Netherlands. Two calves showed to have a prenatal infection. Further investigations on the farm revealed a general presence of this parasite.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: day-care versus clinical observation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the feasibility and desirability of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in day-care versus LC with clinical observation. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been performed regularly as outpatient surgery in patients with uncomplicated gallstone disease in the United States, but this has not been generally accepted in Europe. The main objections are the risk of early severe complications (bleeding) or other reasons for readmission, and the argument that patients might feel safer when observed for one night. Quality-of-life differences hitherto have not been investigated. METHODS: Eighty patients (American Society of Anesthesiology [ASA] I/II) with symptomatic gallstones were randomized to receive LC either in day-care or with clinical observation. Complications, (re)admissions, consultations of general practitioners or the day-care center within 4 days after surgery, use of pain medication, quality of life, convalescence period, time off from professional activities, and treatment preference were assessed. The respective costs of day-care and clinical observation were determined. RESULTS: Of the 37 patients assigned to the day-care group who underwent elective surgery, 92% were discharged successfully after an observation period of 5.7+/-0.2 hours. The remainder of the patients in this group were admitted to the hospital and clinically observed for 24 hours. For the 37 patients in the clinical observation group who underwent elective surgery, the observation time after surgery was 31+/-3 hours. Three patients in the day-care group and one patient in the clinical observation group had complications after surgery. None of the patients in either group consulted a general practitioner or the hospital during the first week after surgery. Use of pain medication was comparable in both groups over the first 48 hours after surgery. There were no differences in pain and other quality-of-life indicators between the groups during the 6 weeks of follow-up. Of the patients in the day-care group, 92% preferred day-care to clinical observation. The same percentage of patients in the clinical observation group preferred at least 24 hours of observation to day-care. Costs for the day-care patients were substantially lower (approximately $750/patient) than for the clinical observation patients. CONCLUSION: Effectiveness was equal in both patient groups, and both groups appeared to be satisfied with their treatment. Because no differences were found with respect to the other outcomes, day-care is the preferred treatment in most ASA I and II patients because it is less expensive.