Expression profile in Leishmania major exposed to Staphylococcus aureus and group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: The interaction of Leishmania spp. with microbiota inside the midgut vector has significant output in pathogenesis. This study aimed to identify the profile of Leishmania majorgene expression of LACK, gp63, and hsp70after exposure to Staphylococcus aureusand group A beta-hemolytic Streptococci (GABHS). METHODS: Leishmania major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) promastigotes were exposed with S. aureus, with GABHS, and with both GABHS and S. aureus at 25°C for 72 h. The gene expression analysis of Lmgp63, Lmhsp70,and LmLACKwas assessed using SYBR Green real-time PCR by ΔΔCt. All experiments were repeated in triplicate. Statistical analysis was done using two-way ANOVA. A P-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Lmgp63 was expressed in the group exposed to GABHS with 1.75-fold lower than the control group (p=0.000). The LmLACK had expression in both groups exposed with GABHS and GABHS with S. aureus with 2.8 and 1.33-fold more than the control group, respectively (p=0.000). The Lmhsp70 gene expression was reported in the group exposed with GABHS with relative quantification of 5.7-fold more than the control group. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: This study showed that the important genes encoding LACK, gp63, and hsp70 changed their expression after exposure to the S. aureus and GABHS.

Relationship between Serum Tumor-Related Markers and Genetically Modified Rice Expressing Cry1Ab Protein in Sprague-Dawley Rats.

Genetically Modified (GM) foods are among the most important achievements of biotechnology. Given the safety importance of transgenic rice, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of GM rice consumption on serum concentrations of tumor markers in rats. In this experimental intervention, we used the blood serum samples from the Biobank taken from 60 males and 60 female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats fed on three different diets, including rat's standard food, non-GM rice, and GM rice after 90 day. Tumor markers including Carcinogenic embryonic antigen (CEA), Alpha-Fito protein (AFP), Cancer Antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), Cancer Antigen 125 (CA125), and Cancer Antigen15-3 (CA15-3) were assessed by enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) method. Statistical analysis was conducted via SPSS software. The results show that the concentrations of tumor markers were within the normal range in the SD rats treated with diet, and since the concentration of tumor markers was lower than the acceptable index determined, according to the kit standard in both groups, no obvious carcinogenic effect was found. However, these findings are not enough to make a final decision regarding the safety assessment of GM rice consumption.

Occurrence and genetic characterization of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato from domestic animals in Central Iran.

BACKGROUND: The species complex of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) causes cystic echinococcosis distributed worldwide. There is no genotype information from hydatid cysts in the intermediate hosts in Central Iran. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the hydatid cysts in livestock slaughtered in an abattoir in this region. Six hundred fifty-seven hydatid cysts were isolated from 97 animals, including sheep, cattle, camels, and goats slaughtered in Yazd abattoir from September 2018 to January 2020. The demographic data was collected as well as cyst location, fertility, and viability. Out of 657 samples, 164 samples were genotyped. Then, phylogenetic analysis was performed using MEGAX. Statistical analyses were done using SPSS version 16.0 by chi-square with a significant difference of less than 0.05. RESULTS: Out of 164 samples, the G1-G3 complex genotype had the most frequency in samples, with 135 cases recognized. The G6/G7 was observed in 19 isolates and G5 was reported in nine samples. One sample was detected as Taenia hydatigena. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that G1-G3 and G6/G7 genotypes were presented in all animals, but G5 was reported only in cattle, goats, and camels. It is the first molecular identification of cystic echinococcosis in Central Iran. Hence, reporting G5 in livestock in this area should be considered due to transmission to humans.

Decolorization and biodegradation of reactive Red 198 Azo dye by a new Enterococcus faecalis-Klebsiella variicola bacterial consortium isolated from textile wastewater sludge.

The present study investigated biodegradation and removal of Reactive Red 198 (RR198) dye from aqueous environments using a new bacterial consortium isolated from textile wastewater sludge on laboratory scale via batch study. Two bacterial species, Enterococcus faecalis (EF) and Klebsiella variicola (KV), were identified after isolation, through biochemical assays, Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. To determine their ability to biodegrade RR198 dye, physicochemical parameters, including bacterial concentration, time, pH, and temperature, were tested; the results showed that the best conditions included a bacterial concentration of 3.5 mL × 105 cells/mL and incubation time of 72 h. Under such conditions, the removal efficiency of RR198 dye at an initial concentration of 10-25 mg/L was more than 98%; however, for concentrations of 50, 75, and 100 mg/L, removal efficiency was reduced to 55.62%, 25.82%, and 15.42%, respectively (p = 0.005). The highest removal efficiency occurred at pH 8.0, reaching 99.26% after 72 h of incubation. With increasing the incubation temperature from 25 °C to 37 °C, removal efficiency increased from 71.71 to 99.26% after 72 h of incubation, and increasing the temperature from 37 to 45 °C, the removal efficiency was reduced (p ≤ 0.001). Therefore, the EF-KV bacterial consortium can be used for efficient removal of RR198 dye from textile effluent.

Genetic polymorphism of 8 Y-STR loci in native population of Isfahan province in central part of Iran.

BACKGROUND: Y-chromosome short tandem repeats (Y-STRs) are genetic markers with practical applications in human identification and population studies. AIM: Here we present the allelic and haplotype frequencies of 8 Y-STR loci most commonly used in forensic medicine in 103 unrelated native males of Isfahan province, central part of Iran. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The cases were selected on the basis of strict criteria to assure pure native populations of Isfahan origin. DNA extracted from peripheral blood samples and PCR amplified for each marker. Y-specific STR loci DYS19, DYS385, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392 and DYS393 were included in this study. RESULTS: The most common alleles for each locus were: DYS19, allele 12; DYS385, allele 12; DYS389I, allele 13; DYS389II, allele 29; DYS390, allele 24; DYS391, allele 10; DYS392, allele 11; and DYS393, allele 13. Gene diversity value was calculated from the allelic frequency for each locus. The average gene diversity was 0.6518. A total of 101 haplotypes were observed in eight Y-specific STR loci, the haplotype diversity was raised to 0.986. CONCLUSION: The results revealed that a set of eight Y-specific STR loci were able to discriminate most of the male individuals in the population studied. A search through the Y Haplotype Reference Database demonstrated 21 matched haplotypes to 160,693 haplotypes, exclusively with Eurasian-European, Eurasian, and Eurasian-Indo Iranian populations.

Aquaglyceroporin1 gene expression in antimony resistance and susceptible Leishmania major isolates.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: The mechanism of antimony resistance in Leishmania has been studied extensively, in connection with decreased influx and/or increased eflux of the drug. Aquaporin 1 (AQP1) protein has been shown to mediate the uptake of trivalent antimony. This study was aimed to find the expression level of AQP1 gene in resistant versus non-resistant clinical isolates of Leishmania major in Iranian patients. METHODS: Clinical isolates were obtained from 16 considered patients referred to Navab Safavi Clinical Center, Isfahan, Iran from October 2014 to December 2015. After diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis using microscopic observation, biopsy was performed from lesion(s) of each patient and stored inside RNAlater solution at -20΀C. Written informed consent was obtained from all the patients to participate in the study before recording their information and sampling based on Helsinki declaration. Each patient was treated with Glucantime and followed for three months. All sensitive and resistance isolates were considered and compared with AQP1 gene expression using real time PCR that was analyzed with delta-delta Ct. RESULTS: Out of 16 clinical isolates, four patients were resistant and 12 were non-resistant. The AQP1 gene expression in resistant isolates was significantly higher than the one in response failure isolates (p = 0.001). INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: The significant over expression (0.5 fold) of AQP1 gene in resistant versus non- resistant isolates suggests different mechanism of drug resistance such as mutations. Mutations may change the physiological function of the Aquaporin 1 protein that might affect its expression level.

Genetic variation in RPOIILS gene encoding RNA polymerase II largest subunit from Leishmania major.

Leishmaniasis is a geographically widespread severe disease which includes visceral leishmaniasis, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). There are 350 million people at risk in over 80 countries. In the Old World, CL is usually caused by Leishmania major, Leishmania tropica, and Leishmania aethiopica complex which 90 % of cases occurring in Afghanistan, Algeria, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Brazil, and Peru. Recently, some reports showed that some strains of L. major have internal transcribed space (ITS-1) with differential size exhibiting homology with the related gene in a divergent genus of kinetoplastida, the Crithidia. This prompted us to analyze the mentioned gene in 100 isolates obtained from patients with suspected CL. After obtaining samples from 100 patients, DNA extraction was performed and ITS-1 was analyzed using PCR-RFLP. These samples were sequenced for verifying their homology. Then, RPOIILS gene was analyzed in the samples that their ITS-1 gene exhibiting homology with the related gene in Crithidia. Results showed that 10 % of the isolates have ITS-1 exhibiting different size with the routine ones. Sequencing of them showed their similarity to the one from Crithidia fasciculata. RPOIILS gene encoding RNA polymerase II largest subunit analysis showed genetic diversity. This study might also help in solving the problems concerning Leishmaniasis outbreak currently facing in Iran and some other endemic regions of the world.

Association of IL-17A and IL-17 F gene polymorphisms with recurrent pregnancy loss in Iranian women.

PURPOSE: Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is defined as the occurrence of two or more miscarriages before the 20th week of pregnancy. T helper17 cells are a novel subset of T cells, which secrete IL (Interleukin)-17 and are known to be involved in inflammation, autoimmunity and rejection of non-self tissues. Herein, we studied the association between IL-17A rs2275913 and IL-17F rs763780 gene polymorphisms with RPL in Iranian women. METHODS: A case-controlled study was performed on two groups consisting of 85 healthy women with at least one delivery and 85 women with the history of two or more RPLs. The frequency of IL-17A rs2275913 and IL-17 F rs763780 polymorphisms were determined by PCR-RFLP. RESULTS: In the RPL group, the genotypes frequencies of rs2275913 polymorphism were GG (8.2 %), AG (30.6 %), and AA (61.2 %) and in the control group, were GG (3.5 %), AG (42.4 %) and AA (54.1 %). Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the genotypes of AA, AG and GG in the two groups (p = 0.1). The genotypes frequencies of rs763780 polymorphism were TT (43.5 %), TC (49.4 %) and CC (7.1 %) in the RPL group; whereas the frequencies were TT (25.9 %), TC (70.6 %) and CC (3.5 %) in the control group. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in the TT, TC, and CC genotypes frequencies between the case and the control groups (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that IL-17F polymorphism, rs763780, might be associated with a high risk of RPL in Iranian women.

Molecular Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in Humans in the Yazd County, Central of Iran.

Background: We aimed to investigate the molecular genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in Humans in the Yazd County, Central, Iran. Methods: Total of 35 fecal samples were collected from patients referred to Yazd Central Laboratory, Yazd, Iran from February to July 2022. All the samples were included in this study after microscopic observation of G. duodenalis. DNA samples were extracted using related kit and were analyzed by Nano Drop. The molecular assessment was carried out using semi-nested PCR using the target gene of gdh. All amplified samples were sequenced using Sanger method. BLAST analyzed the sequences for assemblage identification. Results: Out of 35 samples, 24 (68.57%) and 11 (31.43%) were male and female, respectively. All included samples were amplified using the specific gdh primer pair. The molecular analysis showed 17 isolates (48.57%) as assemblage BIV, 8 isolates (22.86%) as assemblage BIII, 6 isolates (17.14%) as assemblage AII and 4 isolates (11.43%) as assemblage AIII (P<0.05). Conclusion: Assemblages A and B are the most prevalent in Central Iran. The molecular identification of G. duodenalis isolates from animals and implementing control programs.

Differential gene expression (DGE) analysis in persons with a history of giardiasis.

Giardiasis, which is caused by Giardia duodenalis, has clinical symptoms such as steatorrhea and can be very dangerous in children. In addition, some documents reported that this parasite is present inside the tissue of patients with cancer. In this study, we analyzed the gene expression profiles of some main genes important to apoptosis and anti-apoptosis in humans.Expression profile arrays of Genomic Spatial Event (GSE) 113666, GSE113667, and GSE113679 obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus were used for meta-analysis using R commands. Cytoscape and STRING databases used the protein-protein Interaction network. Then, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology analysis was performed. Similar genes in Homo sapiens were identified using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool analysis. The validation was performed on eight people using real-time Polymerase chain reaction. In addition to the candidate genes, the gene expression of some other genes, including Serine/Threonine Kinase 1 (AKT1), Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A), Kirsten Rat Sarcoma (KRAS), and Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-Bisphosphate 3-Kinase Catalytic Subunit Alpha (PIK3CA) were also examined. Analysis of the expression of serum amyloid A1 (SAA1), Regenerating Islet-Derived 3 Gamma (REG3G), and REG3A genes did not show any difference between the two groups of healthy and diseased people. Examining the mean expression of the four genes AKT1, CDKN2A, KRAS, and PIK3CA showed that three genes of AKT1, CDKN2A, and KRAS had increased expression in people with a history of giardiasis compared to healthy people. We showed that the gene expression pattern differs in apoptosis and anti-apoptosis signaling in people with a history of giardiasis. Giardia duodenalis seems to induce post-non-infectious symptoms with stimulation of human gene expression.

Bacterial and Fungal Occurrence in Hydatid Cysts from Livestock in Central Iran.

Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato causes Cystic echinococcosis. This study investigated the bacterial and fungal species in the liver and lung hydatid cysts obtained from sheep, goats, cattle, and camels slaughtered in Yazd abattoir, Central Iran. In this study, 84 hydatid cysts were obtained from 20 sheep, 13 goats, 25 cattle, and 26 camels. The fertility and viability rates were assessed using light microscopy and eosin staining, respectively. The aspirated hydatid cysts were cultured to detect the presence of any bacteria and fungi. Bacterial isolates were identified by biochemical tests. DNA was also extracted from germinal layers, and then genotyping was carried out targeting the cox 1 gene. The statistical analysis was performed by SPSS version 16.0. This study showed that 22.62% (19/84) of hydatid cysts had bacterial occurrence, and none of the samples had fungal species. Among the fertile cysts, 52.6% had bacterial occurrence, of which 40% were viable. Most bacteria detected in hydatid cysts included Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Escherichia coli, and S. epidermidis. Hydatid cysts with bacterial occurrence were identified as G1-G3, G5, and G6/G7. The bacterial species occurrence in hydatid cysts had no significant relationship with fertility and viability (P > 0.05), without any significant relation with viability (P > 0.05), animal species (P > 0.05), involved organ in animals (P > 0.05), and hydatid cyst genotypes (P > 0.05). It should also be mentioned that this is the first study to assess the relationship between hydatid cyst genotyping and the occurrence of fungal and bacterial species.

Genetic analysis of clinical isolates of Leishmania major from Isfahan, Iran.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Leishmaniasis is a geographically widespread severe disease which includes visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). There are 350 million people at risk in over 80 countries. In the Old World, CL is usually caused by Leishmania major, L. tropica, and L. aetiopica complex of which 90% of cases occur in Afghanistan, Algeria, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Brazil and Peru. Recently, Eslami et al (2011) reported a novel TRYP6 gene encoding tryparedoxin peroxidase from an Iranian L. major strain exhibiting homology with the related gene in a divergent genus of Kinetoplastida, the Crithidia. This prompted us to analyze the mentioned gene in 100 isolates obtained from patients with suspected CL. Consequently, we analyzed internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region, RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPOIILS) and the mitochondrial DNA polymerase beta (DPOLB). METHODS: After obtaining samples from 100 patients, DNA extraction was performed and TRYP6 was analyzed using conventional PCR. All samples harbouring TRYP6 with smaller size (555 bp) were analysed based on three other regions: ITS1, RPOIILS and DPOLB genes. RESULTS: Results showed that 10% of the isolates have the same character as observed in our previous study. The ITS1-RFLP-PCR of this 10% isolates showed their similarity to the one from Crithidia fasciculata. RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPOIILS) showed genetic diversity but the mitochondrial DNA polymerase beta (DPOLB) did not show any genetic diversity. CONCLUSION: This study might also help in solving the problems concerning Leishmaniasis outbreaks currently reported in Iran and some other endemic regions of the world.

Molecular diagnosis of Old World leishmaniasis: real-time PCR based on tryparedoxin peroxidase gene for the detection and identification of Leishmania spp.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Rapid and accurate diagnosis and identification of Leishmania sp causing cutaneous leishmaniasis is crucial in control and therapeutic programs. The problem of diagnosis with traditional methods is that they have a low sensitivity or time consuming but molecular techniques would be an alternative method for rapid and accurate diagnosis. In this work, tryparedoxine peroxidase gene-based real-time PCR was used for accurate identification of Leishmania spp causing Old-World cutaneous leishmaniasis. METHODS: In this study, biopsies of specimens were taken from the ulcerative sites in 100 patients and used for direct microscopy, culture in NNN or fixed in alcohol for identification of Leishmania spp using tryparedoxin peroxidase gene-based realtime PCR (qPCR). RESULTS: Using direct microscopy and culture method, Leishmania parasites were isolated from 68 out of 100 patient samples. However, 13 patients with negative finding on traditional tests, had positive results on RT-PCR test. After melting curve analysis of PCR product, Leishmania major in 75 and L. tropica in 4 cases were identified. The sensitivity and specificity of RT-PCR for diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis was 98.7 and 59.8%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Results of this study showed that RT-PCR was the most sensitive diagnostic test for cutaneous leishmaniasis and represents a tool for rapid species identification.

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Aquaglyceroporin Gene Expression in Treatment Failure Leishmania major.

PURPOSE: Leishmaniasis comprises various clinical forms mainly including cutaneous, muco-cutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis; caused by Leishmania species. Antimoniate is the first-line treatment but some cases showed no response to treatment in the worldwide. In this study, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and aquaglyceroporin 1 (AQP1) gene expressions were assessed in treatment failure clinical isolates of Leishmania major. Also, molecular and phylogenic analyses of the mentioned isolates were performed. METHODS: Samples were obtained from the patients with suspicious CL referred to the laboratory of Diagnosis Center, Gorgan Province, Iran, from October 2016 to December 2019. Detection and identification of the parasite was performed. The genes expressions of MAPK1 and AQP1 were done using SYBR Green real-time PCR. The AQP1 gene from the isolates with treatment failure was sequenced and analyzed using BLAST and multiple alignments. The phylogenic analysis was done using MEGA7. The statistical analysis was done using SPSS 16.0 by non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: All clinical isolates were detected L. major. The mean AQP1 and MAPK1 gene expressions in treatment failure isolates were 58.71 and 6.139 fold less than the ones in treatment response isolates, respectively. Based on the AQP1 gene sequence, a nucleotide change of aspartic acid with asparagine at the site 234 was observed. Phylogenic tree analysis showed three groups with the minimum dissimilarity of 0.008 between TF isolates with the standard L. major strains. CONCLUSION: We showed that MAPK1 and AQP1 may have critical roles in response to antimoniate in clinical isolates L. major in this study.

A comparison of different O-antigen serogroups of Escherichia coli in semen samples of fertile and infertile men.

OBJECTIVE: Male genital tract infections have been associated with infertility, and Escherichia coli has drawn increasing attention as an important bacterium in this context. This investigation aimed to characterize and compare the distributions of O-antigen serogroups of E. coli in the semen samples of fertile and infertile men. METHODS: In this case-control study, semen samples were collected from 618 fertile and 1,535 infertile men. The E. coli-positive samples were evaluated in terms of concentration, morphology, viability, and motility parameters according to the World Health Organization 2010 guidelines. Finally, different serogroups of E. coli were identified by multiplex polymerase chain reaction targeting the O-antigen variations of the bacterium. RESULTS: The prevalence of E. coli among fertile men was significantly higher than among infertile men (p<0.001). The sperm morphology, viability, and motility in the E. coli-positive fertile group were significantly higher than in the E. coli-positive infertile group (p<0.001). E. coli O6 was the most prevalent serogroup found in both groups. However, there was no significant difference in the frequency of different serogroups of E. coil between the two groups (p=0.55). CONCLUSION: Despite the higher prevalence of E. coli among fertile men, E. coli had more detrimental effects on semen parameters in infertile men. There was no significant difference in E. coli serogroups between the fertile and infertile groups.

A Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence of Toxoplasmosis in Livestock and Poultry Worldwide.

Toxoplasma gondii causes toxoplasmosis with a global prevalence in the world. A large proportion of human illness is most frequently associated with consuming raw and undercooked meat or other animal products containing infective parasitic stages of T. gondii. This systematic review and meta-analysis study evaluated the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in cattle, sheep, camels, goats, and poultry worldwide. The search was performed in databases including PubMed, WoS, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and ISC from 2000 to 2019 in Persian and English. The main inclusion criteria were the prevalence of toxoplasmosis among livestock and poultry and the prevalence indices by sample size. During these 20 years, the overall prevalence of toxoplasmosis in livestock and poultry was 28.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) 25-31.9%) using the random-effects meta-analysis model. The highest prevalence of T. gondii in livestock and poultry animals was found in Asia in 2014 with 89.8% (95% CI 78.5-95.5%). The lowest prevalence was found in Asia in 2013 with 1.26% (95% CI 0.4-3.8%). A quarter of livestock and poultry were infected with T. gondii. Since livestock products are globally important sources of people's diet, our findings are useful for policymakers to control T. gondii infection in livestock.

The role of ATP-binding cassette transporter genes expression in treatment failure cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Leishmaniasis is one of the common diseases transmitted by sand flies in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Currently, antimonial derivatives are the first line of treatment. Some of the members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family of Leishmania are shown to be associated with no response to treatment. In this study, we evaluated ABCI4, ABCG2, ABCC7, ABCB4, and ABCC3 genes expression in Leishmania isolated from patients with non-healing cutaneous leishmaniasis and treatment response isolates. We selected 17 clinical isolates including 8 treatment failure and 9 treatment response samples from September 2020 to March 2021. The isolates were obtained from patients of Health Center Laboratory of Varzaneh, Isfahan, Iran with cutaneous leishmaniasis. The diagnosis was performed using microscopic observation. The samples were directly collected from the lesions. The expression profiling of genes was assessed using SYBR Green real-time PCR that was analyzed with delta-delta Ct. All treatment failure clinical isolates were L. major. Gene expression analysis in treatment failure isolates showed that the ABC transported genes had a different pattern in each isolate. Treatment failure has been reported for cutaneous leishmaniasis worldwide. Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of treatment failure could solve this problem. ABC transporter genes are considered controversial over the mechanisms of treatment failure outcomes. In this study, we showed that ABC transporter genes could be considered one of the important mechanisms.

Cystic Echinococcosis in Central Iran: G1 and G6 Genotypes in Patients.

Background: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. In Central Iran, no molecular information is available on CE in humans. Therefore, in this study, we identified the genotyping of hydatid cysts obtained from patients with CE in central Iran using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene. Patients and Methods: Hydatid cysts were obtained from 19 patients referred to Shahid Sadoughi, Mojibian, and Mortaz Hospitals, Yazd, Iran from 2018 to 2020. Informed consent was obtained from all included patients. After DNA extraction, amplification was done using cox1 gene. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using MEGA7. Results: Of the 19 patients, 11 (57.9%) were male and eight (42.1%) were female. The mean age of the patients was 35.645 ± 2.55 years old. Regarding cyst location, of eight isolates from lung, six and two belonged to G1 and G6, respectively; and all liver cysts were G1 genotype. The spleen and neck cysts had G1 and G6 genotypes, respectively (p > 0.05). All cysts with a diameter in the range of 5-10 cm (n = 9) and large cysts (>10 cm; n = 5) were identified as G1 (p = 0.002). The maximum likelihood tree topology demonstrated the maximum similarity of G1 among Iran and worldwide (99%-100% likelihood). Conclusions: Based on our results, it seems that the sheep-dog cycle in the infection of humans by Echinococcus granulosus in this study area has the most important role compared with the other cycles such as the camel-dog one.