Enhanced Transport at High Plasma Pressure and Subthreshold Kinetic Ballooning Modes in Wendelstein 7-X.

High-performance fusion plasmas, requiring high pressure ß, are not well understood in stellarator-type experiments. Here, the effect of ß on ion-temperature-gradient-driven (ITG) turbulence is studied in Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X), showing that subdominant kinetic ballooning modes (KBMs) are unstable well below the ideal MHD threshold and get strongly excited in the turbulence. By zonal-flow erosion, these subthreshold KBMs (stKBMs) affect ITG saturation and enable higher heat fluxes. Controlling stKBMs will be essential to allow W7-X and future stellarators to achieve maximum performance.

Stellarator Turbulence: Subdominant Eigenmodes and Quasilinear Modeling.

Owing to complex geometry, gyrokinetic simulations in stellarator geometry produce large numbers of subdominant unstable and stable, near-orthogonal eigenmodes. Here, results based on the full eigenmode spectrum in stellarator geometry are presented for the first time. In the nonlinear state of a low-magnetic-shear ion-temperature-gradient-driven case, a multitude of these modes are active and imprint the system. Turbulent frequency spectra are broadband as a consequence, in addition to a nonlinear, narrow signature at electron frequencies. It is shown that successful quasilinear, mixing-length transport modeling is possible in stellarators, where it is essential to account for all subdominant unstable modes.

An interview guide for clinicians to identify a young disabled person's motivation to work.

BACKGROUND: The percentage of young people with disabilities who are employed is relatively low. Motivation is considered to be an important factor in facilitating or hindering their ability to obtain employment. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to develop a topic list that could serve as an interview guide for professionals in occupational health care which would aid them in their discussion of work motivation-related issues with this group. METHODS: We systematically searched Pubmed, PsychInfo and Picarta. Studies were included if they described aspects of work motivation and/or instruments that assess work motivation. Based on the results of our literature survey, we developed a list of topics that had been shown to be related to work motivation. RESULTS: Our search resulted in 12 articles describing aspects of work motivation and 17 articles describing instruments that assess work motivation. The aspects that we found were intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, goal setting, self-efficacy, expectancy, values and work readiness. Based on this information we developed an interview guide that includes seven topic areas: intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, goal setting, expectancy, values, self- efficacy, and work readiness. CONCLUSION: The topics within the interview guide and the literature survey data that is presented will shed light on the role that motivation plays on the work participation among young people with disabilities.