Non-REM Sleep Instability in Children With Primary Monosymptomatic Sleep Enuresis.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Sleep enuresis is one of the most common sleep disturbances in childhood. Parental perception of deeper sleep in children with sleep enuresis is not confirmed by objective studies. However, evidence of disturbed sleep has been demonstrated by questionnaire, actigraphy, and polysomnographic studies, but no neurophysiological correlation with low arousability has been found. The goal of this study was to analyze the sleep microstructure of children with sleep enuresis using cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) analysis. METHODS: Forty-nine children were recruited, 27 with enuresis (19 males and 8 females, mean age 9.78 years, 2.52 standard deviation) and 22 normal control patients (11 males and 11 females, mean age 10.7 years, 3.43 standard deviation); all subjects underwent clinical evaluation followed by a full-night polysomnographic recording. Psychiatric, neurological, respiratory, and renal diseases were excluded. RESULTS: No differences in sex, age, and apnea-hypopnea index were noted in the patients with enuresis and the control patients. Sleep stage architecture in children with sleep enuresis showed a decrease in percentage of stage N3 sleep. CAP analysis showed an increase in CAP rate in stage N3 sleep and in phase A1 index during stage N3 sleep in the sleep enuresis group, but also a significant reduction of A2% and A3% and of phases A2 and A3 indexes, supporting the concept of decreased arousability in patients with sleep enuresis. The decrease of phase A2 and A3 indexes in our patients might reflect the impaired arousal threshold of children with sleep enuresis. Sleep fragmentation might result in a compensatory increase of slow wave activity (indicated by the increase of CAP rate in stage N3 sleep) and may explain the higher arousal threshold (indicated by a decrease of phase A2 and A3 indexes) linked to an increased sleep pressure. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study indicate the presence of a significant disruption of sleep microstructure (CAP) in children with sleep enuresis, supporting the hypothesis of a higher arousal threshold.

Clinical course of a cohort of children with non-neurogenic daytime urinary incontinence symptoms followed at a tertiary center.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize a cohort of children with non-neurogenic daytime urinary incontinence followed-up in a tertiary center. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 50 medical records of children who had attained bladder control or minimum age of 5 years, using a structured protocol that included lower urinary tract dysfunction symptoms, comorbidities, associated manifestations, physical examination, voiding diary, complementary tests, therapeutic options, and clinical outcome, in accordance with the 2006 and 2014 International Children's Continence Society standardizations. RESULTS: Female patients represented 86.0% of this sample. Mean age was 7.9 years and mean follow-up was 4.7 years. Urgency (56.0%), urgency incontinence (56.0%), urinary retention (8.0%), nocturnal enuresis (70.0%), urinary tract infections (62.0%), constipation (62.0%), and fecal incontinence (16.0%) were the most prevalent symptoms and comorbidities. Ultrasound examinations showed alterations in 53.0% of the cases; the urodynamic study showed alterations in 94.7%. At the last follow-up, 32.0% of patients persisted with urinary incontinence. When assessing the diagnostic methods, 85% concordance was observed between the predictive diagnosis of overactive bladder attained through medical history plus non-invasive exams and the diagnosis of detrusor overactivity achieved through the invasive urodynamic study. CONCLUSIONS: This subgroup of patients with clinical characteristics of an overactive bladder, with no history of urinary tract infection, and normal urinary tract ultrasound and uroflowmetry, could start treatment without invasive studies even at a tertiary center. Approximately one-third of the patients treated at the tertiary level remained refractory to treatment.

Clinical course of a cohort of children with non-neurogenic daytime urinary incontinence symptoms followed at a tertiary center / Curso clínico de uma coorte de crianças com incontinência urinária diurna não neurogênica acompanhada em serviço terciário

Abstract Objective: To characterize a cohort of children with non-neurogenic daytime urinary incontinence followed-up in a tertiary center. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 50 medical records of children who had attained bladder control or minimum age of 5 years, using a structured protocol that included lower urinary tract dysfunction symptoms, comorbidities, associated manifestations, physical examination, voiding diary, complementary tests, therapeutic options, and clinical outcome, in accordance with the 2006 and 2014 International Children's Continence Society standardizations. Results: Female patients represented 86.0% of this sample. Mean age was 7.9 years and mean follow-up was 4.7 years. Urgency (56.0%), urgency incontinence (56.0%), urinary retention (8.0%), nocturnal enuresis (70.0%), urinary tract infections (62.0%), constipation (62.0%), and fecal incontinence (16.0%) were the most prevalent symptoms and comorbidities. Ultrasound examinations showed alterations in 53.0% of the cases; the urodynamic study showed alterations in 94.7%. At the last follow-up, 32.0% of patients persisted with urinary incontinence. When assessing the diagnostic methods, 85% concordance was observed between the predictive diagnosis of overactive bladder attained through medical history plus non-invasive exams and the diagnosis of detrusor overactivity achieved through the invasive urodynamic study. Conclusions: This subgroup of patients with clinical characteristics of an overactive bladder, with no history of urinary tract infection, and normal urinary tract ultrasound and uroflowmetry, could start treatment without invasive studies even at a tertiary center. Approximately one-third of the patients treated at the tertiary level remained refractory to treatment.

Resumo Objetivo: Caracterizar uma coorte de crianças com incontinência urinária diurna não neurogênica acompanhada em serviço terciário. Métodos: Análise retrospectiva de 50 prontuários de crianças com controle miccional ou idade mínima de cinco anos, por meio de protocolo estruturado, que incluiu sintomas de disfunção do trato urinário inferior, comorbidades, manifestações associadas, exame clínico, diário miccional, exames subsidiários, opções terapêuticas e evolução clínica, conforme normatizações da International Children's Continence Society, de 2006 e 2014. Resultados: Eram do sexo feminino 86% dos pacientes. A idade média foi de 7,9 anos e o seguimento médio de 4,7 anos. Urgência (56%), urgeincontinência (56%), retenção urinária (8%), enurese noturna (70%), infecção do trato urinário (62%), constipação (62%) e perda fecal (16%) foram os principais sintomas e comorbidades. Exames de ultrassom apresentaram alterações em 53% dos casos e o estudo urodinâmico em 94,7%. Na última consulta, 32% dos pacientes ainda apresentavam incontinência urinária. Ao analisar os métodos diagnósticos, observou-se concordância de 85% entre o diagnóstico preditivo de bexiga hiperativa obtido pela história clínica mais exames não invasivos e o diagnóstico de hiperatividade detrusora obtido pelo estudo urodinâmico. Conclusão: O subgrupo de pacientes com quadro clínico característico de bexiga hiperativa, sem antecedentes de infecção urinária, ultrassom de vias urinárias e urofluxometria normal poderia iniciar tratamento sem a necessidade de estudos invasivos, até em serviço terciário. Aproximadamente um terço dos pacientes com incontinência urinária atendidos em serviços terciários permaneceu refratário ao tratamento.

Avaliação da suscetibilidade à varicela no paciente pediátrico portador de insuficiência renal crônica / Evaluation of chickenpox susceptibility in children with chronic renal failure

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a suscetibilidade natural à varicela de crianças e adolescentes portadores de insuficiência renal crônica (IRC). MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de 83 pacientes com idade acima de 18 meses e inferior a 18 anos, durante 2000 e 2001, com ritmo de filtração glomerular (RFG) abaixo de 70mL/min/1,73m², portando cartão vacinal preconizado pela Fundação Nacional de Saúde e que não receberam nenhuma dose da vacina específica. Do total, três pacientes (3/83) foram excluídos, por terem recebido doses da vacina por meio de órgãos não governamentais. A sorologia foi realizada pelo método Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay, considerando-se títulos sorológicos protetores acima de 100mUA/mL. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes renais crônicos tinham idade mediana de 11 anos, 66 por cento eram masculinos, 60 por cento procedentes do próprio município de São Paulo, com RFG médio de 33,6mL/min/1,73m². O diagnóstico clínico de varicela por profissional médico ocorreu em 39 pacientes; destes, 10 por cento se mostraram soronegativos. Dos 80 pacientes restantes, 21 (26 por cento) apresentaram títulos não protetores para varicela. A prevalência de suscetibilidade em menores de seis anos foi 7,93 (IC95 por cento=3,29-19,12) vezes superior à de maiores de seis anos. CONCLUSÕES: Houve diminuição da suscetibilidade à varicela com a idade. Pacientes abaixo de seis anos foram cerca de oito vezes mais suscetíveis à varicela que os renais crônicos com idade mais avançada e duas vezes mais suscetíveis do que a população pediátrica brasileira de mesma idade.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the immune response to chickenpox natural infection in pediatric patients with chronic renal insufficiency. METHODS: This cross-sectional study enrolled 83 patients between 18 months and 18 years old, with glomerular filtration rate below 70mL/min/1.73m², during the years 2000 and 2001, who did not received specific immunization according to official documentation. Three patients (3/83) had been previously vaccinated by non-governmental agencies and were excluded. Varicella antibodies were evaluated by Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay and antibody titers above 100mUA/mL were considered protective. RESULTS: The median age was 11 years old, 66 percent were male, 60 percent lived in the city of São Paulo, with an average glomerular filtration rate of 33.6mL/min/1.73m². Clinical diagnosis of chickenpox was done by pediatricians in 39 patients and four of these 39 were seronegative for varicella. Susceptibility to chickenpox was found in 21/80 (26 percent) patients and the relative prevalence of susceptibility to the disease was 7.93 (95 percentCI=3.29-19.12) higher in patients under six years of age. CONCLUSIONS: Susceptibility to varicella infection decreased with age. Patients younger than six years were eight times more susceptible than older patients and twice more susceptible compared to the Brazilian pediatric population of the same age group.

Avaliação vacinal e imunológica para sarampo no paciente pediátrico portador de insuficiência renal crônica / Vaccinal an immunological measles evaluation in pediatric patients with chronic renal failure

Objetivo: avaliar a imunidade para o sarampo em crianças e adolescentes portadores de insuficiência renal crônica. Casuística e métodos: no ano 2000, foi realizado um estudo de corte transversal com os pacientes seguidos em uma unidade de nefrologia que preenchessem os critérios seletivos: idade 18 meses e 18 anos, ritmo de filtração glomerular abaixo de 70 ml/min/1,73m2, que tivessem o cartão vacinal preconizado pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil...

Objective: to evaluate the immune response to measles vaccination in children and adolescents with chronic renal failure (CRF). Patients and methods: a cross-sectional study was proceeded in year 2000, with registered patients in a nephrologic unit, that fulfilled the study criteria: age range between 18 months and 18 years, glomerular filtration rate...