Brain Stimulation of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortices Influences Impulsivity in Delay Discounting Choices.

Intertemporal decision-making is pivotal for human interests and health. Recently, studies instructed participants to make intertemporal choices for both themselves and others, but the specific mechanisms are still debated. To address the issue, in the current study, the cost-unneeded conditions (i.e., "Self Immediately - Self Delay" and "Other Immediately - Other Delay" conditions) and the cost-needed conditions (i.e., "Self Immediately - Other Delay" and "Self Delay - Other Immediately" conditions) were set with the identity of OTHER being a stranger. We manipulated the magnitude of reward (Experiment 1) and disrupted the activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS; Experiment 2). We found that both the behavioral and rTMS manipulations increased smaller but sooner choice probability via reducing self-control function. The reduced self-control function elicited by rTMS affected both self- and other-related intertemporal choices via increasing the choice preference for smaller but sooner reward options, which may help people deeply understand the relationship between self- and other-related intertemporal choices in processing mechanism, especially when the OTHER condition is set as a stranger.

Transcriptome exploration of ferroptosis-related genes in TGFß- induced lens epithelial to mesenchymal transition during posterior capsular opacification development.

BACKGROUND: Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) is the main reason affecting the long-term postoperative result of cataract patient, and it is well accepted that fibrotic PCO is driven by transforming growth factor beta (TGFß) signaling. Ferroptosis, closely related to various ocular diseases, but has not been explored in PCO. METHODS: RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed on both TGF-ß2 treated and untreated primary lens epithelial cells (pLECs). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with ferroptosis were analyzed using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) to investigate their biological function. Additionally, protein-to-protein interactions among selected ferroptosis-related genes by PPI network and the top 10 genes with the highest score (MCC algorithm) were selected as the hub genes. The top 20 genes with significant fold change values were validated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS: Our analysis revealed 1253 DEGs between TGF-ß2 treated and untreated pLECs, uncovering 38 ferroptosis-related genes between two groups. Among these 38 ferroptosis-related genes,the most prominent GO enrichment analysis process involved in the response to oxidative stress (BPs), apical part of cell (CCs),antioxidant activity (MFs). KEGG were mainly concentrated in fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, IL-17 and TNF signaling pathways, and validation of top 20 genes with significant fold change value were consistent with RNA-seq. CONCLUSIONS: Our RNA-Seq data identified 38 ferroptosis-related genes in TGF-ß2 treated and untreated pLECs, which is the first observation of ferroptosis related genes in primary human lens epithelial cells under TGF-ß2 stimulation.

VCAT: an integrated variant function annotation tools.

The development of sequencing technology has promoted discovery of variants in the human genome. Identifying functions of these variants is important for us to link genotype to phenotype, and to diagnose diseases. However, it usually requires researchers to visit multiple databases. Here, we presented a one-stop webserver for variant function annotation tools (VCAT, https://biomed.nscc-gz.cn/zhaolab/VCAT/ ) that is the first one connecting variant to functions via the epigenome, protein, drug and RNA. VCAT is also the first one to make all annotations visualized in interactive charts or molecular structures. VCAT allows users to upload data in VCF format, and download results via a URL. Moreover, VCAT has annotated a huge number (1,262,041,068) of variants collected from dbSNP, 1000 Genomes projects, gnomAD, ICGC, TCGA, and HPRC Pangenome project. For these variants, users are able to searcher their functions, related diseases and drugs from VCAT. In summary, VCAT provides a one-stop webserver to explore the potential functions of human genomic variants including their relationship with diseases and drugs.

Emotional concepts shape the perceptual representation of body expressions.

Emotion perception interacts with how we think and speak, including our concept of emotions. Body expression is an important way of emotion communication, but it is unknown whether and how its perception is modulated by conceptual knowledge. In this study, we employed representational similarity analysis and conducted three experiments combining semantic similarity, mouse-tracking task, and one-back behavioral task with electroencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging techniques, the results of which show that conceptual knowledge predicted the perceptual representation of body expressions. Further, this prediction effect occurred at approximately 170 ms post-stimulus. The neural encoding of body expressions in the fusiform gyrus and lingual gyrus was impacted by emotion concept knowledge. Taken together, our results indicate that conceptual knowledge of emotion categories shapes the configural representation of body expressions in the ventral visual cortex, which offers compelling evidence for the constructed emotion theory.

Nucleon Electric Polarizabilities and Nucleon-Pion Scattering at the Physical Pion Mass.

We present a lattice QCD calculation of the nucleon electric polarizabilities at the physical pion mass. Our findings reveal the substantial contributions of the Nπ states to these polarizabilities. Without considering these contributions, the lattice results fall significantly below the experimental values, consistent with previous lattice studies. This observation has motivated us to compute both the parity-negative Nπ scattering up to a nucleon momentum of ∼0.5 GeV in the center-of-mass frame and corresponding Nγ^{*}→Nπ matrix elements using lattice QCD. Our results confirm that incorporating dynamic Nπ contributions is crucial for a reliable determination of the polarizabilities from lattice QCD. This methodology lays the groundwork for future lattice QCD investigations into various other polarizabilities.

The perceived controllability of negatively-valenced episodic future thinking modulates delay discounting.

Intertemporal decision-making is important for both economy and physical health. Nevertheless, in daily life, individuals tend to prefer immediate and smaller rewards to delayed and larger rewards, which is known as delay discounting (DD). Episodic future thinking (EFT) has been proven to influence DD. However, there is still no inconsistent conclusion on the effect of negative EFT on DD. Considering the perceived controllability of negative EFT may address the issue (Controllability refers to the extent to which progress and result of an event could be controlled by ourselves). In the current study, we manipulated EFT conditions (baseline, neutral EFT, negative-controllable EFT and negative-uncontrollable EFT), delayed time (i.e. 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year and 3 years) and reward magnitude (small, large). We mainly found that when experiencing negative-uncontrollable EFT compared to negative-controllable EFT in the delayed time of 6 months with large rewards, individuals chose more delayed rewards, suggesting that negative-uncontrollable EFT effectively reduced DD under conditions of both large-magnitude reward and longer delayed time. The current study provides new insight for healthy groups on optimising EFT. In that case, individuals are able to gain long-term benefits in financial management and healthcare.

Potential role of Bcl2 in lipid metabolism and synaptic dysfunction of age-related hearing loss.

Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) is a prevalent condition affecting millions of individuals globally. This study investigated the role of the cell survival regulator Bcl2 in ARHL through in vitro and in vivo experiments and metabolomics analysis. The results showed that the lack of Bcl2 in the auditory cortex affects lipid metabolism, resulting in reduced synaptic function and neurodegeneration. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated enrichment of Bcl2 in specific areas of the auditory cortex, including the secondary auditory cortex, dorsal and ventral areas, and primary somatosensory cortex. In ARHL rats, a significant decrease in Bcl2 expression was observed in these areas. RNAseq analysis showed that the downregulation of Bcl2 altered lipid metabolism pathways within the auditory pathway, which was further confirmed by metabolomics analysis. These results suggest that Bcl2 plays a crucial role in regulating lipid metabolism, synaptic function, and neurodegeneration in ARHL; thereby, it could be a potential therapeutic target. We also revealed that Bcl2 probably has a close connection with lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production occurring in cochlear hair cells and cortical neurons in ARHL. The study also identified changes in hair cells, spiral ganglion cells, and nerve fiber density as consequences of Bcl2 deficiency, which could potentially contribute to the inner ear nerve blockage and subsequent hearing loss. Therefore, targeting Bcl2 may be a promising potential therapeutic intervention for ARHL. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying ARHL and may pave the way for novel treatment approaches for this prevalent age-related disorder.

Profiling human pathogenic repeat expansion regions by synergistic and multi-level impacts on molecular connections.

Whilst DNA repeat expansions cause numerous heritable human disorders, their origins and underlying pathological mechanisms are often unclear. We collated a dataset comprising 224 human repeat expansions encompassing 203 different genes, and performed a systematic analysis with respect to key topological features at the DNA, RNA and protein levels. Comparison with controls without known pathogenicity and genomic regions lacking repeats, allowed the construction of the first tool to discriminate repeat regions harboring pathogenic repeat expansions (DPREx). At the DNA level, pathogenic repeat expansions exhibited stronger signals for DNA regulatory factors (e.g. H3K4me3, transcription factor-binding sites) in exons, promoters, 5'UTRs and 5'genes but were not significantly different from controls in introns, 3'UTRs and 3'genes. Additionally, pathogenic repeat expansions were also found to be enriched in non-B DNA structures. At the RNA level, pathogenic repeat expansions were characterized by lower free energy for forming RNA secondary structure and were closer to splice sites in introns, exons, promoters and 5'genes than controls. At the protein level, pathogenic repeat expansions exhibited a preference to form coil rather than other types of secondary structure, and tended to encode surface-located protein domains. Guided by these features, DPREx ( http://biomed.nscc-gz.cn/zhaolab/geneprediction/# ) achieved an Area Under the Curve (AUC) value of 0.88 in a test on an independent dataset. Pathogenic repeat expansions are thus located such that they exert a synergistic influence on the gene expression pathway involving inter-molecular connections at the DNA, RNA and protein levels.

Characterizing RNA-binding ligands on structures, chemical information, binding affinity and drug-likeness.

Recent studies suggest RNAs act as promising drug targets. However, limited development has been achieved in detecting RNA-ligand interactions. To guide the discovery of RNA-binding ligands, it is necessary to characterize them comprehensively, especially in the binding specificity, binding affinity and drug-like properties. We established a database, RNALID (http://biomed.nscc-gz.cn/RNALID/html/index.html#/database), which collects RNA-ligand interactions validated by low-throughput experiment. RNALID contains 358 RNA-ligand interactions. Comparing to the fellow database, 94.5% of ligands in RNALID are completely or partially novel collections, and 51.78% have novel two-dimensional (2D) structures. Through the analysis of ligand structure, binding affinity and cheminformatic parameters we found that multivalent (MV) ligands mainly binding to RNA repeats are more structurally conserved in both 2D and 3D structures than other ligand types, exhibit higher binding specificity and binding affinity than ligands binding to non-repeat RNAs, but deviate far from the Lipinski's rule of five. In contrary, small molecule (SM) ligands binding to virus RNA exhibit higher affinity and more resemble protein-ligands, but potentially possess low binding specificity. Further analysis on 28 detailed drug-likeness properties indicated that RNA-ligands' development need to balance between the binding affinity and the drug-likeness because of the significant linear co-relationship between the two. Comparing RNALID ligands to FDA-approved drugs and ligands without bioactivity indicated that RNA-binding ligands are different from them in chemical properties, structural properties and drug-likeness. Thus, characterizing the RNA-ligand interactions in RNALID in multiple respects provides new insights into discovering and designing druggable ligands binding with RNA.

ALS/FTD mutations in UBQLN2 impede autophagy by reducing autophagosome acidification through loss of function.

Mutations in UBQLN2 cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and other neurodegenerations. However, the mechanism by which the UBQLN2 mutations cause disease remains unclear. Alterations in proteins involved in autophagy are prominent in neuronal tissue of human ALS UBQLN2 patients and in a transgenic P497S UBQLN2 mouse model of ALS/FTD, suggesting a pathogenic link. Here, we show UBQLN2 functions in autophagy and that ALS/FTD mutant proteins compromise this function. Inactivation of UBQLN2 expression in HeLa cells reduced autophagic flux and autophagosome acidification. The defect in acidification was rescued by reexpression of wild type (WT) UBQLN2 but not by any of the five different UBQLN2 ALS/FTD mutants tested. Proteomic analysis and immunoblot studies revealed P497S mutant mice and UBQLN2 knockout HeLa and NSC34 cells have reduced expression of ATP6v1g1, a critical subunit of the vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) pump. Knockout of UBQLN2 expression in HeLa cells decreased turnover of ATP6v1g1, while overexpression of WT UBQLN2 increased biogenesis of ATP6v1g1 compared with P497S mutant UBQLN2 protein. In vitro interaction studies showed that ATP6v1g1 binds more strongly to WT UBQLN2 than to ALS/FTD mutant UBQLN2 proteins. Intriguingly, overexpression of ATP6v1g1 in UBQLN2 knockout HeLa cells increased autophagosome acidification, suggesting a therapeutic approach to overcome the acidification defect. Taken together, our findings suggest that UBQLN2 mutations drive pathogenesis through a dominant-negative loss-of-function mechanism in autophagy and that UBQLN2 functions as an important regulator of the expression and stability of ATP6v1g1. These findings may have important implications for devising therapies to treat UBQLN2-linked ALS/FTD.

A Pseudomonas Lysogenic Bacteriophage Crossing the Antarctic and Arctic, Representing a New Genus of Autographiviridae.

Polar regions tend to support simple food webs, which are vulnerable to phage-induced gene transfer or microbial death. To further investigate phage-host interactions in polar regions and the potential linkage of phage communities between the two poles, we induced the release of a lysogenic phage, vB_PaeM-G11, from Pseudomonas sp. D3 isolated from the Antarctic, which formed clear phage plaques on the lawn of Pseudomonas sp. G11 isolated from the Arctic. From permafrost metagenomic data of the Arctic tundra, we found the genome with high-similarity to that of vB_PaeM-G11, demonstrating that vB_PaeM-G11 may have a distribution in both the Antarctic and Arctic. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that vB_PaeM-G11 is homologous to five uncultured viruses, and that they may represent a new genus in the Autographiviridae family, named Fildesvirus here. vB_PaeM-G11 was stable in a temperature range (4-40 °C) and pH (4-11), with latent and rise periods of about 40 and 10 min, respectively. This study is the first isolation and characterization study of a Pseudomonas phage distributed in both the Antarctic and Arctic, identifying its lysogenic host and lysis host, and thus provides essential information for further understanding the interaction between polar phages and their hosts and the ecological functions of phages in polar regions.

Fe(II)-mediated transformation of schwertmannite associated with calcium from acid mine drainage treatment.

Schwertmannite is an important Fe(III)-oxyhydroxysulfate in acid mine drainage (AMD) polluted areas and its stability depends on surrounding environmental factors and previously bound elements. The treatment and neutralization of AMD normally involve the use of lime, which leads to the discharge of abundant Ca in the mining area. Such an environmental disturbance brings up an important and less considered problem of how the reductive transformation of schwertmannite associated with coexisting Ca occurred. Here, the Fe(II)-mediated transformation of Ca-adsorbed schwertmannite and subsequent Ca repartitioning behaviors were investigated. Results showed that adsorbed Ca had a weak inhibitory effect on Fe(II)-mediated schwertmannite transformation. Release of SO42- and SEM images both indicated that transformation rates of schwertmannite decreased under the influence of adsorbed Ca. XRD patterns indicated that adsorbed Ca altered schwertmannite transformation pathways and product compositions upon treatment with 0.4 mmol/L Fe(II). The end products of Sch notably contained both goethite and lepidocrocite; however, transformation products of SchCa only contained goethite all along. Approximately 33.5% of the surface adsorbed-Ca was released into solution within 6 hr after Fe(II) injection. Aqueous Ca behaved in a "first release and then im-mobilization" manner, which indicated dissolution and secondary mineralization drove Ca migration during the Fe(II)-mediated transformation of SchCa. Adsorbed Ca blocked the surface sites for subsequent Fe(II) adsorption, limited the Fe(II)-Fe(III) ETAE, and decreased the transformation rates. This work sheds light on the complex geochemical behavior of schwertmannite under the influences of environmental perturbations in AMD environments.

[Correlation between rhizosphere environment and content of medicinal components of Arnebia euchroma].

This study aimed to explore the correlation between rhizosphere soil microorganisms of wild Arnebia euchroma and the content of medicinal components to provide guidance for the selection of the ecological planting base. The total DNA of rhizosphere soil microorganisms of wild A. euchroma was extracted, and the microbial community structure of rhizosphere soil microorganisms was analyzed by IlluminaMiseq high-throughput sequencing technology. The content of total hydroxynaphthoquinone pigment and ß,ß'-dimethylacrylalkannin in medicinal materials was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). The physicochemical pro-perties of rhizosphere soil of wild A. euchroma in main producing areas were determined, and the correlation of soil microbial abundance with index component content and soil physicochemical properties was analyzed by SPSS software. The results showed that the species composition of rhizosphere fungi and bacteria in A. euchroma from different habitats was similar at the phylum and genus levels, but their relative abundance, richness index(Chao1), and community diversity(Simpson) index were different. Correlation analysis showed that the content of available phosphorus in soil was positively correlated with the content of total hydroxynaphthoquinone pigment and ß,ß'-dimethylacrylalkannin, and the abundance of five fungal genera such as Solicoccozyma and six bacterial genera such as Pseudo-nocardia and Bradyrhizobium was positively correlated with the content of medicinal components in medicinal materials. The abundance of Bradyrhizobium was significantly positively correlated with the content of ß,ß'-dimethylacrylalkanin. The abundance of fungi such as Archaeorhizomyces was significantly positively correlated with the content of available phosphorus in rhizosphere soil, and Bradyrhizobium was significantly negatively correlated with soil pH. Therefore, the abundance of fungi and bacteria in the rhizosphere of A. euchroma has a certain correlation with the medicinal components and the physicochemical properties of the rhizosphere soil, which can provide a scientific basis for the selection of ecological planting bases in the later stage.

Development of shuttle vectors for rapid prototyping of engineered Synechococcus sp. PCC7002.

Cyanobacteria are of particular interest for chemical production as they can assimilate CO2 and use solar energy to power chemical synthesis. However, unlike the model microorganism of Escherichia coli, the availability of genetic toolboxes for rapid proof-of-concept studies in cyanobacteria is generally lacking. In this study, we first characterized a set of promoters to efficiently drive gene expressions in the marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC7002. We identified that the endogenous cpcBA promoter represented one of the strongest promoters in PCC7002. Next, a set of shuttle vectors was constructed based on the endogenous pAQ1 plasmid to facilitate the rapid pathway assembly. Moreover, we used the shuttle vectors to modularly optimize the amorpha-4,11-diene synthesis in PCC7002. By modularly optimizing the metabolic pathway, we managed to redistribute the central metabolism toward the amorpha-4,11-diene production in PCC7002 with enhanced product titer. Taken together, the plasmid toolbox developed in this study will greatly accelerate the generation of genetically engineered PCC7002. KEY POINTS: • Promoter characterization revealed that the endogenous cpcBA promoter represented one of the strongest promoters in PCC7002 • A set of shuttle vectors with different antibiotic selection markers was constructed based on endogenous pAQ1 plasmid • By modularly optimizing the metabolic pathway, amorpha-4,11-diene production in PCC7002 was improved.

Retracted: Resistin-Like Molecule Beta (RELM-ß) Regulates Proliferation of Human Diabetic Nephropathy Mesangial Cells via Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPK) Signaling Pathway.

This publication has been retracted by the Editor due to the identification of non-original figure images and manuscript content that raise concerns regarding the credibility and originality of the study and the manuscript. Reference: Yun-Qian Wang, Cong-Cong Fan, Bao-Ping Chen, Jun Shi. Resistin-Like Molecule Beta (RELM-ß) Regulates Proliferation of Human Diabetic Nephropathy Mesangial Cells via Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPK) Signaling Pathway. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:3897-3903. DOI: 10.12659/MSM.905381.

Strategy to Enhance the Cycling Stability of the Metallic Lithium Anode in Li-Metal Batteries.

Based on the analysis of systematic research (density functional theory calculations, physical characterizations, and electrochemical performances), here, we report a novel mixture surface modification layer of LiC6&LiF, which can enhance the lithium-ion diffusion and decrease the local current density. This is beneficial to the improvement of cycling stability. As a result, the Li@LiC6&LiF-5/NCM half-cell possesses an excellent capacity retention of 94% after 100 cycles at 0.1C, with a capacity decay of only 0.06% per cycle. For comparison, the capacity retention of a pristine Li/NCM cell is only 9.3% after 100 cycles. Our study confirms that compositing the high ionic conductivity layer (e.g., LiC6&LiF for the first time) is a promising avenue to stabilize lithium-metal anodes. From this perspective, we concisely review recent discoveries in this field and suggest possible new research directions for further development of Li-metal batteries.

MiR-137-mediated negative relationship between LGR4 and RANKL modulated osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells.

MicroRNA-137 (miR-137) has recently emerged as an osteogenic regulator in several cell lines. This study aimed to identify the function of miR-137 on the crosstalk between leucine rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 4 (LGR4) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), thus unveiling the critical role of LGR4-RANKL interplay in the osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hASCs). By examining the osteogenic capacity and possible downstream genes expression with miR-137 overexpression/knockdown, we found that miR-137 downregulated LGR4 while upregulating RANKL. According to the results of dual-luciferase reporter assay, LGR4 was validated as a direct target of miR-137. Surprisingly, a negative relationship between LGR4 and RANKL was confirmed by the knockdown of these two genes. Furthermore, RANKL inhibitor could alleviate or reverse the inhibitory effects on osteogenesis generated by LGR4 knockdown. Collectively, this study indicated that miR-137-induced a negative crosstalk between LGR4 and RANKL that could contribute to the osteogenic regulation of hASCs and provide more systematic and in-depth understanding of epigenetic modulation by miR-137.

Systematic analysis to identify transcriptome-wide dysregulation of Alzheimer's disease in genes and isoforms.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegeneration diseases caused by multiple factors. The mechanistic insight of AD remains limited. To disclose molecular mechanisms of AD, many studies have been proposed from transcriptome analyses. However, no analysis across multiple levels of transcription has been conducted to discover co-expression networks of AD. We performed gene-level and isoform-level analyses of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data from 544 brain tissues of AD patients, mild cognitive impaired (MCI) patients, and healthy controls. Gene and isoform levels of co-expression modules were constructed by RNA-seq data. The associations of modules with AD were evaluated by integrating cognitive scores of patients, Genome-wide association studies (GWAS), alternative splicing analysis, and dementia-related genes expressed in brain tissues. Totally, 29 co-expression modules were found with expressions significantly correlated with the cognitive scores. Among them, two isoform modules were enriched with AD-associated SNPs and genes whose mRNA splicing displayed significant alteration in relation to AD disease. These two modules were further found enriched with dementia-related genes expressed in four brain regions of 125 AD patients. Analyzing expressions of these two modules revealed expressions of 39 isoforms (corresponding to 35 genes) significantly correlated with cognitive scores of AD patients, in which 38 isoforms were significantly up-regulated in AD patients comparing to controls, and 33 isoforms (corresponding to 29 genes) were not reported as AD-related previously. Employing the co-expression modules and the drug-induced gene expression data from Connectivity Map (CMAP), 12 drugs were predicted as significant in restoring the gene expression of AD patients towards health, which include nine drugs reported for relieving AD. In comparison, four of the top 12 significant drugs were known for relieving AD if the drug prediction was performed by the genes expressed significantly different in AD and healthy controls. Analysis of multiple levels of the transcriptomic organization is useful in suggesting AD-related co-expression networks and discovering drugs.

Preincision adjunctive prophylaxis for cesarean deliveries a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to systematically review the relative effectiveness of preincision cefazolin with or without adjunctive prophylaxis (macrolides or metronidazole) vs cefazolin alone in decreasing the incidence of postcesarean delivery surgical site infections. DATA SOURCES: We performed a systematic search on PubMed, Ovid EMBASE, Google Scholar, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from October 25, 2020, to November 25, 2020, to identify studies comparing cefazolin with adjunctive macrolides or metronidazole with cefazolin alone. The reference lists were reviewed, and a manual search of articles published after the last database search was performed. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Overall, 3 randomized controlled trials and 1 prospective observational study of reproductive-age women undergoing cesarean deliveries were included in the study. We excluded studies of women who were immunocompromised (eg, patients who were HIV positive) or women with a diagnosis of chorioamnionitis before cesarean delivery. All patients received first-line cefazolin (either cefazolin 1 g or 2 g). We compared preincision cefazolin alone with preincision cefazolin plus adjunctive therapy (500 mg, oral or intravenous formulations of azithromycin, metronidazole, or clarithromycin). METHODS: A total of 6 review authors independently assessed the risk of bias for each study, using the Cochrane Risk of Bias criteria. Synthesis and further appraisal were done using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation levels and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists appraisal guidelines. Disagreements were resolved by discussion. Treatment effects were evaluated using meta-analysis, and pooled relative risks and 95% confidence intervals were generated using random-effects models using the Review Manager 5 software (version 5.4.1). RESULTS: Overall, 3 randomized controlled trials and 1 prospective observational study representing 2613 women met the criteria for inclusion. Significant reductions in surgical site infections (relative risk, 0.46; 95% confidence interval, 0.34-0.63; 3 randomized controlled trials) and the duration of hospital stay (weighted mean difference, -1.46; 95% confidence interval, -2.21 to -0.71; 2 randomized controlled trials) were observed with preincision cefazolin and adjunctive prophylaxis compared with cefazolin alone. No significant difference was observed in maternal febrile morbidity (relative risk, 0.38; 95% confidence interval, 0.11-1.25; 2 randomized controlled trials). CONCLUSION: Our findings have provided evidence for the use of preincision adjunctive extended-spectrum prophylaxis with cefazolin over cefazolin alone. However, future investigations are required to establish the relative efficacies of different adjunctive antibiotic options.

Utilization of a styrene-derived pathway for 2-phenylethanol production in budding yeast.

2-Phenylethanol (2-PE) is an important flavor ingredient and is widely applied in the fields of food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Despite that Saccharomyces cerevisiae has the ability to naturally synthesize 2-PE via the Ehrlich pathway, de novo synthesis of 2-PE in high titer still remains a huge challenge. In this study, a non-native styrene degradation pathway was introduced into S. cerevisiae, which represents the first time to demonstrate the functional expression of "styrene-derived" 2-PE synthesis in yeast. Using a host strain engineered with L-phenylalanine (L-Phe) overproduction, the heterologous 2-PE pathway coupled with endogenous Ehrlich pathway produced 233 mg/L 2-PE under shake flasks. Additionally, we further engineered the permease transporters to improve the intracellular L-Phe availability, and further improved the 2-PE titer to 680 mg/L. Taken together, our work represents one of the pioneering reports to explore "styrene-derived" pathway in S. cerevisiae. The synthetic yeast described here might be used as a platform for the future development of next-generation high-yielding 2-PE yeast strains.Key Points• A styrene-derived pathway was established in yeast for 2-phenylethanol productions; membrane-associated styrene oxide isomerase was functional in yeast.• Transporter engineering to improve the L-phenylalanine importation with enhanced 2-phenylethanol productions.