Photonic-assisted wideband microwave frequency measurement based on optical heterodyne detection.

A photonic-assisted microwave frequency measurement (MFM) method based on optical heterodyne detection is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. In the proposed MFM system, a linearly chirped optical waveform (LCOW) from a three-electrode distributed Bragg reflector laser diode (DBR-LD) and a multi-wavelength signal from a Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM), where the signal under test (SUT) is modulated on an optical carrier from a distributed feedback laser diode (DFB-LD), are heterodyne detected by the photodetector (PD). A bandpass filter then filters the detected signal, and the envelope is detected by an oscilloscope. Then, frequency-to-time mapping is realized, and the signal frequency is measured. Thanks to the fast tuning rate and large tuning range of the DBR-LD, the proposed MFM system has a high measurement speed and a broad instantaneous measurement bandwidth. In the experimental demonstration, a measurement error below 39.1 MHz is achieved at an instantaneous bandwidth of 20 GHz and a measurement speed of 1.12 GHz/µs. The MFM of a frequency-hopping signal is also experimentally demonstrated. The successful demonstration of the MFM system with a simple structure provides a new optical solution for realizing broadband and fast microwave frequency measurements.

Theoretical and experimental study on stable oscillation of dual-frequency signals in an optoelectronic oscillator.

Due to the gain competition effect, it is hard to simultaneously maintain oscillation at two frequencies in an optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) loop. In this paper, a study of the gain competition effect in a dual-frequency OEO is theoretically and experimentally demonstrated. The steady-state conditions in the dual-frequency OEO are theoretically analyzed by deriving dynamic equations. A nonlinear time-varying model, as well as its calculation methods, is carried out to design and study the dynamic process of the dual-frequency OEO. Thanks to this model, the waveform, spectrum, and amplitude evaluation of generated signals, as well as the gain variation in the OEO loop, are numerically simulated. Based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation results, three schemes that can suppress the gain competition effect are proposed, and the one based on wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology is experimentally realized. The experimental results show that the novel independently tunable dual-frequency OEO, to the best of our knowledge, can generate two-tone RF signals in a range from 1.8 to 18.6 and 1.5 to 18.3 GHz, respectively.

Clinical features, treatment, and outcome of nivolumab-induced cholangitis.

BACKGROUND: Cholangitis is an uncommon and severe adverse reaction of nivolumab with unclear clinical features. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinicopathological features, imaging, and treatment of nivolumab-induced cholangitis. METHODS: Case reports, case series, and clinical studies of nivolumab-induced cholangitis were retrospectively analyzed by searching Chinese and English databases from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2023. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients entered the study. The median number of cycles of cholangitis onset was seven cycles after administration (range 1, 28) and the median time was 11 days (range 78, 390). Abdominal pain (42.1%) and fever (18.4%) were the most important initial symptoms. Some patients (15.8%) showed elevated liver enzymes without any clinical symptoms. The median alkaline phosphatase level was 1721 IU/L (range 126, 9118), and the median γ-glutamyltranspeptidase level was 829 IU/L (range 104, 3442). Anti-nuclear antibodies, anti-mitochondrial antibodies, and IgG4 typically show negative results. Imaging shows extrahepatic bile duct and intrahepatic bile duct dilation, hypertrophy, and stenosis. Liver biopsy and biliary tract biopsy mainly found CD8 inflammatory cell infiltration. Systemic steroids (84.2%) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) (34.2%) were administered, and 24 patients (63.2%) had poor to moderate response to steroids. Thirty-one patients (81.6%) improved and seven patients (18.4%) did not improve. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians must remain vigilant for patients experiencing cholestasis while on nivolumab and should assess for cholangitis and carry out appropriate imaging tests. Considering the excellent efficacy of UCDA in cholangitis, steroids combined with UDCA may be a viable treatment option in cases where steroids are ineffective for cholangitis.

The high magnetoresistance performance of epitaxial half-metallic CrO2-based magnetic junctions.

Half-metallic chromium dioxide (CrO2) is an ideal spintronic material due to its near-full spin polarization and ultralow Gilbert damping at room temperature. Based on theoretical calculations, we found that the tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) ratios of the CrO2/XO2/CrO2 (X= Ti and Sn) magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) can reach up to the order of magnitude of 105%, and the magnetoresistance (MR) ratio of CrO2/RuO2/CrO2 magnetic junctions (MJs) can reach the order of magnitude of 104%. In addition, we succeeded in fabricating epitaxial CrO2-based MTJs (CrO2/TiO2/CrO2 and CrO2/TiO2/Co2FeAl) with TiO2 tunnel barriers of varying thickness. Evident TMR effects were observed for all CrO2-based MTJs with the highest MR ratio of 8.55% for the CrO2/TiO2/Co2FeAl MTJ at 10 K. The MR ratios of CrO2-based MTJs in our studies were lower than theoretical expectations, which could be due to the possible mixture of interface atoms and Cr magnetization reversal. Moreover, the existence of oxygen vacancies in the TiO2 tunnel barrier also weakened the TMR effect significantly due to increased spin scattering, and the annealing treatment in an oxygen atmosphere led to an increase in the MR ratio of the CrO2/TiO2/Co2FeAl MTJ by about 33% in comparison with the unannealed MTJ, which is consistent with theoretical calculations.

Anisotropic thermoelectric properties in hydrogenated nitrogen-doped porous graphene nanosheets.

By using density functional theory calculations combined with the nonequilibrium Green's function method and machine learning, we systematically studied the thermoelectric properties of four kinds of porous graphene nanosheets (PGNS) before and after nitrogen doping. The results show that the thermoelectric performance of porous graphene nanosheets along the armchair or zigzag chiral direction is improved due to the dramatically enhanced power factor caused by nitrogen doping. The calculated ZT values of nitrogen-doped porous graphene nanosheets are boosted by about one order of magnitude compared with those of undoped porous graphene nanosheets at room temperature. More importantly, an anisotropic thermoelectric transport is found in the nitrogen-doped porous graphene nanosheets. The results show that the ZT values of nitrogen-doped porous graphene nanosheets along the zigzag transport direction are nearly 11 times larger than those of them along the armchair transport direction. These results reveal that the thermoelectric properties of porous graphene nanosheets can be well regulated by nitrogen doping, and provide a good theoretical guidance for their application in thermoelectric devices.

Effect of O-arm on reduction quality and functional recovery of acetabular dome impaction fractures: a retrospective clinical study.

BACKGROUND: Acetabular dome impaction fractures (ADIF) are difficult to reduce and have a high failure rate. Consistency between the acetabulum and the femoral head is usually assessed using intraoperative X-ray fluoroscopy to evaluate the quality of fracture reduction. This study examines the effects of intraoperative mobile 2D/3DX imaging system (O-arm) on the reduction quality and functional recovery of ADIF. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed the data of 48 patients with ADIF treated at Honghui Hospital between October 2018 and October 2021.The patients were divided into the X-ray and O-arm groups. The residual step-off and gap displacements in the acetabular dome region were measured, and fracture reduction quality was evaluated. Hip function was evaluated using the modified Merle d'Aubigné and Postel scoring systems. RESULTS: There were no significant intergroup differences in the preoperative general data (p > 0.05). The mean residual average step displacement in the acetabular dome region was 3.48 ± 2.43 mm and 1.61 ± 1.16 mm (p < 0.05), while the mean gap displacement was 6.72 ± 3.69 mm and 3.83 ± 1.67 mm (p < 0.05) in the X-ray and the O-arm groups, respectively. In the X-ray group, according to the fracture reduction criteria described by Verbeek and Moed et al., one case was excellent, 13 cases were good, 11 cases were poor; 56% were excellent or good. In the O-arm group, seven cases were excellent, 12 cases were good, and four cases were poor; overall in this group, 82.6% were excellent or good (p < 0.05). A total of 46 patients achieved fracture healing at the last follow-up. In the X-ray group, according to the modified Merle d'Aubigné and Postel function score, three cases were excellent,12 cases were good, six cases were middle, three cases were poor; 62.5% were excellent or good, In the O-arm group, 15 cases were excellent, four cases were good, two cases were middle, one case was poor; 86.4% were excellent or good (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The application of O-arm in ADIF can improve fracture reduction quality and functional recovery.

Donor-derived spermatogenesis following stem cell transplantation in sterile NANOS2 knockout males.

Spermatogonial stem cell transplantation (SSCT) is an experimental technique for transfer of germline between donor and recipient males that could be used as a tool for biomedical research, preservation of endangered species, and dissemination of desirable genetics in food animal populations. To fully realize these potentials, recipient males must be devoid of endogenous germline but possess normal testicular architecture and somatic cell function capable of supporting allogeneic donor stem cell engraftment and regeneration of spermatogenesis. Here we show that male mice, pigs, goats, and cattle harboring knockout alleles of the NANOS2 gene generated by CRISPR-Cas9 editing have testes that are germline ablated but otherwise structurally normal. In adult pigs and goats, SSCT with allogeneic donor stem cells led to sustained donor-derived spermatogenesis. With prepubertal mice, allogeneic SSCT resulted in attainment of natural fertility. Collectively, these advancements represent a major step toward realizing the enormous potential of surrogate sires as a tool for dissemination and regeneration of germplasm in all mammalian species.

Learning Representative Features by Deep Attention Network for 3D Point Cloud Registration.

Three-dimensional point cloud registration, which aims to find the transformation that best aligns two point clouds, is a widely studied problem in computer vision with a wide spectrum of applications, such as underground mining. Many learning-based approaches have been developed and have demonstrated their effectiveness for point cloud registration. Particularly, attention-based models have achieved outstanding performance due to the extra contextual information captured by attention mechanisms. To avoid the high computation cost brought by attention mechanisms, an encoder-decoder framework is often employed to hierarchically extract the features where the attention module is only applied in the middle. This leads to the compromised effectiveness of the attention module. To tackle this issue, we propose a novel model with the attention layers embedded in both the encoder and decoder stages. In our model, the self-attentional layers are applied in the encoder to consider the relationship between points inside each point cloud, while the decoder utilizes cross-attentional layers to enrich features with contextual information. Extensive experiments conducted on public datasets prove that our model is able to achieve quality results on a registration task.

Enhancement of thermoelectric performance in graphenylene nanoribbons by suppressing phonon thermal conductance: the role of phonon local resonance.

Based on the method of non-equilibrium Green's function, we investigate the thermal transport and thermoelectric properties of graphenylene nanoribbons (GRNRs) with different width and chirality. The results show that the thermoelectric (TE) performance of GRNRs significantly increases with decreasing ribbon width, which stems from the reduction of thermal conductance. In addition, by changing the ribbon width and chirality, the figure of merit (ZT) can be controllably manipulated and maximized up to 0.45 at room temperature. Moreover, it is found that theZTvalue of GRNRs with branched structure can reach 1.8 at 300 K and 3.4 at 800 K owing to the phonon local resonance. Our findings here are of great importance for thermoelectric applications of GRNRs.

Analysis of the Clinical Characteristics of Hyponatremia Induced by Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole.

BACKGROUND: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) causes hyperkalemia, and hyponatremia caused by TMP/SMX is a challenge for clinicians. We described the clinical features of hyponatremia induced by TMP/SMX after collecting cases. SUMMARY: The median age of the 24 patients (10 males and 14 females) was 67 years (range: 28-90 years). Hyponatremia induced by TMP/SMX manifested as nausea (41.7%) and vomiting (29.2%) or asymptomatic hyponatremia (20.8%). The median duration of hyponatremia was 5 days (range: 3-10 days). The median serum sodium concentration was 118 mmol/L (range: 101-128.1 mmol/L). The serum sodium levels gradually returned to the normal range at 4 days (median; range: 2-14 days) after withdrawing TMP/SMX. KEY MESSAGES: TMP/SMX-induced hyponatremia is a rare and serious adverse reaction. Clinicians should be aware of electrolyte disturbances caused by TMP/SMX and should always consider electrolyte monitoring.

Analysis of the clinical characteristics of lamotrigine-induced haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: Lamotrigine is currently known to be related to haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). Knowledge regarding the association between HLH and lamotrigine is mainly based on case reports. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical characteristics of lamotrigine-induced HLH. METHODS: We collected literature from 1994 to 31 August 2020 in Chinese and English on HLH induced by lamotrigine for retrospective analysis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A total of 17 patients (12 men and 5 women) from 15 studies were included, with a median age of 29 years old (range 4-47). Symptoms of lamotrigine-induced HLH were reported to have occurred within 6-24 days following treatment initiation. Six cases reported doses that ranged from 25 mg every other day to 800 mg once daily. The major clinical features of lamotrigine-induced HLH are fever, cytopenia, rash and hyperferritinaemia. Bone marrow showed haemophagocytosis. Fifteen patients improved with drug discontinuation, and 2 patients eventually died. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is a potentially serious adverse reaction to lamotrigine (LTG). Patients should be informed that if they experience any symptoms of HLH while taking lamotrigine, they should immediately seek medical attention.

Bacteriological Investigation and Drug Resistance Analysis of Chronic Refractory Wound Secretions.

BACKGROUND: Chronic refractory wounds were common and the treatments were complicated for burn and plastic surgeons. This study was to investigate the bacterial distribution characteristics and bacterial drug resistance of chronic refractory wound secretions. METHODS: The authors retrospectively analyzed 425 patients with chronic refractory wound infection. The results of bacterial culture of wound secretions and drug sensitivity test were retrospectively analyzed. Further, the location area of the wound was divided into 4 regions, and the difference of the bacterial culture results between different regions was analyzed. RESULTS: The wound secretions were cultured into 401 bacterial strains, including 206 gram-positive bacteria strains, accounting for 51.4%, with the highest detection rate of Staphylococcus aureus at 26.2% (105/401). There were 195 gram-negative bacteria strains, accounting for 48.6%, with the highest detection rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 14.2% (57/401). There were 6 fungal strains. The proportion of gram-negative bacteria in the III region of the wound zone was significantly greater than that in the other 3 regions. CONCLUSIONS: The detection rate of gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria of chronic refractory wound secretions is not much different. However, in the area close to the perineum (III region), gram-negative bacteria is significantly higher, which has a certain reference value for the use of antibiotics in clinical practice. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 4.

Injection locking and pulling phenomena in an optoelectronic oscillator.

Injection locking and pulling characteristics of a long-loop optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) that has a large number of closely-spaced longitudinal modes are theoretically analyzed and experimentally evaluated. A differential phase equation that relates the phase difference between the OEO and the injected microwave signal to its instantaneous beat angular frequency is derived in the time domain. Based on the differential phase equation, both the locking and pulling characteristics of an injection-locked OEO are studied, and the phase noise performance is analyzed. It is found that the locking and pulling performance depends upon three parameters, the initial frequency difference between the frequency of the signal generated by the free-running OEO and frequency of the injected microwave signal, the voltage ratio between the signal generated by the free-running OEO and the injected microwave signal, and the Q factor of the free-running OEO. The phase noise performance depends upon the locking range, the phase noise performance of the free-running OEO as well as that of the injected microwave signal. The analysis is validated experimentally. Excellent agreement is found between the theoretical analysis and the experimental demonstration.

Establishment of Bovine-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells.

Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have been successfully developed in many species. However, the establishment of bovine-induced pluripotent stem cells (biPSCs) has been challenging. Here we report the generation of biPSCs from bovine mesenchymal stem cells (bMSCs) by overexpression of lysine-specific demethylase 4A (KDM4A) and the other reprogramming factors OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, cMYC, LIN28, and NANOG (KdOSKMLN). These biPSCs exhibited silenced transgene expression at passage 10, and had prolonged self-renewal capacity for over 70 passages. The biPSCs have flat, primed-like PSC colony morphology in combined media of knockout serum replacement (KSR) and mTeSR, but switched to dome-shaped, naïve-like PSC colony morphology in mTeSR medium and 2i/LIF with single cell colonization capacity. These cells have comparable proliferation rate to the reported primed- or naïve-state human PSCs, with three-germ layer differentiation capacity and normal karyotype. Transcriptome analysis revealed a high similarity of biPSCs to reported bovine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and embryos. The naïve-like biPSCs can be incorporated into mouse embryos, with the extended capacity of integration into extra-embryonic tissues. Finally, at least 24.5% cloning efficiency could be obtained in nuclear transfer (NT) experiment using late passage biPSCs as nuclear donors. Our report represents a significant advance in the establishment of bovine PSCs.

Comparative Analysis of Ethylene/Diene Copolymerization and Ethylene/Propylene/Diene Terpolymerization Using Ansa-Zirconocene Catalyst with Alkylaluminum/Borate Activator: The Effect of Conjugated and Nonconjugated Dienes on Catalytic Behavior and Polymer Microstructure.

The copolymerization of ethylene‒diene conjugates (butadiene (BD), isoprene (IP) and nonconjugates (5-ethylidene-2-norbornene (ENB), vinyl norbornene VNB, 4-vinylcyclohexene (VCH) and 1, 4-hexadiene (HD)), and terpolymerization of ethylene-propylene-diene conjugates (BD, IP) and nonconjugates (ENB, VNB, VCH and HD) using two traditional catalysts of C2-symmetric metallocene-silylene-bridged rac-Me2Si(2-Me-4-Ph-Ind)2ZrCl2 (complex A) and ethylene-bridged rac-Et(Ind)2ZrCl2 (complex B)-with a [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] borate/TIBA co-catalyst, were intensively studied. Compared to that in the copolymerization of ethylene diene, the catalytic activity was more significant in E/P/diene terpolymerization. We obtained a maximum yield of both metallocene catalysts with conjugated diene between 3.00 × 106 g/molMt·h and 5.00 × 106 g/molMt·h. ENB had the highest deactivation impact on complex A, and HD had the most substantial deactivation effect on complex B. A 1H NMR study suggests that dienes were incorporated into the co/ter polymers' backbone through regioselectivity. ENB and VNB, inserted by the edo double bond, left the ethylidene double bond intact, so VCH had an exo double bond. Complex A's methyl and phenyl groups rendered it structurally stable and exhibited a dihedral angle greater than that of complex B, resulting in 1, 2 isoprene insertion higher than 1, 4 isoprene that is usually incapable of polymerization coordination. High efficiency in terms of co- and ter- monomer incorporation with higher molecular weight was found for complex 1. The rate of incorporation of ethylene and propylene in the terpolymer backbone structure may also be altered by the conjugated and nonconjugated dienes. 13C-NMR, 1H-NMR, and GPC techniques were used to characterize the polymers obtained.

Observation of PT-symmetry in a fiber ring laser.

A wavelength-tunable single-mode laser with a sub-kilohertz linewidth based on parity-time (PT)-symmetry is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The proposed PT-symmetric laser is implemented based on a hybrid use of an optical fiber loop and a thermally tunable integrated microdisk resonator (MDR). The MDR, implemented based on the silicon-on-insulator, operates with the optical fiber loop to form two mutually coupled cavities with an identical geometry. By controlling two light waves passing through the two cavities, with one having a gain coefficient and the other a loss coefficient but with an identical magnitude, a PT-symmetric laser is implemented. Thanks to an ultranarrow passband of the cavity due to PT-symmetry, single-longitudinal mode lasing is achieved. The tuning of the wavelength is implemented by thermally tuning the MDR. The proposed PT-symmetric laser is demonstrated experimentally. Single-longitudinal mode lasing at a wavelength of around 1555 nm with a sub-kilohertz linewidth of 433 Hz is implemented. The lasing wavelength is continuously tunable from 1555.135 to 1555.887 nm with a tuning slope of 75.24 pm/°C.

Parity-time-symmetric frequency-tunable optoelectronic oscillator with a single dual-polarization optical loop.

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a parity-time (PT)-symmetric frequency-tunable optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) in which the PT symmetry is implemented based on a single dual-polarization optical loop. By employing the inherent birefringence of a z-cut lithium niobate (LiNbO3) phase modulator (PM), two mutually coupled optoelectronic loops supporting orthogonally polarized light waves with one experiencing a gain and the other a loss are implemented. By controlling the gain, loss, and the coupling coefficients between the two loops, the PT symmetry breaking condition is met, which enables the OEO to operate in single mode without using an ultranarrow passband optical or microwave filter. The frequency tunability is realized using a microwave photonic filter (MPF) implemented using the PM and a phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating (PS-FBG). The proposed PT-symmetric OEO is experimentally evaluated. A stable and frequency-tunable microwave signal from 2 to 12 GHz is generated. The phase noise of the generated signal at 11.8 GHz is measured, which is -124dBc/Hz at a frequency offset of 10 kHz.

Circ_0000285 regulates proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis of osteosarcoma by miR-409-3p/IGFBP3 axis.

BACKGROUND: Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are important regulators in the pathogenesis of diseases and affects the occurrence and development of diseases. However, the role of circRNAs in osteosarcoma (OS) has not been fully elucidated. METHODS: The expression of circ_0000285, miR-409-3p and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) was detected using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The protein level of IGFBP3 was measured using western blot. CCK-8 and colony formation assays were used to determine cell proliferation. Flow cytometry was applied to measure cell cycle and cell apoptosis. Transwell assay was used to assess cell invasion and migration. Dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA Binding Protein Immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay were performed to determine the relationship among circ_0000285, miR-409-3p and IGFBP3. The animal experiments were performed to determine the function of circ_0000285 in vivo. RESULTS: In this study, we found that the expression of circ_0000285 was significantly increased in OS tissues and cells and was enriched in the cytoplasm. Knockdown of circ_0000285 inhibited OS growth in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, miR-409-3p was a target miRNA of circ_0000285 and miR-409-3p targets to IGFBP3 in OS. Besides, circ_0000285 could promote proliferation, migration, invasion and inhibit apoptosis of osteosarcoma by miR-409-3p/IGFBP3 axis. CONCLUSION: In this study, circ_0000285 regulated proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis of OS cells by miR-409-3p/IGFBP3 axis, implying that circ_0000285 was a potential target for OS therapy.

Deposition of boron-doped nanocrystalline silicon carbide thin films using H2-Ar mixed dilution for the application on thin film solar cells.

Hydrogen-argon mixed dilution has been applied for the deposition of boron-doped nanocrystalline silicon carbide (nc-SiCx) thin films. The variations of structural, compositional, electrical and optical properties with the varying H2/Ar ratio are systemically investigated through various characterizations. It is shown that by using H2-Ar mixed dilution for deposition, B-doped nc-SiCx thin film possessing both wide optical band gap (∼2.22 eV) and high conductivity (∼1.9 S cm-1) can be obtained at the H2/Ar flow ratio of 360/140. In addition, the B-doped nc-SiCx thin films are fabricated as the window layers of a-Si thin film solar cells, and the highest conversion efficiency (8.13%) is obtained when applying the window layer with the largest optical band gap energy.

Impact of solar background radiation on the accuracy of wind observations of spaceborne Doppler wind lidars based on their orbits and optical parameters.

Due to the quantum properties of light, solar background radiation (SBR) is the main source of noise in daytime wind observations of spaceborne Doppler wind lidars (DWLs). In previous works, the impact of SBR on the observation accuracy of spaceborne lidars was assessed mainly using the default or worst-case scenarios. We assessed the impact of SBR on the observations of spaceborne DWLs using the global distributions of SBR in summer and winter, which were obtained based on their orbit parameters, view geometry and optical parameters. Three experiments illustrate that the uncertainty in wind observations increases with an increase in the quantiles of SBR. The uncertainties of the whole profiles of wind are greater than 2 m s-1 in the troposphere and 3 m s-1 in the stratosphere when the quantile of the SBR is greater than 85% in summer and 95% in winter, which do not satisfy the accuracy expectations of the European Space Agency (ESA) for spaceborne DWLs. The facts indicate that the impact of SBR cannot be negligible for the observations of spaceborne DWLs. Based on the orbit parameters, view geometry, and optical parameters of new spaceborne DWLs, engineers can assess the impact of SBR on the accuracy of wind observations from a global perspective using the method proposed in this paper.