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BACKGROUND: Stress-induced childhood-onset neurodegeneration with variable ataxia and seizures (CONDSIAS) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by defects in the ADP-Ribosylhydrolase Like 2 (ADPRHL2; OMIM: 618170) gene. This gene encodes the ADP-ribosylhydrolase enzyme (ARH3) that eliminates the addition of poly-ADP ribose (PAR) in the cellular stress onto proteins in the ADP-ribosylation process in which adding one or more ADP-ribose moieties onto the target proteins in the post-translational modification have occurred. In this study, we report a new case of CONDSIAS in the Iranian population. A literature review of CONDSIAS is also included. CASE PRESENTATION: A four-year-old female patient, born to a consanguineous Iranian family, was referred with various clinical symptoms including impaired speech, variable ataxia, infrequent seizures, and gradual onset of truncal hypotonia. Over time, she developed complete motor and speech regression, bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, infrequent seizures, abdominal distension and gastrointestinal (GI) intolerance, and loss of consciousness. To better molecularly diagnose, trio-whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed on the proband and her parents. Sanger sequencing was also applied to investigate co-segregation analysis. Using in silico predictive tools, the possible impacts of the variant on the structure and function of ADPRHL2 protein were predicted. All basic metabolic tests were normal, while serial coronal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed progressive cerebral and cerebellar atrophy in addition to cerebral white matter signal changes as a novel neuroimaging finding. GI intolerance was another novelty of clinical scenarios in the patient. An auditory brainstem response test showed a severe bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. An electroencephalogram also confirmed focal seizures. From the molecular perspective, a novel homozygous frameshift variant in the ADPRHL2 gene (NM_017825.2; c.636_639del, p.(Leu212fs)) was identified by WES. CONCLUSIONS: CONDSIAS is an ultra-rare neurodegenerative disorder. In the present study, we introduced extra-neurological and neuroimaging findings of this disorder in a female child caused by a novel frameshift variation in the ADPRHL2 gene.
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Ataxia Cerebelar/genética , Glicosídeo Hidrolases/genética , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/genética , Convulsões/genética , Doenças Cerebelares , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Mutação da Fase de Leitura , Homozigoto , Humanos , Irã (Geográfico) , Hipotonia Muscular/genética , FenótipoRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: We conducted this study to assess the prevalence of plagiarism and to shed light on some dark aspects of this issue. The main objectives included to find out the etiology, prevalence, and detection of various forms plagiarism. METHODS: In this Cross-sectional study we used a questionnaire, face-to-face interview, analyzing the present notifications and codes, websites, and literature review. The current study was conducted throughout Iran from 2017-2018. Those associated with scientific journalism, academic staffs, and authors were interviewed or asked to fill out a prepared questionnaire. RESULTS: Nine hundred seventy nine questionnaires were circulated. Out of this 706 (72.1%) were completed and returned. Those with a master degree were most cooperative in filling out the questionnaires (36.4%); followed by Assistant Professors (29.6%). About 74.1% of respondents, had not participated in any educational workshops on plagiarism (P<0.001) while 10.8% had not heard anything about plagiarism (P<0.001). As regards correct reply as for definition and detecting plagiarism; 91.1%, 40.8%, 48.4% and 57.9% could reply correctly (P<0.001). Forty-one-point one percent of the participants believed that reprimand would be the best punishment. The percentage of plagiarism as per people associated in journal administration, was 22.9%; based on experts' opinions, it was 30.0%; and based on analysis of some journals published in Iran, it was 25.5%. CONCLUSION: We found a noticeable prevalence of plagiarism in Iran. Many factors are involved in this misconduct; most important being the need for academic staff and students to publish e more papers regardless of their quality to meet some of the academic requirements. Considering the high rank of Iran in terms of scientific growth worldwide, it is expected from the regulatory authorities to monitor all aspects of scientific misconducts in medical journalism.
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Over the past years, the benefits of stem cell therapy approach for treatment of the cardiovascular diseases have been shown through the rebuilding of new cardiomyocytes and blood vessels. while a successful regeneration of the myocardium has been proven on the animal models of acute myocardial injuries resulted from the stem cells transplantation, no significant long-term regenerative with autologous stem cell therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction have been reported based on recent meta-analyses. It seems that the inflammatory microenvironment of acute myocardial infarction has an inhibitory effect on the stem cells potential for regenerating the injured myocardium. Secretion of critical cytokines with pro-inflammatory properties including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1ß, and interleukin-6 as well as induction of hypoxic condition and finally formation of cytotoxic elements cause the cellular death and hinder the stem cells proliferation and differentiation. Based on the evidence, application of some approaches like co-delivery of mesenchymal stem cells with the other useful cells, using the stem cells derived productions, administration of preconditioned and modified cells, and also using the anti-inflammatory agents besides the cell therapy are hypothesized as the primary developed safe and practical approaches for decreasing destructive effects of the inflammation on the implanted stem/progenitor cells. In this review, we critically discuss the quiddity of the inflammatory microenvironment and its promoted mechanisms as the main elements to hinder the efficacy of stem cell therapy in the cases of acute myocardial infarction. Also, we finally propose some applied solutions to the problem of cardiac regeneration with stem cells therapy.
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Infarto do Miocárdio/terapia , Transplante de Células-Tronco , Terapia Baseada em Transplante de Células e Tecidos , Microambiente Celular , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Citocinas/metabolismo , Coração/fisiologia , Humanos , Infarto do Miocárdio/metabolismo , Infarto do Miocárdio/patologia , Regeneração/fisiologia , Células-Tronco/citologia , Células-Tronco/metabolismoRESUMO
Background: Throughout history, many wars have occurred for various reasons, and many empires and kings have fallen or many people killed by wars. Wars were not always due to the conquest of the country. in the Iron Age, societies were governed by tribes at the head of the tribe, and war was only for to seize property, slaves, and food. Our research area is the same period as the Medes Kingdom, which included the union of small, large tribes, wars between tribes existed in that period, and their signs can be seen on the remains of the people of that period. Methods: Our research is related to human remains from Sagezabad cemetery, Qazvin plain, which dates back to 2000 BC (Iron Age 2 and 3) in Iran. Results: The blows on the remains were very serious and caused death. We have discussed how to kill by "considering the injured body". Conclusion: Our investigation of how people were killed in war based on injury marks and bullet holes in bones, and simulating those injuries to body tissues and organs also, people who had bone cuts from the war and survived and had bone repair and died due to lack of nutrients and infection were also discussed.
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Background: Oral infections have been seen in humans since ancient times. Excessive penetration of this infection can cause human death. Most of these infections are gum cysts and abscesses. The cyst creates large hard lumps in the gums, which is causes loose, and protruding teeth and abscesses, causing cavities in the jawbone and teeth. In this article, we have discussed for this infectious disease in 4000 - year - old ancient humans from Qazvin Province, Iran. The bone remains of our research are related to Sagezabad ancient cemetery in Qazvin plain. Methods: We tried to use reliable international atlases to get detailed information about ancient oral infections. The bones were extracted from the 2019 excavation of the Ghara Tappe area of Sagezabad for the Iron Age 2nd and 3rd Qazvin plains of Iran. This cemetery belongs to the period of the Medes Kingdom (pre - Achaemenian kingdom) in Iran. Results: We have discussed one of the ancient cemeteries with a large number of ancient populations. In this cemetery, there are signs of war and infectious diseases on the bones, which can be clearly seen. We have specially mentioned the abscess as the cause of oral infection from Sagezabad cemetery. Conclusion: Oral infection existed in Iran since 2000 BC. Of course, this infection was common in ancient times and even Paleolithic period, like Homo Heidelbergensis.
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Background: We aimed to investigate two polymorphisms, rs8106922 and rs157580 of TOMM40 in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods: In the present case-control research, we collected blood samples from 117 AD patients and 130 controls from Alzheimer's Hospital, residents of Tehran, Iran during the winter 2020 to autumn 2022. Following extraction of DNA, Genotyping of TOMM40 polymorphisms rs8106922 and rs157580 were examined by sequencing and ARMS/PCR approaches. We compared distributions of genotypes in both patient and healthy groups using the Chi-Square test. Results: Regarding rs157580, a statistically significant difference was observed in the GA genotype frequency between patient and healthy groups, in both univariate and multivariate modes with these results that have come respectively, and it can be regarded as a protection factor P<0.05).. No significant difference was observed in the frequency of A and G alleles between patient and healthy groups. Besides, concerning rs8106922, the AG genotype frequency in research groups in both univariate and multivariate cases, with these results that have come respectively was significantly different (P=0.003) & (P=0.009). Regarding GG genotype, a statistically significant difference was observed between the patient and healthy groups in both univariate and multivariate cases, respectively (P=0.419) & (P=0.425). Significant differences were observed in the G allele frequency for rs8106922 in the healthy and patient groups (P=0.007), it can be regarded as a potential protective factor. Conclusion: It is possible to consider the TOMM40 gene as one of the potential genes concerning Alzheimer's disease.
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Holoprosencephaly, a complicated brain abnormality arising from incomplete prosencephalon cleavage, affects both the forebrain and the face. Holoprosencephaly Type 11, with variable expression or partial penetrance, is caused by CDON pathogenic variants associated with the disrupted Sonic Hedgehog (SHH)-pathway. Herein, we aimed to describe a family with genetic nose problems. After counselling and drawing pedigree in Farhud's Genetic Clinic, Tehran, Iran in 2021, DNA extraction of a proband and a few members of his family (patient and control) was conducted. Whole exome sequencing was utilized for detecting the gene and its variant in the proband with a nose deformity. The results were confirmed with Sanger sequencing. This variant was checked in other members by Sanger sequencing. Analysis of the Exome data showed a heterozygous splicing variant in the CDON gene (NM_016952; c.3276+1G>T) in the proband who had a nose deformity and then the results were confirmed with Sanger sequencing. Such a variant was observed in Proband's brother with a nose deformity and was not observed in Proband's cousin with no abnormal phenotype. Recent investigations, in an Iranian family, with a heterozygous splicing CDON mutation as a human candidate gene are discussed for the first time in relation to the likely pathogenesis of facial deformities, particularly nose deformity, in Holoprosencephaly.
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Executive functions (EFs) skills are necessary for regulating the thoughts, emotions, and actions which are associated with many aspects of daily functioning. Executive dysfunction (EDFs) is present in a wide range of mental disorders. New study indicates that EFs may predict health behavior and make it easier to engage in a variety of healthy activities. In this narrative review, EFs and public health are briefly discussed. In general, 133 articles met the inclusion criteria (published 2018-2023) which were reviewed. EFs affect the mental and physical health. Besides individual problems, people with mental problems have heavy costs to society. Mental health cannot be considered separately from general health. Consequently, preventive and therapeutic approaches to mental health should be considered not only at the level of the whole society, but also at the global level.
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OBJECTIVES: Hearing loss is one of the most common heterogeneous complicated disorders worldwide. We previously analyzed the results of published data on non-syndromic hearing loss in the Iranian population systematically. A broad range of genes is a challenge for molecular screening and clinical diagnosis in our populations on the ground of distinct genetics. The aim of this study was to analyze the role and frequency of the variants accountable for non-syndromic hearing loss (NSHL) in the Iranian population. These were identified with different methods including whole exome sequencing (WES), next-generation sequencing (NGS), targeted genomic enrichment and massively parallel sequencing (TGE + MPS), autozygosity mapping, STR markers, linkage analysis, and direct sequencing. This is the comprehensively study focusing on classifying 13 common NSHL genes according to their frequencies. Previous studies have not studied different regions and the Iranian population, and this is the definitive study on the topic. METHODS: We searched Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct databases, and Google Scholar. After a systematic review of the evidence 95 studies were considered then 31 studies were eligible for meta-analysis. In total, 6995 families, 358 variants, and 117 novel variants were included. Statistical analyses were conducted using Stata SE version 11 software. The inverse variance method enjoyed combining data. Heterogeneity of the preliminary results was assessed using Q (Cochrane test), and I square index. Random effects or fixed models were applied to combine the results, relying on the degree of heterogeneity. Point and pooled prevalence of variants acting on different regions were illustrated by forest plots. RESULTS: The total prevalence of at least one variant of GJB2 and SLC26A genes was estimated at 26% and 5%, respectively. Variant c.35delG accounted for 18% of the GJB2 variants while 1% of these variants were novel ones. The next most common variants in the GJB2 gene were c.109G>A at 3.5% and c.-23+1G>A at 2.3%. Moreover, the prevalence of GJB2 gene variants varied on average 0.002% from one region to another in Iran (p=0.849). Our meta-analysis also showed that the frequency of at least one variant of MYO15A varied between 1.2% and 12.5%. Corresponding prevalences for the other variants were as follows: ILDR1 (3.5%-3.7%), CDH23 (2%-10%), PJVK (1.4%-33%), TECTA (1.3%-6.7%), MYO6 (2%-4.8%), TMC1 (1.8%-2%), MYO7A (0.7%-5%), MARVELD2 (0.7-5%), OTOF (0.7%-4%), LRTOMT (0.7%-2.5%). Finally, we did not find any relationship between geographic area and the presence of these variants. CONCLUSION: GJB2 gene variants were the most common cause of NSHL in Iran. Understanding the prevalence of NSHL gene frequency in Iran may be the foundation for future studies in an Iranian population which may lead to future NSHL therapy.
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Surdez , Perda Auditiva , Humanos , Irã (Geográfico)/epidemiologia , Mutação , Surdez/epidemiologia , Surdez/genética , Perda Auditiva/diagnóstico , Perda Auditiva/epidemiologia , Perda Auditiva/genética , Conexina 26/genética , Conexinas/genética , Proteína 2 com Domínio MARVEL/genéticaRESUMO
Almost all diseases have a genetic basis. However, several disorders stem from a combination of genes and environmental conditions. In the present study, databases including PubMed, Scopus and Google scholar were searched and reviewed and those relevant studies that investigated the association between environmental and genetic factors with the incidence of diseases were extracted and used. At the final step, it is concluded that in many cases, disorders have a multifactorial etiology. Having a gene related to a specific disorder is not the only reason for contracting the disease. Both genes and environmental factors play a role in human disease etiology. Everything outside of DNA, may affect health and even in many people with a positive family history of a specific disorder, environmental factors can facilitate or prevent the occurrence of the disease. Therefore, living a healthy lifestyle is important in reducing exposure to diseases, and long-life expectancy.
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SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) the virus that caused an epidemic of sever acute respiratory syndrome is what the world has been dealing with since Dec 2019. As the pandemic continues different variants that emerge during mutations have become the latest concern, with notable examples detected in South Africa, Brazil, and UK. Variants are complicated and each one is a collection of several mutations, all of which have the potential to change the virus in unexpected ways. Studying variants is imperative as they can lead the epidemic to the increase of population immunity. In the present study, we reviewed key mutations and concerning variants according to the WHO tracking Sars-Cov-2 program. Databases were searched through Feb to Mar 2022. Overall, 477 studies were extracted from databases, among them 165 studies included mutations, 239 included COVID-19 variants and 43 included both mutations and variants. At the final step of data screening 24 studies associated to mutations, 31 studies with the highlighted information on COVID-19 variants and 31 studies related to both mutations and variants were extracted for this review article. In conclusion, analyses of the genomic sequence of SARS-CoV-2 indicate that structural proteins are key molecules in the assembly of virus while NSPs can have different biochemical properties and possibly cellular functions.
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Contrary to popular belief, 2019 was not the first time humans were infected by the Coronavirus. Coronavirus is one of the oldest viruses on the earth. This article discusses the history of this virus from Neanderthal time so far. We have collected a variety of articles related to coronaviruses and the extent of their interaction with humans from the first time probably appeared on earth, given that this virus is one of the ancient viruses. By examining and following the footsteps of coronaviruses in different works of literature, we found that the first homo that was infected with the coronavirus was Neanderthal. Moreover, we realized that in addition to risk factors such as age and background diseases, genetic evolution also plays an essential role in the protection of the body against coronavirus. On the other hand, this virus has evolved throughout history gradually, the same as humans. The presence of disease in humans, in any period of history, causes changes in human quality of life. Therefore, paying attention to the background of ancient diseases reveals principal information about the complexity of pathogens.
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Background: Medullary Thyroid Cancer (MTC) is a very aggressive type of thyroid carcinoma. Mutation in RET proto-oncogene is demonstrated in MTC development. We aimed to knock-out of RET-oncogene using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing method in MTC cell-lines. Methods: This research was conducted in Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran during 2019-2020. Four different sgRNAs were designed to target exons one, two, and four of RET-oncogene in TT and MZ-CRC-1 cell-lines using bioinformatics tools, then the CRISPR/Cas9 constructs was made. About 72-hours after cell transfection, T7EI method and DNA sequencing were used to confirm the knock-out of RET-oncogene. Expression of RET, Calcitonin genes and RET protein were evaluated by Real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. Results: The results of T7E1, and DNA sequencing of transfected cells confirmed RET gene knock-out by CRISPR/Cas9. There was a significant decrease in RET gene expression and RET protein in transfected TT and MZ cells compared to controls. The rate of cell apoptosis in transfected cells was significantly increased. Calcitonin gene expression was also significantly reduced in transfected cells. p-RET, p-PI3K, p-AKT, p-MEK, p-ERK protein levels were significantly reduced in TT and MZ transfected cells. Conclusion: For the first time, knock-out of RET gene was performed and confirmed using CRISPR/Cas9. Inhibition of this gene leads to inhibition of the tyrosine kinase RET signal transduction pathway. Therefore, it can be one of the most effective and specific therapeutic goals in the field of Personalized Medicine in the treatment of diseases caused by over activity of RET molecular pathway.
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Background: Families, especially fathers, are continuously interested in selecting the child's sex in most societies. This study was conducted to Use non-invasive methods to choose gender in order that sex selection with diet and determination of ovulation time in Iran. Methods: This study was a clinical experimental trial of convenient samples conducted as a retrospective study. Overall, 285 women were referred to Dr. Farhud's Genetic Clinic in 2013 and 2014 in Tehran, Iran. For two years (from June 2013 to Jun 2015), samples were followed-up. Participants used diet, the timing of ovulation, and considering lifestyle to have the sex selection. Results: Overall, 88 women became pregnant in the first group among 179 participants in 2013, and talking to the participants showed that 82.95% achieved the wanted gender. Fifty-two women became pregnant among 106 participants in 2014 in the second group and 86.79%, achieved the wanted sex. Conclusion: Diet and ovulation timing could be very efficient, and it is recommended that families Use safe procedures such as natural, and non-invasive methods to achieve the wanted sex for gender balance.
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Background: Workplace problems can lead to psychosomatic complaints. We aimed to assess the relationship between general health and occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders along with psychosomatic complaints. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. This research was conducted about the nurses who worked at the hospitals located in the northwest of Tehran, Iran (Valiasr, Farhikhtegan, and Khatam), and participated in this study from Aug 2019 to Feb 2020. The data were collected by the demographic and clinical information questionnaire. Goldberg's general health questionnaire and psychosomatic complaint scale were completed by nurses. Results: In total, 158 nurses participated in this study. There was a significant relationship between the score of the general health questionnaire (GHQ) and psychosomatic complaints in three categories (low, moderate, and high) (P≤0.0001). There was a significant relationship between the mean score of GHQ and musculoskeletal discomfort in the neck, shoulder, forearm, hand and wrist, upper/lower back, knee, and ankle (P≤0.0001). Conclusion: Continuity of psychosomatic complaints may be a risk factor for mental health in nurses and may affect the quality of care. Hence, health policymakers and hospital managers should consider it in service training for nurses.
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BACKGROUND: Microcephaly is a prominent feature of patients with primary autosomal recessive microcephaly 2 (MCPH2) caused by mutations in the WD Repeat Domain 62 (WDR62; OMIM: 613,583). AIM: The study aimed to identify the underlying genetic factor(s) causing microcephaly in two patients in a consanguineous Iranian family. METHODS: Two male patients (11 and 27 years old) were noticed due to microcephaly, neurodevelopmental delay, and occasional seizures. The younger patient (the proband) was subjected to paired-end whole-exome sequencing followed by Sanger sequencing to detect any underlying genetic factor. RESULTS: Upon examination, both patients showed microcephaly as a prominent manifestation; they were under-weighted as well. The patients had a moderate gross motor impairment, severe cognitive disability and speech delay, increased deep tendon reflexes, flexible joint contractures, sensorineural hearing loss, and vertical nystagmus as a new ocular finding. The proband had more severe neurodevelopmental delay symptoms. The brain magnetic resonance imaging series revealed severe structural and cortical brain abnormalities in addition to hemiatrophy. Using Whole-exome Sequencing, a novel homozygous missense variant-NM_001083961.2; c.1598A > G: p.(His533Arg)-was identified in the WDR62. Subsequently, in silico analyses determined the possible impacts of the novel variant on the structure and function of WDR62 protein. CONCLUSIONS: Herein, we identified a novel homozygous missense variant in the WDR62 in two patients with MCPH2. Vertical nystagmus and sensorineural hearing loss were detected as novel neurological findings. The present study expands the phenotype and genotype spectrum of MCPH2.
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Perda Auditiva Neurossensorial , Microcefalia , Nistagmo Patológico , Humanos , Masculino , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Genótipo , Irã (Geográfico) , Microcefalia/complicações , Microcefalia/diagnóstico por imagem , Microcefalia/genética , Mutação , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Linhagem , Fenótipo , Criança , Adulto Jovem , AdultoRESUMO
Background: Calcium is a necessary mineral for life to keep the body and bones healthy. Various factors including hormones, diet, age, and gender affect serum calcium status. The aim of this sturdy was to assess the serum calcium level (SCL) of Tehran population, which has about 10 million multi-Ethnic populations and represents from the whole country. Methods: In this retrospective study, the measured SCL of 105,128 individuals referred to different laboratories of Tehran, Iran were evaluated and its relationship with the age, gender, seasons, and different years during 2009-2018, were analyzed. Results: After excluding outliers, 91,257samples remained, which 61162 (58.64%) and 30,095 (41.36%) were female and male, respectively. The mean SCL was 9.36 (9.35, 9.37) mg/dl (95%CI). The highest and lowest SCLs were 3.1 and 18.2mg/dl, respectively. From the total study population, 74127 (81.23%) had normal SCLs, 14110 (15.46%) had hypocalcemia, and 3020 (3.31%) had hypercalcemia. SCLs were normal in 83.6% of men and 79.66% of women. Women had a significantly higher frequency of hypocalcemia compared to men (17.2% vs. 12.83%, p<0.0001). Conclusion: Normal and abnormal SCLs were significantly different in age groups and in both genders. It means that gender and age affect SCLs. Every year of increasing age, reduces the chance of hypercalcemia by 40%, significantly. Age seems to affect hypercalcemia more than hypocalcemia. Age in men increases the risk of hypocalcemia, and reduces the risk of hypocalcemia in women. Therefore, it is recommended to encourage dietary calcium intake among premenopausal women and older men.
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BACKGROUND: Turner syndrome (TS), also known as 45,X, is a genetic disorder caused by the partial or complete lack of an X chromosome. TS can cause a variety of medical and developmental conditions. We aimed to investigate TS mosaicism and variants pattern and research the presence of a correlation between the different variant's factors and TS occurrence. METHODS: From 1984-2018, 100,234 patients referred to the Farhud Genetic Clinic, Tehran, Iran, for karyotyping were studied. TS was determined by the chromosomal assay, and the patients' karyotype was obtained from amniotic fluid and blood samples. Different variants of the TS diagnosed patients were investigated, including maternal and paternal age at pregnancy, parental consanguinity, and the presence/absence of a family history of the disease. RESULTS: Overall, 261/100,234 (0.26%) were diagnosed with TS. These, 150 cases were identified to have the classical 45,X karyotype and 111 cases were identified to have either TS mosaicism or other less common variations of TS karyotyping. Higher parental age at pregnancy and TS data suggested that the occurrence of TS is significantly higher. CONCLUSION: Data suggest parental age at pregnancy is an important factor for TS occurrence. Hence, prenatal screening in these groups of parents recommended. This study also implicates early medical diagnostic testing before the onset of puberty or as soon as symptoms arise is essential for early treatment.
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BACKGROUND: Due to the increasing prevalence of infertility, the number of referrals to infertility treatment centers has also increased. Nowadays, assisted reproductive technology (ART), including in vitro fertilization (IVF), is a treatment for infertility or genetic problems. Considering the possible consequences of this method among women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) and kids conceived by IVF, extensive research has been conducted in this regard. METHODS: Overall, 100 articles were entered into the study, and relevant articles were searched and extracted from PubMed, Springer, and Google Scholar databases. In IVF procedure, medications such as Clomiphene citrate and gonadotropins are used to stimulate and mature follicles and thus increase ovulation. RESULTS: There are conflicting opinions on this issue. Some findings report a slight increase in cancer risk for hormone-sensitive cancers including breast cancer. The long-term use of IVF medications can increase estrogen hormones and cause excessive expression of genes, resulting in an increased risk of breast cancer, which is one of the most frequent cancers among women. CONCLUSION: There are some risks to be aware of, which followed the hypothesis that long IVF treatment process may lead to breast cancer among IVF candidates. Furthermore, the risk of breast cancer may be increased in those women with a positive family history and related inherited genes. Therefore, women candidates for IVF should be informed of the probable implications of the reproductive therapy techniques.