Insights into the genetic variability and evolutionary dynamics of tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus in China.

BACKGROUND: Viral diseases are posing threat to annual production and quality of tobacco in China. Recently, tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) has been reported to infect three major crops including tobacco. Current study was aimed to investigate the population dynamics and molecular diversity of the TSWV. In the current study, to assess and identify the prevalence and evolutionary history of TSWV in tobacco crops in China, full-length genome sequences of TSWV isolates from tobacco, were identified and analyzed. METHODS: After trimming and validation, sequences of new isolates were submitted to GenBank. We identified the full-length genomes of ten TSWV isolates, infecting tobacco plants from various regions of China. Besides these, six isolates were partially sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis was performed to assess the relativeness of newly identified sequences and corresponding sequences from GenBank. Recombination and population dynamics analysis was performed using RDP4, RAT, and statistical estimation. Reassortment analysis was performed using MegaX software. RESULTS: Phylogenetic analysis of 41 newly identified sequences, depicted that the majority of the Chinese isolates have separate placement in the tree. RDP4 software predicted that RNA M of newly reported isolate YNKM-2 had a recombinant region spanning from 3111 to 3811 bp. The indication of parental sequences (YNKMXD and YNHHKY) from newly identified isolates, revealed the conservation of local TSWV population. Genetic diversity and population dynamics analysis also support the same trend. RNA M was highlighted to be more capable of mutating or evolving as revealed by data obtained from RDP4, RAT, population dynamics, and phylogenetic analyses. Reassortment analysis revealed that it might have happened in L segment of TSWV isolate YNKMXD (reported herein). CONCLUSION: Taken together, this is the first detailed study revealing the pattern of TWSV genetic diversity, and population dynamics helping to better understand the ability of this pathogen to drastically reduce the tobacco production in China. Also, this is a valuable addition to the existing worldwide profile of TSWV, especially in China, where a few studies related to TSWV have been reported including only one complete genome of this virus isolated from tobacco plants.

Nanopriming-mediated memory imprints reduce salt toxicity in wheat seedlings by modulating physiobiochemical attributes.

BACKGROUND: Around the globe, salinity is one of the serious environmental stresses which negatively affect rapid seed germination, uniform seedling establishment and plant developments restricting sustainable agricultural productivity. In recent years, the concepts of sustainable agriculture and cleaner production strategy have emphasized the introduction of greener agrochemicals using biocompatible and natural sources to maximize crop yield with minimum ecotoxicological effects. Over the last decade, the emergence of nanotechnology as a forefront of interdisciplinary science has introduced nanomaterials as fast-acting plant growth-promoting agents. RESULTS: Herein, we report the preparation of nanocomposite using chitosan and green tea (CS-GTE NC) as an ecofriendly nanopriming agent to elicit salt stress tolerance through priming imprints. The CS-GTE NC-primed (0.02, 0.04 and 0.06%), hydroprimed and non-primed (control) wheat seeds were germinated under normal and salt stress (150 mM NaCl) conditions. The seedlings developed from aforesaid seeds were used for physiological, biochemical and germination studies. The priming treatments increased protein contents (10-12%), photosynthetic pigments (Chl a (4-6%), Chl b (34-36%), Total Chl (7-14%) and upregulated the machinery of antioxidants (CAT (26-42%), POD (22-43%)) in wheat seedlings under stress conditions. It also reduced MDA contents (65-75%) and regulated ROS production resulting in improved membrane stability. The priming-mediated alterations in biochemical attributes resulted in improved final germination (20-22%), vigor (4-11%) and germination index (6-13%) under both conditions. It reduced mean germination time significantly, establishing the stress-insulating role of the nanocomposite. The improvement of germination parameters validated the stimulation of priming memory in composite-treated seeds. CONCLUSION: Pre-treatment of seeds with nanocomposite enables them to counter salinity at the seedling development stage by means of priming memory warranting sustainable plant growth and high crop productivity.

Synthesis and Characterization of Hydroxyethyl Cellulose Grafted with Copolymer of Polyaniline and Polypyrrole Biocomposite for Adsorption of Dyes.

The emerging concepts of sustainable textiles and controlled production strategy demands ideally zero emissions of contaminants into the aquatic environment. However, the currently in-practiced conventional processes in textiles dispose of a number of contaminants especially super toxic synthetic dyes as effluents. In recent years, nanomaterials have become attractive choice for eco-friendly removal of organic dyestuff. Accordingly, this article reports synthesis and characterization of biocomposite wherein copolymer of polyaniline (PANI) and Polypyrrole (PPY) was grafted onto hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC). Further, adsorption properties of as-prepared composite were evaluated using textile dyes Rhodamine B (RhB) and methyl Orange (MO)- as model adsorbate. The characterization of novel biocomposite (HEC/PANI-PPy) was carried out using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analyzer (BET), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The operational parameters such as dye initial concentration, adsorbent amount, pH and contact time were also studied to evaluate the efficiency level of the prepared biocomposite. Interestingly, the composite-mediated adsorption of RhB and MO followed pseudo-second order and the Langmuir isotherm. It is found that the adsorption capacity HEC/PANI-PPy is 30.06 and 29.3 for RhB and MO respectively. Thus, HEC/PANI-PPy is an inexpensive and highly efficient adsorbent that could be employed for could be employed for the separation and removal of toxic organic dyes from polluted textile effluents.

Role of Trichoderma as a biocontrol agent (BCA) of phytoparasitic nematodes and plant growth inducer.

Nematodes as plant pathogens adversely affect food, fiber, and biofuels production by causing plant diseases. A variety of chemical nematicides are being applied to soil, seeds, or foliage with a goal of disease prevention. Despite the proven efficacy of these chemicals against plant-parasitic nematodes, factors like prolonged residual toxicity to human health, environmental pollution, and the risk of resistance development can't be neglected. Due to these reasons, many chemicals are being banned continuously or delimited in the crop production system. Alternatively, the need for long-term strategies and integrative approaches to control plant diseases is inevitable. Trichoderma spp. are widely used in agriculture as biological control agents (BCA). To our knowledge, either very little or no information available on the most recent developments regarding Trichoderma-mediated biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes. This review summarizes the recent advances in using Trichoderma as BCA and plant growth regulator with a special focus on plant-parasitic nematodes.

In-silico modeling and in-vitro studies of 2,1-benzothiazine-2,2-dioxide based hydrazone derivatives as α-glucosidase inhibitors.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by frequent urination, hunger and high blood sugar level. α-glucosidase inhibitors are considered as a frontline treatment for the DM. This research article deals with the identification of benzothiazine derivatives as α-glucosidase inhibitors through in-silico techniques and then the confirmation through in-vitro analysis. Molecular docking studies were carried out to find out the binding interactions of targeted molecules with receptor molecule i.e., α-glucosidase enzyme. The synthetic compounds 1 (a-n), 2 (a-d) and 3 (a-b) were evaluated for in-vitro alpha glucosidase inhibitory activities that resulted in the discovery of various potent molecules. Majority of the compounds (1c, 1f, 1g, 1k-n, 2a-d and 3a-b) exhibited good inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase. Compounds 1c, 1g, 1k and 1m appeared as the potent active compounds with the IC50 values 17.44, 27.64, 24.43, 42.59 and 16.90 µM respectively. Compounds 1c & 2c were found almost 3-folds more active than the standard acarbose. The study may lead to discover potent drug candidates with less complication for the treatment of the type II diabetes mellitus.

Stem Cell Therapy and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Treatment Strategies and Future Perspectives.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is classified as an autoimmune disease which progressively results in the depletion of insulin-secreting ß-cells. Consequently, the insulin secretion stops leading to hyperglycemic situations within the body. Under severe conditions, it also causes multi-organ diabetes-associated dysfunctionalities notably hypercoagulability, neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, and sometimes organ failures. The prevalence of this disease has been noticed about 3% that has highlighted the serious concerns for healthcare professionals around the globe. For the treatment of this disease, the cell therapy is considered as an important therapeutic approach for the replacement of damaged ß-cells. However, the development of autoantibodies unfortunately reduces their effectiveness with the passage of time and finally with the recurrence of diabetes mellitus. The development of new techniques for extraction and transplantation of islets failed to support this approach due to the issues related to major surgery and lifelong dependence on immunosuppression. For T1DM, such cells are supposed to produce, store, and supply insulin to maintain glucose homeostasis. The urgent need of much-anticipated substitute for insulin-secreting ß-cells directed the researchers to focus on stem cells (SCs) to produce insulin-secreting ß-cells. For being more specific and targeted therapeutic approaches, SC-based strategies opened up the new horizons to cure T1DM. This cell-based therapy aimed to produce functional insulin-secreting ß-cells to cure diabetes on forever basis. The intrinsic regenerative potential along with immunomodulatory abilities of SCs highlights the therapeutic potential of SC-based strategies. In this article, we have comprehensively highlighted the role of SCs to treat diabetes mellitus.

Investigations of Phytochemical Constituents and Their Pharmacological Properties Isolated from the Genus Urtica: Critical Review and Analysis.

The genus Urtica belongs to the family Urticaceae. The plants of this genus are known as nettles or, quite often, as stinging nettles. These plants can be easily identified by the presence of stinging hairs. Urtica species have previously been used for various medicinal purposes. The history for the use of these plants for medicinal purposes starts from the Bronze Age (3000-2000 BC). Medicinally, the genus Urtica has been used to treat several disorders, such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, bronchitis, diarrhea, sprains, kidney stones, urinary tract infection, high blood pressure, hemorrhoids, flu, cough, fever, and ulcers. Scientific reports on the phytochemical analysis of this genus has so far revealed more than 123 compounds from this genus, including terpenoids, flavonoids, lignans, sterols, and polyphenols, have been isolated. Various biological activities have been exhibited by these compounds, such as antihypertensive, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, antiurolithiatic, anthelmintic, diuretic, antinoceceptive, antidiabetic, antiviral, , and immunomodulatory. In this article, we mainly emphasize the phytochemical composition, therapeutic applications, and ethnopharmacological values of various species of genus Urtica.

Current status and future possibilities of molecular genetics techniques in Brassica napus.

As PCR methods have improved over the last 15 years, there has been an upsurge in the number of new DNA marker tools, which has allowed the generation of high-density molecular maps for all the key Brassica crop types. Biotechnology and molecular plant breeding have emerged as a significant tool for molecular understanding that led to a significant crop improvement in the Brassica napus species. Brassica napus possess a very complicated polyploidy-based genomics. The quantitative trait locus (QTL) is not sufficient to develop effective markers for trait introgression. In the coming years, the molecular marker techniques will be more effective to determine the whole genome impairing desired traits. Available genetic markers using the single-nucleotide sequence (SNP) technique and high-throughput sequencing are effective in determining the maps and genome polymorphisms amongst candidate genes and allele interactions. High-throughput sequencing and gene mapping techniques are involved in discovering new alleles and gene pairs, serving as a bridge between the gene map and genome evaluation. The decreasing cost for DNA sequencing will help in discovering full genome sequences with less resources and time. This review describes (1) the current use of integrated approaches, such as molecular marker technologies, to determine genome arrangements and interspecific outcomes combined with cost-effective genomes to increase the efficiency in prognostic breeding efforts. (2) It also focused on functional genomics, proteomics and field-based breeding practices to achieve insight into the genetics underlying both simple and complex traits in canola.

Anti-diabetic activity of aqueous extract of Ipomoea batatas L. in alloxan induced diabetic Wistar rats and its effects on biochemical parameters in diabetic rats.

Diabetes is a condition where the fasting blood glucose level elevated above the normal range (80-120mg/dL). This increase in blood glucose level may be due to the insulin deficiency i.e. insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM or type I) or due to insulin resistance i.e. non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM or type II). Diabetes leads to severe complications in the body even life treating complications e.g. nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy increased vascular permeability and delayed wound healing if left untreated. Different drugs are used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, but synthetic drugs are costly and possess severe side effects. So, more emphasis is being placed on the use of traditional medicines because these sources have fewer side effects than the synthetics drugs and are economical. So the white skinned sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) peel-off was selected for its anti-diabetic effect as well as to see its effects on biochemical parameters. Both young (3-4 months) and old (up to 1 year) Wistar rats were selected for current study. It was found that the aqueous extract of WSSP peel-off had shown beneficial effects. In addition to the decrease in blood glucose level it also decreased protein glycation level total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-cholesterol. Increase in HDL-cholesterol was also observed after treating the rats with aqueous extract of Ipomoea batatas. Additionally, WSSP peel-off had also shown positive results on total protein concentration, albumin, globulin, and plasma enzymes (SGOT and SGPT). Further research would be needed in order to purify the anti-diabetic components and it should be available in compact dose form for all diabetic patients.

Enhanced production of Lovastatin by filamentous fungi through solid state fermentation.

Lovastatin is a natural competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme-A (HMG-CoA) reductase and inhibits specifically rate limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis. Further, lovastatin in comparison with synthetic drugs has no well-reported side effects. Four pure isolated filamentous fungal strains including Aspergillus niger IBL, Aspergillus terreus FFCBP-1053, Aspergillus flavus PML and Aspergillus nidulans FFCBP-014 have been cultured by solid state fermentation (SSF) using rice straw as substrate for the synthesis of lovastatin. After selecting Aspergillus terreus FFCBP-1053 as the best producer of lovastatin, various selected physical parameters including pH, temperature, inoculums size and moisture content were optimized through response surface methodology (RSM) under center composite design (CCD) for lovastatin hyper production. Maximum lovastatin production of 2070±91.5 was predicted by the quadratic model in the medium having moisture content 70% and pH 4.5 at 35°C which was verified experimentally to be 2140±93.25µg/g DW of FM (microgram/gram dry weight of fermentation medium), significantly (P<0.05) high as compared to un-optimized conditions while it was noted that lovastatin production is independent on inoculum size (P>0.05) measured by spectrophotometer at 245 nm against standard. It was determined that optimized conditions for the hyper-production of lovastatin from fungal sources have a significant effect.

Emerging Trends in Non-Interferon-Based Genotype-Specific Antiviral Agents: Pharmaceutical Perspectives.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) presents a serious global health threat. Initially, the health-care community mainly focused on interferon (IFN)-based therapeutic options to eradicate HCV, but with the passage of time, these applications became unsuitable due to some serious side effects related to the use of IFN. In recent years, research conducted on different phases of HCV's life cycle has opened a new gateway for the use of a direct-acting new generation of anti-HCV agents. Their safer and ultrarapid response has made possible the introduction of triple therapy and use of IFN-free therapeutic treatment strategies. However, the high cost of these successful therapies has raised serious concerns, particularly in low-income countries, and this has forced pharmaceutical scientists to explore more cost-effective IFN-free alternatives for the treatment of HCV. In this article, we have briefly summarized the latest data regarding the research and development of non-IFN-based antiviral agents. The studies mentioned in this article highlight the significance of non-IFN-based direct-acting antiviral (DAA) agents. Economical alternative anti-HCV agents are expected to become available in the near future for better and more cost-effective treatments of HCV.

Ethnopharmacological Investigations of Phytochemical Constituents Isolated from the Genus Cuscuta.

The genus Cuscuta, of the family Cuscutaceae, is present in plants and has been traditionally used medicinally against many diseases and conditions, notably depression, mental illness, headache, spleen disease, jaundice, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. Large numbers of phytochemical constituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, lignins, oxygen heterocyclic compounds, steroids, fatty acids, phenolic acids, resin glycosides, and polysaccharides have been isolated from different species of Cuscuta. Ethnopharmacological studies conducted on such constituents have also been shown Cuscuta to possess anticancer, antiviral, antispasmodic, antihypertensive, anticonvulsant, antibacterial, antioxidant, diuretic, and hair-growth activity. Many tribes and traditional communities have long used the different forms of Cuscuta for treatment and prevention of many diseases. In this article, we comprehensively summarize relevant data regarding the phytochemical, ethnopharmacological, and traditional therapeutic uses of Cuscuta. In addition, we review the parts of the plants that are used as traditional therapeutic agents, their regions of existence, and their possible modes of action. To conclude, we provide evidence and new insights for further discovery and development of natural drugs from Cuscuta. We show that further studies are needed to investigate the mechanism of action and safety profile of phytochemical constituents isolated from Cuscuta.

Facile and Green Synthesis of Saturated Cyclic Amines.

Single-nitrogen containing saturated cyclic amines are an important part of both natural and synthetic bioactive compounds. A number of methodologies have been developed for the synthesis of aziridines, azetidines, pyrrolidines, piperidines, azepanes and azocanes. This review highlights some facile and green synthetic routes for the synthesis of unsubstituted, multisubstituted and highly functionalized saturated cyclic amines including one-pot, microwave assisted, metal-free, solvent-free and in aqueous media.

Antiretroviral Agents: Looking for the Best Possible Chemotherapeutic Options to Conquer HIV.

For the last thirty years, ongoing efforts have revolutionized the antiretroviral therapy, which changed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections from terrifying lethal diseases to chronic conditions. However, many challenges, like emergence of drug resistance, limited the scope of activity of currently existing anti-HIV agents. Quite often severe side effects and lifelong dependency are the major concerns of present era. All these issues have compelled the scientists to reconsider and refine the current therapies and also contemplate the pivotal priorities for the developments of novel therapeutic paradigms. In response to this global concern, medicinal chemists and pharmaceutical scientists have put in solid efforts to search for or develop novel, more effective, safer, and affordable antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV infections. The exploration and utilization of natural sources has always been an attractive research area in this regard. In the search of the most suitable and potent anti-HIV agents, researchers have explored the anti-HIV activity of different classes of compounds originating from plants, marine organisms, and microorganisms. This review will highlight the recent notable developments for the discovery of antiretroviral agents. Furthermore, this review also highlights the better in-depth insights of existing HIV cures and preventive strategies.

A case of non-lacrimal immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related orbital disease with mastitis.

IgG4-related orbital disease is a recognised cause for orbital inflammation. As its awareness increases and diagnostic accuracy improves there will be an increased number of cases being identified. This unique case demonstrates for the first time, with histological evidence, a case of a non-lacrimal IgG4-related orbital disease with concurrent IgG4-related mastitis. We describe a 47 year old who presented with a supraorbital swelling and mass. This was initially successfully treated with oral steroids and was later excised on recurrence. Immunohistochemical and blood serum analysis confirmed IgG4-related orbital disease. On systemic enquiry she was found to have a mass of the breast, which was shown to be IgG4-related mastitis. She is currently asymptomatic with no sign of recurrence and is under long-term surveillance. This case highlights the importance of systemic work up in patients presenting with orbital foci of IgG4 disease.

Chitosan nanoparticles encapsulating curcumin counteract salt-mediated ionic toxicity in wheat seedlings: an ecofriendly and sustainable approach.

Over-accumulating salts in soil are hazardous materials that interfere with the biochemical pathways in growing plants drastically affecting their physiological attributes, growth, and productivity. Soil salinization poses severe threats to highly-demanded and important crops directly challenging food security and sustainable productivity. Recently, there has been a great demand to exploit natural sources for the development of nontoxic nanoformulations of growth enhancers and stress emulators. The chitosan (CS) has growth-stimulating properties and widespread use as nanocarriers, while curcumin (CUR) has a well-established high ROS scavenging potential. Herein, we use CS and CUR for the preparation of CSNPs encapsulating CUR as an ecofriendly nanopriming agent. The hydroprimed, nanoprimed (0.02 and 0.04%), and unprimed (control) wheat seeds were germinated under salt stress (150 mM NaCl) and normal conditions. The seedlings established from the aforementioned seeds were employed for germination studies and biochemical analyses. Priming imprints mitigated the ionic toxicity by upregulating the machinery of antioxidants (CAT, POD, APX, and SOD), photosynthetic pigments (Chl a, Chl b, total Chl, and lycopene), tannins, flavonoids, and protein contents in wheat seedlings under salt stress. It controlled ROS production and avoided structural injuries, thus reducing MDA contents and regulating osmoregulation. The nanopriming-induced readjustments in biochemical attributes counteracted the ionic toxicity and positively influenced the growth parameters including final germination, vigor, and germination index. It also reduced the mean germination time, significantly validating the growth-stimulating and stress-emulating role of the prepared nanosystem. Hence, the nanopriming conferred tolerance against salt stress during germination and seedling development, ensuring sustainable growth.

Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with Foeniculum vulgare extract regulate retrieval of sensory and motor functions in mice.

In this study, chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) encapsulating Foeniculum vulgare (FV) seed extract (SE) were prepared for the controlled delivery of bioactive phytoconstituents. The prepared CSNPs encapsulating FVSE as sustain-releasing nanoconjugate (CSNPs-FVSE) was used as a potent source of functional metabolites including kaempferol and quercetin for accelerated reclamation of sensory and motor functions following peripheral nerve injury (PNI). The nanoconjugate exhibited in vitro a biphasic diffusion-controlled sustained release of quercetin and kaempferol ensuring prolonged therapeutic effects. The CSNPs-FVSE was administered through gavaging to albino mice daily at a dose rate of 25 mg/kg body weight from the day of induced PNI till the end of the experiment. The conjugate-treatment induced a significant acceleration in the regain of motor functioning, evaluated from the sciatic function index (SFI) and muscle grip strength studies. Further, the hotplate test confirmed a significantly faster recuperation of sensory functions in conjugate-treated group compared to control. An array of underlying biochemical pathways regulates the regeneration under well-optimized glucose and oxidant levels. Therefore, oxidant status (TOS), blood glycemic level and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were evaluated in the conjugate-treated group and compared with the controls. The treated subjects exhibited controlled oxidative stress and regulated blood sugars compared to the non-treated control. Thus, the nanoconjugate enriched with polyphenolics significantly accelerated the regeneration and recovery of functions after nerve lesions. The biocompatible nanocarriers encapsulating the nontoxic natural bioactive constitutents have great medicinal and economic value.

Alkanna tinctoria-based sustainable alkanin natural colorant for eco-dyeing of wool.

The awareness of sustainability and widespread utilization of green technologies in textile dye houses are revolutionizing not only textile industries but related fields. The current study is concerned with ultrasonic (US)-assisted utilization of extracts of Alkanna tinctoria (a source of natural alkanin dye) for wool dyeing. The extracts are obtained in various media, and both extracts and wool fabrics have been  US treated for 15-60 min. Dyeing is performed by applying variable parameters and utilizing herbal-based extracts as a source of bio-mordant, hence improving the fastness rating and enhancing color strength. Good color strength and fastness ratings are obtained using irradiated extract at 4 pH when the US-treated wool fabric is dyed at 65 °C for 60 min before and after chemical and bio-mordanting. For comparative studies, chemical mordants are also employed. In contrast to chemical mordants, the bio-mordants have made the dyeing process more sustainable with good to excellent fastness rating.

Two-step method for rapid isolation of genomic DNA and validation of R81T insecticide resistance mutation in Myzus persicae.

Isolation and amplification of nucleic acid (DNA) is considered a vital and potent instrument in molecular biological research. However, its functioning outside of a laboratory setting is difficult because of complex procedures that demand expert personnel and expensive equipment in addition to the fulfillment of several additional requirements. DNA isolation from minute insects is sometimes difficult, making diagnostic and genotyping procedures problematic. Thus, the current work offers a high-throughput, cost-effective, straightforward, and faster approach for isolating DNA from the aphid Myzus persicae. Intriguingly, two-step DNA extraction process yielded a high yield of extremely pure genomic DNA and required only 10 s to complete. PCR investigation aiming at amplifying the non-synonymous R81T region on the loop D site of the nAChR gene of M. persicae was subsequently utilized to successfully validate the recovered DNA. Moreover, the proposed method was compared in terms of yield and purity with conventionally used DNA isolation methods including, phenol:chloroform, salt out, and commercially available kits. In conclusion, this newly developed method would enable researchers to quickly process many biological samples used to analyze genetic diversity, mutant screening, and large spectrum diagnosis both in laboratory and field conditions.

Nanosuspension of Foeniculum Vulgare Promotes Accelerated Sensory and Motor Function Recovery after Sciatic Nerve Injury.

The seed extract of Foeniculum vulgare (FV) was used for the preparation of a nanosuspension (NS) with an enhanced bioavailability of phytoconstituents. Subsequently, it was employed as a potent source of polyphenols, such as quercetin and kaempferol, to accelerate the regeneration and recovery of motor and sensory function in injured nerves. The NS was administered through daily gauging as NS1 (0.5 mg/mL) and NS2 (15 mg/mL), at a dose rate of 2 g/kg body weight until the end of the study. The NS-mediated retrieval of motor functions was studied by evaluating muscle grip strength and the sciatic functional index. The recovery of sensory functions was assessed by the hotplate test. Several well-integrated biochemical pathways mediate the recovery of function and the regeneration of nerves under controlled blood glucose and oxidative stress. Consequently, the NS-treated groups were screened for blood glucose, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and total oxidant status (TOS) compared to the control. The NS administration showed a significant potential to enhance the recuperation of motor and sensory functions. Moreover, the oxidative stress was kept under check as a result of NS treatments to facilitate neuronal generation. Thus, the nanoformulation of FV with polyphenolic contents accelerated the reclamation of motor and sensory function after nerve lesion.