First report of Salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi A azithromycin resistance leading to treatment failure.

The prevalence of Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A infection is increasing, and multidrug resistance is a well-recognized problem. Resistance to fluoroquinolones is common and leads to more frequent use of newer agents like azithromycin. We report the first case of azithromycin resistance and treatment failure in a patient with S. Paratyphi A infection.

Report of neonatal meningitis due to Salmonella enterica serotype Agona and review of breast milk-associated neonatal Salmonella infections.

We present the first documented case of Salmonella enterica serotype Agona meningitis in a 6-day-old baby. S. enterica serotype Agona was isolated concurrently from infant cerebrospinal fluid and parental fecal samples, and Salmonella was isolated from breast milk. The role of breast milk in transmission of Salmonella enterica is discussed.

First report of human infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Apapa resulting from exposure to a pet lizard.

We present the first documented human case of Salmonella enterica serovar Apapa infection, isolated concurrently from a hospital inpatient and a pet lizard. The isolates were identical by biochemical profiling and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. This rare serotype is known to be associated with reptiles. The current practice for avoiding reptile-associated infections is reviewed.

Infection control education: how to make an impact--tools for the job.

Infection control education is difficult and time consuming, but there is persuasive evidence to demonstrate its effectiveness. When Infection Control practitioners are educating and influencing healthcare workers, compliance with the well-established guidance on implementation of health service research is advisable, and thus educative efforts must be repeated and administered as part of a concerted and multifaceted approach. Infection Control education must be specifically designed for and targeted at the groups of staff concerned, and medical staff pose especial problems. Recruitment of clinical champions from peer groups, and direct approaches from medical members of the Infection Control team are usually needed. Familiarity with only a limited range of published evidence is needed to answer the majority of clinicians who challenge Infection Control practices, and referral to higher medical and managerial authority is required very infrequently and as a last resort. Some recent initiatives in the NHS in England may make Infection Control education more difficult, and these are reviewed. New sanctions have been made available to hospitals and Infection control teams in the UK with the passing of the Health Act in 2006, and the effects of these allied to educative interventions on benchmarks such as hospitals' MRSA bacteraemia rates will be observed with interest.

Excess Mortality Attributable to Clostridium difficile and Risk Factors for Infection in an Historic Cohort of Hospitalised Patients Followed Up in the United Kingdom Death Register.

METHODS: We compared time from hospital admission to death in a probability sample of 100 Clostridium difficile infected cases and a probability sample of 98 non-cases admitted to an English teaching hospital between 2005 and 2007 with follow up in the UK national death register using survival analysis. RESULTS: Clostridium difficile infection was associated with a 50% increased risk of death (Hazard Ratio 1.51 (95% CI: 1.05-2.19 p = 0.03) at between five to eight years in Cox Regression analysis adjusting for age, sex, Charlson comorbidity index, diagnosis of a malignant condition and insertion of a nasogastric tube during admission. Acquisition of Clostridium difficile infection was independently associated with an almost six fold higher odds of being admitted with a diagnosis of infection of any other type (OR 5.79 (2.19, 15.25) p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results strongly support continued priority being given to improve prevention and treatment of Clostridium difficile infection in the English National Health Service particularly in patients admitted with an infection. Our results may be applicable to other health systems.

The SILVER (Silver Impregnated Line Versus EVD Randomized trial): a double-blind, prospective, randomized, controlled trial of an intervention to reduce the rate of external ventricular drain infection.

BACKGROUND: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) infections associated with external ventricular drain (EVD) placement attract major consequences. Silver impregnation of catheters attempts to reduce infection. OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of silver catheters against CSF infection. METHODS: We performed a randomized, controlled trial involving 2 neurosurgical centers (June 2005 to September 2009). A total of 356 patients requiring an EVD were assessed for eligibility; 325 patients were enrolled and randomized (167 plain, 158 silver); 278 patients were analyzed (140 plain, 138 silver). The primary outcome measure was CSF infection as defined by organisms seen on Gram stain or isolated by culture. Secondary outcome measures included ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunting. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in infection risk between the 2 study arms: 21.4% (30/140) for plain catheters vs 12.3% (17/138) for silver catheters (P = .0427; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.015-3.713). Patients who had an EVD infection had more than double the risk of requiring a VP shunt compared with patients without an EVD infection (45.7% [21/46] vs 19.7% [45/229], respectively, P = .0002; 95% CI: 1.766-6.682). There was also a significant difference in VP shunt risk with infection: plain (55.2%; 16/29) vs the silver arm (29.4%; 5/17); P = .0244 (95% CI: 1.144-11.695). A multivariate analysis demonstrated that infection risk was increased by duration of EVD placement (odds ratio: 1.160), spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage (odds ratio 4.958) and decreased by silver catheters (odds ratio: 0.423). CONCLUSION: The study provides Class I evidence that silver-impregnated catheters reduce CSF infection.

Risk-based objectives for the allocation of chemical, biological, and radiological air emissions sensors.

This article addresses the problem of allocating devices for localized hazard protection across a region. Each identical device provides only local protection, and the devices serve localities that are exposed to nonidentical intensities of hazard. A method for seeking the optimal allocation Policy Decisions is described, highlighting the potentially competing objectives of maximizing local risk reductions and coverage risk reductions. The metric for local risk reductions is the sum of the local economic risks avoided. The metric for coverage risk reductions is adapted from the p-median problem and equal to the sum of squares of the distances from all unserved localities to their closest associated served locality. Three graphical techniques for interpreting the Policy Decisions are presented. The three linked graphical techniques are applied serially. The first technique identifies Policy Decisions that are nearly Pareto optimal. The second identifies locations where sensor placements are most justified, based on a risk-cost-benefit analysis under uncertainty. The third displays the decision space for any particular policy decision. The method is illustrated in an application to chemical, biological, and/or radiological weapon sensor placement, but has implications for disaster preparedness, transportation safety, and other arenas of public safety.