Utilization of Osseous Landmarks for Anatomic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Femoral Tunnel Placement.

Accurate placement of the femoral tunnel is critical for long-term clinical success following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the accuracy of femoral tunnel placement when referencing osseous landmarks during ACL reconstruction. We hypothesize that referencing osseous landmarks during ACL reconstruction consistently results in anatomic placement of the ACL femoral tunnel. This study was a retrospective case series. We reviewed 83 consecutive ACL reconstructions performed by a single surgeon. The lateral intercondylar ridge and lateral bifurcate ridge were referenced intraoperatively for anatomic placement of the ACL femoral tunnel during single-bundle reconstruction. Using these landmarks, the femoral tunnel was placed in the center of the anteromedial bundle footprint on the lateral wall of the intercondylar notch. We reviewed all operative notes and intraoperative arthroscopic images to assess tunnel placement. Postoperative anteroposterior and lateral radiographs were obtained in all patients. Anatomic placement was confirmed by review of lateral radiographs utilizing both the quadrant method (QM) and Blumensaat-ridge ratio (BRR). We used a total of 80 patients for our study. Review of arthroscopic images confirmed anatomic placement of the ACL femoral tunnel in all patients. All patients demonstrated that the femoral tunnel was placed anatomically according to the BRR method. Using the QM, all femoral tunnels were placed anatomically except for one tunnel that was placed slightly anteriorly. There was excellent agreement between the two radiographic measurement techniques. The principal finding of this study indicates that the lateral intercondylar ridge and the lateral bifurcate ridge are reliable landmarks for anatomic placement of the ACL femoral tunnel. Referencing osseous landmarks during surgery can help surgeons avoid nonanatomic placement of the ACL femoral tunnel, especially in cases where the soft-tissue footprint is no longer present. Furthermore, both the radiographic QM and the BRR are valid techniques to assess for anatomic ACL femoral tunnel placement both intraoperatively and postoperatively.

A Simple Radiographic Sign of Vertical Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tunnel Placement.

The purpose of this study is to describe a novel radiographic sign indicative of vertical tunnel placement following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. We reviewed 190 consecutive ACL reconstructions. Operative records, patient charts, arthroscopic images, and preoperative and postoperative orthogonal plain radiographic images were reviewed. We made special note of the operative technique. Note was made of tunnel position and whether the posterior (proximal) aspect of Blumensaat line was violated on standard lateral knee radiographic images. Of 190 patients, 17 patients did not have postoperative imaging and were excluded. Of the 173 remaining knees, 163 were primary ACL reconstructions and 10 were revision ACL reconstructions. We found that no anatomically placed ACL femoral tunnel violated Blumensaat line. In all revision cases exhibiting violation of Blumensaat line, a new femoral tunnel was able to be drilled while completely avoiding the previously placed, nonanatomic ACL femoral tunnel. The principal findings of our study demonstrate that violation of Blumensaat line following ACL reconstruction is an indicator of vertical, nonanatomic femoral tunnel placement. Furthermore, presence of this radiographic sign indicates that an anatomically placed femoral tunnel may be drilled while completely avoiding the existing femoral tunnel during cases of revision ACL reconstruction.