The expression of long non-coding RNA LINC01389, LINC00365, RP11-138J23.1, and RP11-354K4.2 in gastric cancer and their impacts on EMT.

BACKGROUND: Epithelial cancers acquire the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), which leads tumor cells to invade and metastasize to adjacent and distant tissues. The mechanisms involved in EMT phenotype are controlled by numerous markers as well as signalling pathways. Recently, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were introduced that play the regulatory role in EMT via crosstalk with EMT-related transcription factors and signalling pathways. The present study aimed to investigate the expression of four lncRNAs in human GC and elucidate their probable role in EMT procedure and the pathogenesis of gastric cancer (GC). METHODS: The expression profile of lncRNAs (LINC01389, LINC00365, RP11-138J23.1, and RP11-354K4.2) and mRNAs (TWIST1, MMP13, MAML1, CD44s, and SALL4) between eighty-three GC and adjacent non-cancerous tissues were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS: The significant downregulation of LINC00365 (66.3%) and RP11-354K4.2 (62.7%) were observed in GC samples; while the upregulation of LINC01389, RP11-138J23.1, TWIST1, MMP13, MAML1, CD44s, and SALL4 were found in 67.5%, 45.8%, 56.6%, 44.6%, 59%, 55.4%, and 62.7% tumors samples at the mRNA level, respectively. Dysregulation of these lncRNAs and EMT-related markers was significantly related to each other in a variety of clinicopathological features of patients (P < 0.05), indicating positive correlations between LINC01389, LINC00365, RP11-138J23.1, and RP11-354K4.2 with EMT status in GC. CONCLUSION: These EMT-regulating lncRNAs may play a key role in transforming gastric epithelial to mesenchymal phenotype and can be novel therapeutic targets for GC. Our results highlight the importance of discovering new lncRNAs involved in gastric carcinogenesis. Detailed molecular mechanisms of these noncoding-coding markers in GC are urgently required.

Genetically engineered mouse models of esophageal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Esophageal cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide with a diverse geographical distribution, poor prognosis, and diagnosis in advanced stages of the disease. Identification of the mechanisms involved in esophageal cancer development is evaluative to improve outcomes for patients. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) of cancer provide the physiologic, molecular, and histologic features of the human tumors to determine the pathogenesis and treatments for cancer, hence exhibiting a source of tremendous potential for oncology research. The advancement of cancer modeling in mice has improved to the extent that researchers can observe and manipulate the disease process in a specific manner. Despite the significant differences between mice and humans, mice can be great models for human oncology researches due to similarities between them at the molecular and physiological levels. Due to most of the existing esophageal cancer GEMMs do not propose an ideal system for pathogenesis of the disease, genetic risks, and microenvironment exposure, so identification of challenges in GEM modeling and well-developed technologies are required to obtain the most value for patients. In this review, we describe the biology of human and mouse, followed by the exciting esophageal cancer mouse models with a discussion of applicability and challenges of these models for generating new GEMMs in future studies.

Suppression of dsRNA response genes and innate immunity following Oct4, Stella, and Nanos2 overexpression in mouse embryonic fibroblasts.

The self-renewal capacity of germline derived stem cells (GSCs) makes them an ideal source for research and use in clinics. Despite the presence of active gene network similarities between embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and GSCs, there are unanswered questions regarding the roles of evolutionary conserved genes in GSCs. To determine the reprogramming potential of germ cell- specific genes, we designed a polycistronic gene cassette expressing Stella, Oct4 and Nanos2 in a lentiviral-based vector. Deep transcriptome analysis showed the activation of a set of pluripotency and germ-cell-specific markers and the downregulation of innate immune system. The global shut down of antiviral genes included MHC class I, interferon response genes and dsRNA 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase are critical pathways that has been affected . Individual expression of each factor highlighted suppressive effect of Nanos2 on genes such as Isg15 and Oasl2. Collectively, to our knowledge this is the first report showing that Nanos2 could be considered as an immunosuppressive factor. Furthermore, our results demonstrate suppression of endogenous retrotransposons that harbor immune response but further analysis require to uncover the correlation between transposon suppression and immune response in germ cell development.

TWIST1 upregulates the MAGEA4 oncogene.

Overexpression of MAGEA4 oncogene has been demonstrated in different malignancies; however, little is known about its exact mechanism for overexpression. TWIST1, as a bHLH transcription factor, activates a cell migration-invasion program involved in both embryonic and tumor development. Since MAGEA4 overexpression was statistically correlated to TWIST1, we aimed to elucidate the probable regulatory role of TWIST1 on MAGEA4 expression in KYSE30 cells. METHODS: Expression pattern of MAGEA4 and TWIST1 was analyzed in 55 ESCC patients using relative comparative real-time PCR. In silico analysis of the MAGEA4 gene was performed. Methylation status of MAGEA4 promoter was determined by quantitative methylation specific PCR (qMSP). Using a retroviral system, KYSE30 cells were transduced to ectopically express TWIST1, followed by qRT-PCR, Western blot analysis, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and luciferase assays to elucidate the regulatory role of TWIST1 on MAGEA4 gene expression. RESULTS: Concomitant overexpression of MAGEA4 and TWIST1 was detected in ESCC in significant correlation with each other in different clinicopathological indices of poor prognosis (P < 0.05). The TWIST1-expressing cells showed significantly higher MAGEA4 expression compared to control cells. ChIP and luciferase assays results confirmed indirect binding of TWIST1 to the E-boxes of MAGEA4 promoter sequence and revealed a novel regulatory role of TWIST1 in MAGEA4 upregulation. CONCLUSION: Since MAGEA4 is a highly expressed oncogene in a variety of malignancies in significant correlation with tumor cell invasiveness and aggressiveness, our finding may help understand one regulatory mechanism of increased expression in tumor cells. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Pluripotency induction in HEK293T cells by concurrent expression of STELLA, OCT4 and NANOS2.

Germline stem cells (GSCs) are attractive biological models because of their strict control on pluripotency gene expression, and their potential for huge epigenetic changes in a short period of time. Few data exists on the cooperative impact of GSC-specific genes on differentiated cells. In this study, we over-expressed 3 GSC-specific markers, STELLA, OCT4 and NANOS2, collectively designated as (SON), using the novel polycistronic lentiviral gene construct FUM-FD, in HEK293T cells and evaluated promoter activity of the Stra8 GSC marker gene We could show that HEK293T cells expressed pluripotency and GSC markers following ectopic expression of the SON genes. We also found induction of pluripotency markers after serum starvation in non-transduced HEK293T cells. Expression profiling of SON-expressing and serum-starved cells at mRNA and protein level showed the potential of SON factors and serum starvation in the induction of ESRRB, NANOG, OCT4 and REX1 expression. Additionally, the data indicated that the mouse Stra8 promoter could only be activated in a subpopulation of HEK293T cells, regardless of SON gene expression. We conclude that heterogeneous population of the HEK293T cells might be easily shifted towards expression of the pluripotency markers by ectopic expression of the SON factors or by growth in serum depleted media.

Predicting the molecular role of MEIS1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

The three amino acid loop extension (TALE) class myeloid ecotropic viral integration site 1 (MEIS1) homeobox gene is known to play a crucial role in normal and tumor development. In contrast with its well-described cancer stemness properties in hematopoietic cancers, little is known about its role in solid tumors like esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Here, we analyzed MEIS1 expression and its clinical relevance in ESCC patients and also investigated its correlation with the SOX2 self-renewal master transcription factor in the ESCC samples and in the KYSE-30 ESCC cell line. MEIS1 mRNA and protein expression were significantly decreased in ESCC disease (P < 0.05). The inverse correlation between MEIS1 mRNA expression and tumor cell metastasis to the lymph nodes (P = 0.004) was significant. Also, MEIS1 protein levels inversely correlated to lymph node involvement (P = 0.048) and high tumor stage (stages III/IV, P = 0.030). The low levels of DNA methylation in the MEIS1 promoter showed that this suppression does not depend on methylation. We showed that downregulation of EZH2 restored MEIS1 expression significantly. Also, we investigated that MEIS1 downregulation is concomitant with increased SOX2 expression. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the MEIS1 gene in ESCC. The inverse correlation of MEIS1 with metastasis, tumor staging, and the role of EZH2 in methylation, together with its correlation with stemness factor SOX2 expression, led us to predict cancer stemness properties for MEIS1 in ESCC.

Detection of novel PPP1R1B::STARD3 fusion transcript in acute myeloid leukemia: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the second most common type of leukemia in children. Although prognostic and diagnostic tests of AML patients have improved, there is still a great demand for new reliable clinical biomarkers for AML. Read-through fusion transcripts (RTFTs) are complex transcripts of adjacent genes whose molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. This is the first report of the presence of the PPP1R1B::STARD3 fusion transcript in an AML patient. Here, we investigated the presence of PPP1R1B::STARD3 RTFT in a case of AML using paired-end RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). CASE PRESENTATION: A Persian 12-year-old male was admitted to Dr. Sheikh Hospital of Mashhad, Iran, in September 2019 with the following symptoms, including fever, convulsions, hemorrhage, and bone pain. The patient was diagnosed with AML (non-M3-FAB subtype) based on cell morphologies and immunophenotypical features. Chromosomal analysis using the G-banding technique revealed t (9;22) (q34;q13). CONCLUSIONS: Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis suggested that the PPP1R1B promoter may be responsible for the PPP1R1B::STARD3 expression. Alterations in the level of lipid metabolites implicate cancer development, and this fusion can play a crucial role in the cholesterol movement in cancer cells. PPP1R1B::STARD3 may be considered a candidate for targeted therapies of the cholesterol metabolic and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathways involved in cancer development and progression.

Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells can survive and integrate into the adult rat eye following xenotransplantation.

BACKGROUND: Novel threads of discovery provide the basis for optimism for the development of a stem-cell-based strategy for the treatment of retinal blindness. Accordingly, achievement to suitable cell source with potential-to-long-term survival and appropriate differentiation can be an effective step in this direction. METHODS: After derivation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (HAD-MSCs), they were stably transfected with a vector containing Turbo-green fluorescent protein (GFP) and JRed to be able to trace them after transplantation. Labeled HAD-MSCs were transplanted into the intact adult rat eye and their survival, integration, and migration during 6 months post-transplantation were assessed. RESULTS: The transplanted cells were traceable in the rat vitreous humor (VH) up until 90 days after transplantation, with gradual reduction in numbers, their adhesion and expansion capacity after recovery. These cells were also integrated into the ocular tissues. Nonetheless, some of the implanted cells succeeded to cross the blood-retina barrier (BRB) and accumulate in the spleen with time. CONCLUSIONS: The survival of the HAD-MSCs for a period of 90 days in VH and even longer period of up to 6 months in other eye tissues makes them a promising source to be considered in regenerative medicine of eye diseases. However, the potency of crossing the BRB by the implanted cells suggests that use of HAD-MSCs must be handled with extreme caution.

Construction and Quantitative Evaluation of a Tissue-Specific Sleeping Beauty by EDL2-Specific Transposase Expression in Esophageal Squamous Carcinoma Cell Line KYSE-30.

Gene delivery to esophageal tissue could provide novel treatments for diseases, such as cancer. The Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system, as a natural and non-viral tool, is efficient at transferring transgene into the human genome for human cell genetic engineering. The plasmid-based SB transposon can insert into chromosomes through an accurate recombinase-mediated mechanism, providing long-term expression of transgene integrated into the target cells. In this study, we aimed to investigate the activity of ED-L2 tissue-specific promoter that was engineered from the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and combined with the hyperactive SB100X transposase to achieve the stable expression of T2-Onc3 transposon in esophageal squamous epithelial cells. Here we constructed an SB transposon-based plasmid system to obtain the stable expression of transposon upon introduction of a hyperactive SB transposase under the control of tissue-specific ED-L2 promoter via the lipid-based delivery method in the cultured esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells. Among established human and mouse cell lines, the (ED-L2)-SB100X transposase was active only in human esophageal stratified squamous epithelial and differentiated keratinocytes derived from skin (KYSE-30 and HaCaT cell lines), where it revealed high promoter activity. Data offered that the 782 bp sequence of ED-L2 promoter has a key role in its activity in vitro. The (ED-L2)-SB100X transposase mediated stable integration of T2-Onc3 in KYSE-30 cells, thereby providing further evidence of the tissue specificity of ED-L2 promoter. The KYSE-30 cells modified with the SB system integrate on average 187 copies of the T2-Onc3 transposon in its genome. In aggregate, the (ED-L2)-SB100X transposase can be efficiently applied for the tissue-specific stable expression of a transgene in human KYSE-30 cells using SB transposon.

Alteration of immunoregulatory genes expression in mesenchymal stromal cells upon priming with B18R as an interferon binding protein.

Objectives: The B18R protein encoded by the Vaccinia virus decoys Type 1 interferons and inhibits the activity of several type I IFN members. In vitro transcription protocols benefit from this molecule's involvement in enhancing cell viability by inhibiting interferon signal transduction. As a result of their immunomodulatory properties and potential to regenerate, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are increasingly considered an alternative treatment for a wide range of immune disorders. In this study, we investigated the modification of expression of several genes involved in immune-related pathways after preconditioning MSCs with two immune stimuli, including poly(I:C) and LPS. Materials and Methods: ASCs were isolated and primed with B18R, and after exposure to poly(I:C) and LPS, the expression of the same sets of genes as in the previous experiment was evaluated. Following total RNA isolation from primed cells and cDNA preparation, real-time quantitative PCR was performed for several immunomodulatory and immune-related genes, including IDO1, TDO2, COX-2, TGF- ß 1, TNF- α, IL-1 ß , IL-6, TLR3, TLR4, and MCP-1. Results: Pretreatment of MSCs with poly(I:C) and LPS significantly increased the expression of all mentioned genes, while upon the B18R challenge followed by poly(I:C) and LPS treatment, they were down-regulated. Finally, it was observed that the relative expression level of IFN -ß has significantly decreased in MSCs+B18R+poly(I:C) and LPS in comparison with these groups without B18R. Conclusion: The data indicated that the presence of B18R prevents the overexpression of several immune-related genes, which are overexpressed in the in vitro inflammatory environment.

Immunomodulatory Properties of Mouse Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells Upon Ectopic Expression of Immunoregulator Nanos2.

BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are known for their involvement in modulating the immune system of mammals. This potency could be enhanced by different strategies, including regulation of key proteins, in order to meet desirable therapeutic properties. Nanos2, encoding an RNA-binding protein involved in regulation of key spermatogonial signaling pathways, has been demonstrated to downregulate a range of immune related genes in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Accordingly, it was hypothesized that Nanos2 functions as a potent immunosuppressing factor. This study was aimed to measure the expression profile of the immune-related genes in mouse mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (mMSCs) and assess their functional properties after Nanos2 ectopic expression. METHODS: As inflammatory mediators, interferon (IFN-γ) and poly(I:C) were used to provoke an immune response. The interactions between the control and engineered mMSCs overexpressing Nanos2, with mouse peripheral blood mononuclear cells (mPBMCs) were then compared. The sensitivity of these cells to an inflammatory environment was assessed by using a conditioned medium containing high levels of inflammatory cytokines. Finally, the functional properties of the cells were investigated both in vivo and in vitro in presence of tumor and immune cells. RESULTS: Deep transcriptome analysis indicated that numerous genes were downregulated as a result of higher Nanos2 expression. Most of the genes subjected to gene expression alteration, were responsible for controlling responses to external stimuli, cell-cell adhesion, and wound healing. In comparison to the control cells, Nanos2-overexpressing cells showed lower expression of several immune-related genes after pretreatment with IFN-γ and poly(I:C). They also exhibited inhibitory effects against mPBMCs proliferation. Tumor growth rate, in B16-F0 administered mice was obviously increased upon their treatment with the Nanos2-mMSCs, while no tumor or very small ones were developed in the control group. In addition, the cytotoxic environment had no significant effects on Nanos2-mMSCs. CONCLUSIONS: According to the literature, MSCs are believed to be tuned very precisely by their internal and external conditions to act as either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory agents. We show here that Nanos2 plays a significant role in promoting anti-inflammatory properties when expressed at higher levels by MSCs. This approach could be adopted for controlling the excessive inflammatory conditions in clinical programs, however more experiments are required to confirm it. In Brief Viral transduction was used to over express Nanos2 in mouse mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (mMSCs). Induced expression of Nanos2 downregulated the expression of immune-related genes and proteins. These modified mMSCs switched to an immunosuppressive state, even in the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines; and could also contribute to tumor progression in a mouse model.

Rate of occult hepatitis B virus infection among individuals with tuberculosis in northeastern Iran: A molecular epidemiological study.

One third of the world population has a history of exposure to the hepatitis B virus (HBV), and two billion people are infected with latent tuberculosis (TB). Occult hepatitis B infection (OBI) is defined as the presence of replicative-competent HBV DNA in the liver with detectable or undetectable HBV DNA in the serum of individuals testing negative for the HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). Screening with HBV DNA could identify OBI and significantly reduce carriers and complications of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). This study aims to assess HBV serological markers and OBI molecular diagnosis among people with TB in Mashhad, northeastern Iran. We have performed HBV serological markers (HBsAg, HBc antibodies (Ab) and HBs Ab) in 175 participants. Fourteen HBsAg+ sera were excluded for further analysis. The presence of HBV DNA (C, S, and X gene regions) was assessed by the qualitative real-time PCR (qPCR) method. Frequencies of HBsAg, HBc, and HBs Ab were 8% (14/175), 36.6% (64/175), and 49.1% (86/175), respectively. Among these 42.9% (69/161) were negative for all HBV serological markers. The S, C, and X gene regions were positive in 10.3% (16/156), 15.4% (24/156), and 22.4% (35/156) of participants, respectively. The total OBI frequency was estimated at 33.3% (52/156) when based on detecting one HBV genomic region. Twenty-two and 30 participants had a seronegative and seropositive OBI, respectively. Thorough screening of high-risk groups with reliable and sensitive molecular methods could lead to OBI identification and decrease CHB long-term complications. Mass immunization remains critical in preventing, reducing, and potentially eliminating HBV complications.

Unraveling The Effects of DICER1 Overexpression on Immune-Related Genes Expression in Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells: Insights for Therapeutic Applications.

OBJECTIVE: The immunoregulatory properties of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) bring a promise for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. However, their ability to suppress the immune system is unstable. To enhance their effectiveness against immune responses, it may be necessary to manipulate MSCs. Although some dsRNA transcripts come from invading viruses, the majority of dsRNA has an endogenous origin and is known as endo-siRNA. DICER1 is a ribonuclease protein that can generate small RNAs to modulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. We aimed to evaluate the expression of several immune-related genes at mRNA and protein levels in MSCs overexpressing DICER1 exogenously. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this comparative transcriptomic experimental study, the adipose-derived MSCs (Ad-MSCs) were transfected using the pCAGGS-Flag-hsDicer vector for the DICER1 overexpression. Following the RNA extraction, mRNA expression level of DICER1 and several inflammatory cytokines were examined. We performed a relative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and transcriptome analysis between two groups including DICER1- transfected MSCs and control MSCs. Moreover, media from the transfected MSCs were evaluated for various interferon response factors by ELISA. RESULTS: The overexpression of DICER1 is associated with a significant increase in the mRNA expression level of COX-2, DDX-58, IFIH1, MYD88, RNase L, TLR3/4, and TDO2 genes and a downregulation of the TSG-6 gene in MSCs. Moreover, the expression levels of IL-1, 6, 8, 17, 18, CCL2, INF-γ, TGF-ß, and TNF-α were higher in the DICER1-transfected MSCs group. CONCLUSION: It seems that the ectopic expression of DICER1 in Ad-MSCs is linked to alterations in the expression level of immune-related genes. It is suggested that the manipulation of immune-related pathways in MSCs via the Dicer1 overexpression could facilitate the development of MSCs with distinct immunoregulatory phenotypes.

Preclinical tumor mouse models for studying esophageal cancer.

Preclinical models are extensively employed in cancer research because they can be manipulated in terms of their environment, genome, molecular biology, organ systems, and physical activity to mimic human behavior and conditions. The progress made in in vivo cancer research has resulted in significant advancements, enabling the creation of spontaneous, metastatic, and humanized mouse models. Most recently, the remarkable and extensive developments in genetic engineering, particularly the utilization of CRISPR/Cas9, transposable elements, epigenome modifications, and liquid biopsies, have further facilitated the design and development of numerous mouse models for studying cancer. In this review, we have elucidated the production and usage of current mouse models, such as xenografts, chemical-induced models, and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs), for studying esophageal cancer. Additionally, we have briefly discussed various gene-editing tools that could potentially be employed in the future to create mouse models specifically for esophageal cancer research.

Expression analysis elucidates the roles of MAML1 and Twist1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma aggressiveness and metastasis.

BACKGROUND: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition has recently attracted great attention in studying the malignant progression of cells through a converging pathway of oncogenesis and metastasis. Twist1 and Mastermind-like 1 (MAML1) are major regulators of EMT through different pathways. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinicopathological relevance of the expression of MAML-1 and Twist1 genes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). METHODS: Tumoral and corresponding normal tissues from 55 treatment-naive ESCC patients were subjected for expression analysis with quantitative real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS: Overexpression of MAML-1 and Twist1 were significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and the surgical staging of tumor. Overexpression of Twist1 was associated with tumor depth of invasion. Mean relative expression (MRE) of MAML1 was significantly higher in patients with metastasis to lymph nodes (3.07 ± 0.51 vs. 0.86 ± 0.58, P = .008). MRE of Twist1 was significantly higher in patients with invasion of tumor to adventitia (T3, T4) (1.97 ± 0.29 vs. 0.39 ± 0.73, P = .036). In advanced stages of tumor (stage III, IV), a significantly higher MRE of Twist1 (2.47 ± 0.41 vs. 1.25 ± 0.36, P = .035) and MAML1 (3.05 ± 0.45 vs. 1.07 ± 0.59, P = .021) mRNA was observed. CONCLUSIONS: We introduce Twist1 and MAML1 as new molecular markers of advanced tumor, which determine the characteristics and aggressive behavior of ESCC. Along with the emerging evidence of their role in different cellular processes and aberrations in various cancers, they are suggested as potentially interesting therapeutic targets to reverse a broad spectrum of functional aberrations that promote ESCC development.

Inhibitory role of LINC00332 in gastric cancer progression through regulating cell EMT and stemness.

OBJECTIVE: Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common lethal malignancies worldwide. The molecular mechanisms underlying GC early detection are poorly understood. Identifying potential coding and non-coding markers and related pathways in the GC progression is essential. Some Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) reportedly play vital roles during gastric GC development. However, the clinical significance and biological function of LINC00332 in GC remain largely unclear. METHODS: The gene expression patterns of GC from an RNAseq dataset (GSE122401) were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to recognize differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and lncRNAs (DELs) between normal and GC samples through several bioinformatic analysis. The expression of LINC00332 and MMP-13 as a target gene was quantified in fresh frozen tissues obtained from GC patients. In addition, we investigated the potential function of LINC00332 in silico and in vitro. RESULTS: The expressions of LINC00332 and MMP-13 were significantly downregulated and upregulated in GC tissues, respectively. A significant inverse correlation between LINC00332 and MMP-13 mRNA expression was observed in tumor samples. The mRNA expression level of mesenchymal markers, stem cell factors, and MMP genes were significantly decreased after the LINC00332 ectopic expression, while epithelial markers expression was significantly increased. The LINC00332 overexpression markedly repressed proliferation, migration, and invasion and did not induce apoptosis in AGS cells. In addition, LINC00332 overexpression notably promoted the E-cadherin protein expression. Moreover, LINC00332 significantly decreased the cisplatin resistance. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicated that LINC00332 may be a critical anti-EMT factor and provided a new efficient therapeutic strategy for GC treatment.

Quantitative analysis of TEM-8 and CEA tumor markers indicating free tumor cells in the peripheral blood of colorectal cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains the third most common cancer in the world. Approximately in 50 percent of patients, metastatic disease is a major cause of death. Therefore, early diagnosis of CRC is crucial for a successful outcome. For the detection of circulating cancer cells, this study applied a sensitive method that employed specific tumor markers for early detection. METHODS: A total of 80 blood samples from 40 CRC patients and 40 age-matched healthy controls were collected for the study. The circulating mRNA levels of two CRC tumor markers, tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM-8) and carcinoembryogenic antigen (CEA) were evaluated using an absolute quantitative real-time PCR assay in a Stratagene Mx-3000P real-time PCR system. GAPDH was used as the endogenous control. RESULTS: TEM-8 and CEA were primarily detected more in the CRC patients rather than in the controls: 22/40 vs 9/40, p=0.009 and 30/40 vs 11/40, p=0.00054, respectively. In the CRC patients, the mRNA level of these markers was significantly higher in comparison to the normal controls (p=0.018 and 0.01). The overall sensitivity of this panel was 65% with a specificity of 75%. Statistical analysis for demographic variants did not reach significant values. CONCLUSIONS: TEM-8 and CEA markers were detected more frequently and in significantly higher levels in the blood samples of patients compared with samples from age-matched healthy controls. The copy number of CEA and TEM-8 mRNA, as detected by a real-time quantitative PCR, appears to be a promising marker for evaluating the risk of tumor spread.

Novel function of Nanos2 in expression of innate immunity genes and its probable roles in maintenance of pluripotency state.

OBJECTIVES: Cell-based therapeutic approaches have witnessed significant developments during the last decade especially after approval of MSCs based treatment of graft versus host disease. Several cell-based approaches have shown immunomodulatory behavior during regeneration following the unknown cascade of events but the exact mechanisms are yet to be defined. Clinical applications of cell-based drugs are hampered all over the world because of incomplete understanding of molecular mechanisms requiring the application of mechanistic approaches to solving the mystery. Current work has given us the idea that Nanos2 enhances the cellular pluripotency characteristics while down-regulating the innate immunity genes, simultaneously. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The immunomodulatory behavior of cells was studied against cells carrying the ectopic expression of Nanos2 in comparison with Stella and Oct4 individually and simultaneously using SON vector (Stella, Nanos2 and Oct4). RESULTS: It was observed that overexpression of Nanos2 leads to down-regulation of Interferon-Stimulated Genes (ISGs)-mRNAs such as Ifitm1, lsg15, Oas2, and Oas12. Nanos2 overexpressing MEF cells have shown restrictive inflammatory effects when cells were treated with inflammatory stimuli such as LPS and Poly (I:C). CONCLUSION: From our recent findings in line with many others, it can be concluded that Nanos2 acts as a coin with two sides, regulating pluripotency and immunity together which enhances resistance against inflammatory stimuli. Nanos2 could be a potential candidate as a molecular drug for management of inflammation and immunomodulation but it requires a comprehensive comparative expression analysis of innate immunity genes in vitro and in vivo.

Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Overexpressing CXCR4R334X Revealed Enhanced Migration: A Lesson Learned from the Pathogenesis of WHIM Syndrome.

C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), initially recognized as a co-receptor for HIV, contributes to several disorders, including the WHIM (Warts, Hypogammaglobulinemia, Infections, and Myelokathexis) syndrome. CXCR4 binds to its ligand SDF-1 to make an axis involved in the homing property of stem cells. This study aimed to employ WHIM syndrome pathogenesis as an inspirational approach to reinforce cell therapies. Wild type and WHIM-type variants of the CXCR4 gene were chemically synthesized and cloned in the pCDH-513B-1 lentiviral vector. Molecular cloning of the synthetic genes was confirmed by DNA sequencing, and expression of both types of CXCR4 at the protein level was confirmed by western blotting in HEK293T cells. Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (Ad-MSCs) were isolated, characterized, and subjected to lentiviral transduction with Wild type and WHIM-type variants of CXCR4. The presence of copGFP-positive MSCs confirmed the high efficiency of transduction. The migration ability of both groups of transduced cells was then assessed by transwell migration assay in the presence or absence of a CXCR4-blocking agent. Our qRT-PCR results showed overexpression of CXCR4 at mRNA level in both groups of transduced MSCs, and expression of WHIM-type CXCR4 was significantly higher than Wild type CXCR4 (P<0.05). Our results indicated that the migration of genetically modified MSCs expressing WHIM-type CXCR4 had significantly enhanced towards SDF1 in comparison with Wild type CXCR4 (P<0.05), while it was reduced after treatment with CXCR4 antagonist. These data suggest that overexpression of WHIM-type CXCR4 could lead to enhanced and sustained expression of CXCR4 on human MSCs, which would increase their homing capability; hence it might be an appropriate strategy to improve the efficiency of cell-based therapies.

Induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes primed with tumor RNA-loaded dendritic cells in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: preliminary step for DC vaccine design.

BACKGROUND: Dendritic cells (DC) are potent antigen presenting cells with the ability to prime naïve T cells and convert them to cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL). We evaluated the capability of autologous DCs transfected with total tumor and normal RNA to induce cytotoxic CTL as the preliminary step to design a DC-based vaccine in the esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). METHODS: Monocytes-derived DCs were electroporated with either total tumor RNA or normal RNA. T cells were then primed with tumor RNA transfected DCs and lytic effects of the generated CTL were measured with Cytotoxicity assay and IFN-gamma Release Elispot assay. RESULTS: Cytotoxicity was induced against DCs loaded with tumoral RNA (%24.8 +/- 5.2 SEM) while in normal RNA-loaded DCs, it was minimal (%6.1 +/- 2.4 SEM) and significantly lower (p < 0.05). INF-gamma secretion was more than 2-folds higher in tumoral RNA-loaded DCs when compared with normal RNA-loaded DCs (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Electroporating DCs with tumor RNA generated tumor antigen presenting cells which in turn enhanced cytotoxic effects of the T cells against ESCC. This may be a useful autologous ex vivo screening tool for confirming the lytic effects of primed T cells on tumors and evaluate probable further adverse effects on noncancerous tissues. These data provide crucial preliminary information to establish a total tumor RNA-pulsed DC vaccine therapy of ESCC.