Health indicators in surplus calves at the time of arrival at auction markets: Associations with distance from farms of origin in Québec, Canada.

This study evaluated the associations between estimated distance from farms' locations to auction markets, and health indicators of surplus dairy calves sold during summer 2019 and winter 2020 in Québec, Canada. A total of 3,610 animals from 1,331 different farms were used in this cross-sectional cohort study. Geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) were obtained for each farm and the 2 participating livestock auction markets. Calves' abnormal physical signs (APS) were noted upon arrival at the auction market as they were examined by trained research staff. The haversine distance between the farm and the auction market was evaluated using geographic coordinates and categorized. Generalized linear mixed models were used for statistical analyses. The main APS observed were ocular discharge (34.9%), abnormal hide cleanliness (21.2%), swollen navel (17.2%), dehydration score 1 (at least one of the 2 following clinical signs: persistent skin tent or sunken eye, 12.9%), and dehydration score 2 (both clinical signs mentioned above, 6.5%). Calves from farms located at greater distances from the auction markets (≥110 km) had a higher risk ratio [RR = 1.08; 95% confidence internal (CI) = 1.03, 1.13] for dehydration than those from lesser distances (0-25 km). During the summertime, a RR of 1.18 (95% CI = 1.15, 1.22) was observed for dehydration compared with wintertime. A 2-way interaction between estimated distance and season showed a higher prevalence of ocular discharge for calves from farms at distances greater than or equal to 110 km during the summer (RR = 1.11; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.20) than for calves from farms located at lesser distances (0-25 km). These results demonstrate that calves from farms located at greater distances from the auction markets had more APS, mainly during the summer. A better understanding of the transport conditions and interaction with management at the farm of origin is determinant to mitigate the impact of the journey on surplus calf health.

Scoping review on clinical definition of bovine respiratory disease complex and related clinical signs in dairy cows.

Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD) is a worldwide multifactorial infectious disease. Antimicrobials are commonly used for treating BRD because bacteria are often involved. The clinical diagnosis of BRD is a challenge, especially in adult dairy cows, where information on this syndrome is scant. Having a definition based on consistent and reliable clinical signs would improve the accuracy of BRD diagnosis and could help to develop an optimal treatment approach by an early detection. The aim of this scoping review was to review clinical signs that could be recognized by producers in dairy cattle suffering from naturally occurring infectious respiratory disease, as reported in the literature. A review of the literature was performed for articles published between January 1, 1990 and January 1, 2020. The search of literature in English, French, and Italian languages included 2 different databases (Pubmed, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/; CAB abstract, https://www.cabi.org/publishing-products/cab-abstracts/). Clinical signs were categorized as follows: (1) "general manifestations of disease," which included behavioral changes or fever; (2) "alterations in respiratory function," which included clinical signs specifically associated with the respiratory tract examination; and (3) "clinical signs of other body systems," which included clinical signs related to other systems such as diarrhea or subcutaneous emphysema. The focus of the review was on clinical signs that could be monitored by animal handlers and producers. A total of 1,067 titles were screened, and 23 studies were finally included. The most common general clinical signs were increased body temperature (reported in 83% of studies, n = 19), change in feed intake (26%, n = 6), altered mentation (22%, n = 5), and decreased milk production (17%, n = 4). The alterations in respiratory function noted were nasal discharge (74%, n = 17), cough (65%, n = 15), altered respiratory dynamic or dyspnea (61%, n = 14), increased respiratory rate (43%, n = 10), and ocular discharge or lacrimation (30%, n = 7). The clinical signs associated with infectious respiratory disease reported in the 23 studies generally lacked a clear description of what constitutes a deviation from normality (0-50% of studies clearly reported what was considered normal versus abnormal depending on the clinical signs). This limitation prevented any comparison between studies that apparently reported the same "clinical sign," but possibly referred to a different assessment and definition of what was considered normal versus abnormal. Therefore, the definition of clinical signs in a repeatable way with validated interobserver agreement to determine the optimal combination for the diagnosis of BRD in dairy cows is needed. This could lead to a more judicious use of antimicrobials for respiratory disease in adult dairy cows.

Control of paratuberculosis: who, why and how. A review of 48 countries.

Paratuberculosis, a chronic disease affecting ruminant livestock, is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). It has direct and indirect economic costs, impacts animal welfare and arouses public health concerns. In a survey of 48 countries we found paratuberculosis to be very common in livestock. In about half the countries more than 20% of herds and flocks were infected with MAP. Most countries had large ruminant populations (millions), several types of farmed ruminants, multiple husbandry systems and tens of thousands of individual farms, creating challenges for disease control. In addition, numerous species of free-living wildlife were infected. Paratuberculosis was notifiable in most countries, but formal control programs were present in only 22 countries. Generally, these were the more highly developed countries with advanced veterinary services. Of the countries without a formal control program for paratuberculosis, 76% were in South and Central America, Asia and Africa while 20% were in Europe. Control programs were justified most commonly on animal health grounds, but protecting market access and public health were other factors. Prevalence reduction was the major objective in most countries, but Norway and Sweden aimed to eradicate the disease, so surveillance and response were their major objectives. Government funding was involved in about two thirds of countries, but operations tended to be funded by farmers and their organizations and not by government alone. The majority of countries (60%) had voluntary control programs. Generally, programs were supported by incentives for joining, financial compensation and/or penalties for non-participation. Performance indicators, structure, leadership, practices and tools used in control programs are also presented. Securing funding for long-term control activities was a widespread problem. Control programs were reported to be successful in 16 (73%) of the 22 countries. Recommendations are made for future control programs, including a primary goal of establishing an international code for paratuberculosis, leading to universal acknowledgment of the principles and methods of control in relation to endemic and transboundary disease. An holistic approach across all ruminant livestock industries and long-term commitment is required for control of paratuberculosis.

Cheek teeth apical infection in cattle: Diagnosis, surgical extraction, and prognosis.

OBJECTIVE: To report the clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome of cattle undergoing surgical extraction of apically infected cheek teeth (CT). STUDY DESIGN: Short case series. ANIMALS: Nine adult cattle. METHODS: Medical records were searched for cattle having a diagnosis of apical infection of CT that were treated with surgical extraction between 2005 and 2017. Data retrieved included clinical examination, ancillary tests, surgical procedure, and outcomes. RESULTS: The main presenting complaints were mandibular swelling and decreased appetite and milk production. In total, 7 mandibular and 3 maxillary CT were extracted, 7 molars and 3 premolars that were distributed more frequently on the left dental arcades (n = 7 CT). Two cattle had no visible external lesions. Radiograph images revealed that lucency surrounded all affected tooth roots. Mandibular teeth were removed by lateral buccotomy with removal of alveolar bone plate or retrograde repulsion, and maxillary teeth were removed by repulsion through a maxillary sinus flap. Most common bacterial isolates consisted of anaerobic bacteria (6/11 isolates) and Truperella pyogenes (3/11 isolates). The most common complications included inability to remove the tooth intact (n = 4 cattle) and surgical site infection (n = 5). All cattle remained in their herd after treatment. CONCLUSION: Surgical extraction of CT was achieved in all 9 cattle. The postoperative morbidity was high but without long-term consequences on animal productivity. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Surgical extraction of CT is a successful treatment for apical infection in cattle.

Frequency and distribution of foot lesions identified during cattle hoof trimming in the Province of Antioquia, Colombia (2011-2016).

Lameness is a severe welfare problem in cattle and has a detrimental effect on longevity, productivity, and reproductive performance. This study aimed to describe the frequency and distribution of foot lesions in cattle using hoof trimming records over a period of 6 years in the Province of Antioquia (Colombia). The data collection instrument enabled differentiation between limbs, digits, and views. The Claw Lesion Identification in Dairy Cattle brochure was the reference for foot lesion identification. A total of 1814 foot lesions observations, recorded from 1120 cows in 71 herds, were analyzed and 11 different foot lesions were identified. Non-infectious foot lesions were more common than infectious (94.4 vs 5.6%). White line disease was more frequently observed in the hind limbs (79.6%) compared to the front limbs (20.4%), and more frequent in medial claws of the front limbs (70.3%) compared to lateral claws (29.7%). In hind limbs, the lateral claws were more commonly affected (65.7%) compared to the medial claws (34.3%). Claw zone 3 was affected in 61.3% of the cases, followed by zones 2 (21.7%) and 1 (17%). Although our data are from a limited area of the country, they are consistent with published and anecdotal reports of foot lesions in cattle in Colombia and worldwide. Our results suggest that there is need for additional prospective research under Colombian dairy cattle management conditions to better understand the lameness and benefit of trimming intervention.

Hydronephrosis in a dairy calf: A diagnosis delayed by a clinician's Bayesian brain reasoning.

A 3-week-old female dairy calf was presented because of severe weakness and diarrhea. Physical examination and ultrasound findings lead to a tentative diagnosis of intestinal obstruction, although serum biochemistry suggested a primary renal disorder. Reassessment of ultrasound images allowed diagnosis of hydronephrosis that had been misdiagnosed probably because of the clinician's biased Bayesian reasoning. Pyelonephritis without renal failure was diagnosed 2.5 months later. The calf was euthanized and the diagnoses were confirmed.

Une hydronéphrose rénale chez un veau laitier : quand le raisonnement Bayesien du clinicien rend le diagnostic plus difficile. Une génisse âgée de 3 semaines est présenté pour faiblesse générale et diarrhée. L'examen clinique et les images échographiques de l'abdomen sont compatibles avec une obstruction intestinale. Mais les résultats d'analyse biochimique montrent une anomalie rénale. Un examen échographique supplémentaire est compatible avec un diagnostic d'hydronéphrose. Le diagnostic d'hydronéphrose n'avait pas été fait à la première visite probablement suite au raisonnement Bayesien du clinicien. Le veau est revu 2,5 mois plus tard. L'échographie de l'abdomen, les analyses urinaire et sanguine montrent une pyélonéphrite sans insuffisance rénale. Le veau est euthanasié et l'autopsie montre l'hydronéphrose et pyélonéphrite bilatérale.(Traduit par les auteurs).

Determining bovine viral diarrhea and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis infections in dairy cattle using precolostral blood.

The objective of this study was to determine if precolostral blood samples are useful to detect apparent fetal infections with bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) viruses. A convenience sample of 317 sera from 50 Canadian herds was used in the study. Antibody level was measured using 2 commercial IBR and BVD ELISA kits. Precolostral status of sera was confirmed on 304 samples using serum gamma-glutamyl transferase activity. Postcolostral serum samples yielded a higher proportion of positive results to IBR (OR = 86; 95% CI: 17.8 to 415.7) and BVD (OR = 199.3; 95% CI: 41.7 to 952.3) than did precolostral samples. All positive precolostral serum samples (n = 7 of 304) originated from calves born to vaccinated cows. Postcolostral positive serum samples (n = 11 of 13) originated mostly (60%) from calves born to non-vaccinated cows. Precolostral serum sampling can detect apparent fetal infections in a herd.

Utilisation du serum précolostral pour le dépistage de la diarrhée virale bovine (BVD) et rhinotracheite infectieuse bovine (IBR) dans les troupeaux laitiers. L'objectif de cette étude était d'évaluer l'utilité du prélèvement de sérum précolostral de nouveaux nés pour détecter des infections foetales apparentes par IBR et BVD dans un troupeau. Un échantillonnage de convenance de 317 sérums, prélevés de 50 troupeaux canadiens, a été utilisé. Les niveaux d'anticorps des sérums ont été mesurés en utilisant 2 trousses ELISA (IBR et BVD). Le statut précolostral a été confirmé pour 304 échantillons par la mesure de l'activité sérique des gamma glutamyl transférases. Une plus grande proportion de résultats positifs à IBR (RC = 86; IC 95%: 17,8 à 415,7) et BVD (RC = 199,3; IC 95 %: 41,7 à 952,3) a été observée parmi les échantillons postcolostraux que parmi les précolostraux. Tous les échantillons précolostraux positifs (n = 7/304) provenaient de veaux nés de mères vaccinées. Les échantillons postcolostraux positifs (n = 11/13) étaient majoritairement (60 %) prélevés à partir de veaux nés de mères non vaccinées. Le prélèvement de sérum précolostal peut détecter des infections foetales apparentes dans les troupeaux.(Traduit par les auteurs).

Can Monitoring Fetal Intestinal Inflammation Using Heart Rate Variability Analysis Signal Incipient Necrotizing Enterocolitis of the Neonate?

OBJECTIVE: Necrotizing enterocolitis of the neonate is an acute inflammatory intestinal disease that can cause necrosis and sepsis. Chorioamnionitis is a risk factor of necrotizing enterocolitis. The gut represents the biggest vagus-innervated organ. Vagal activity can be measured via fetal heart rate variability. We hypothesized that fetal heart rate variability can detect fetuses with incipient gut inflammation. DESIGN: Prospective animal study. SETTING: University research laboratory. SUBJECTS: Chronically instrumented near-term fetal sheep (n = 21). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Animals were surgically instrumented with vascular catheters and electrocardiogram to allow manipulation and recording from nonanesthetized animals. In 14 fetal sheep, inflammation was induced with lipopolysaccharide (IV) to mimic chorioamnionitis. Fetal arterial blood samples were drawn at selected time points over 54 hours post lipopolysaccharide for blood gas and cytokines (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α enzymelinked immunosorbent assay). Fetal heart rateV was quantified throughout the experiment. The time-matched fetal heart rate variability measures were correlated to the levels of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. Upon necropsy, ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1+ (Iba1+), CD11c+ (M1), CD206+ (M2 macrophages), and occludin (leakiness marker) immunofluorescence in the terminal ileum was quantified along with regional Iba1+ signal in the brain (microglia). Interleukin-6 peaked at 3 hours post lipopolysaccharide accompanied by mild cardiovascular signs of sepsis. At 54 hours, we identified an increase in Iba1+ and, specifically, M1 macrophages in the ileum accompanied by increased leakiness, with no change in Iba1 signal in the brain. Preceding this change on tissue level, at 24 hours, a subset of nine fetal heart rate variability measures correlated exclusively to the Iba+ markers of ileal, but not brain, inflammation. An additional fetal heart rate variability measure, mean of the differences of R-R intervals, correlated uniquely to M1 ileum macrophages increasing due to lipopolysaccharide. CONCLUSIONS: We identified a unique subset of fetal heart rate variability measures reflecting 1.5 days ahead of time the levels of macrophage activation and increased leakiness in terminal ileum. We propose that such subset of fetal heart rate variability measures reflects brain-gut communication via the vagus nerve. Detecting such noninvasively obtainable organ-specific fetal heart rate variability signature of inflammation would alarm neonatologists about neonates at risk of developing necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis. Clinical validation studies are required.

Surgical Management of Omphalophlebitis and Long Term Outcome in Calves: 39 Cases (2008-2013).

OBJECTIVE: To describe and evaluate the surgical management of omphalophlebitis and to report the short and long term outcomes in calves. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: Calves (n = 39). METHODS: Medical records (2008-2013) of calves diagnosed with omphalophlebitis and that underwent surgical correction were reviewed. Short term (hospital discharge) and long term (≥6 months after surgery) survival rates were obtained. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the population and a Fisher's exact test was used to evaluate the relationship between clinical signs, surgical management, and outcome. RESULTS: Thirty-nine calves (median age 30 days) were included in the study. Eleven calves had septic arthritis associated with omphalophlebitis and 18 had evidence of liver abscesses on ultrasound. Complete surgical en bloc resection was achieved in 18 calves and umbilical vein marsupialization was performed on the other 21 calves. Thirty-five calves were discharged from the hospital and long term followup was obtained for 30 of them. Twenty-nine animals were performing according to the owner's expectation at least 6 months after surgery (14 for marsupialization and 15 for en bloc resection). A better prognosis was detected when en bloc resection was performed (100% survival); however, when marsupialization was performed, the prognosis was good (74%; P = .05). Septic arthritis had a significant negative effect on overall survival (P < .001). CONCLUSION: The overall survival is good with both surgical options, and even calves with liver involvement and septic arthritis associated can be successfully treated with a combination of long term antibiotics and umbilical vein marsupialization.

Long-term mechanical milking status of lacerated teat repaired surgically in cattle: 67 cases (2003-2013).

This study evaluated the long-term prognosis of return to normal mechanical milking after reconstructive teat surgery and determined the factors that have an impact on the outcome. A retrospective study of 67 dairy cows with teat lacerations was performed. Milking status at discharge and at long-term follow-up was adequate for 83% and 75% of the cows, respectively. No statistically significant differences were detected between the long-term prognosis and the age of the cow, the stage of lactation at presentation, or the configuration of the laceration. Lacerations repaired more than 24 hours after the trauma were more frequently associated with a negative outcome (P = 0.05). Mastitis was the most frequent complication (n = 17) and had a statistically significant negative impact on long-term prognosis (P = 0.02). Reconstructive surgery of lacerated teat in dairy cows can help establish return to normal mechanical milking.

Évaluation du pronostic à long terme en regard de la traite mécanique des trayons lacérés réparés chirurgicalement chez la vache : 67 cas (2003­2013). Les objectifs de cette étude sont d'évaluer le pronostic à long terme, en regard de la traite mécanique, suivant la reconstruction d'un trayon lacéré et de déterminer les critères associés à un pronostic négatif. Une étude rétrospective sur 67 vaches laitières a été réalisée. La traite mécanique était adéquate pour 83 et 75 % des vaches à leur sortie de l'hôpital et lors du suivi à long terme. Pas de différences statistiques ont été trouvées entre le pronostic à long terme et l'âge des vaches, leur stade de lactation et la configuration de la lacération. Les lacérations réparées plus de 24 heures après le trauma avaient un pronostic moins bon (P = 0,05). La complication la plus fréquente était la mammite (n = 17). Elle avait un effet négatif sur le pronostic à long terme (P = 0,02). Reconstruire chirurgicalement un trayon lacéré peut rétablir la traite mécanique.(Traduit par les auteurs).

Limitations of variable number of tandem repeat typing identified through whole genome sequencing of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis on a national and herd level.

BACKGROUND: Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative bacterium of Johne's disease in dairy cattle, is widespread in the Canadian dairy industry and has significant economic and animal welfare implications. An understanding of the population dynamics of MAP can be used to identify introduction events, improve control efforts and target transmission pathways, although this requires an adequate understanding of MAP diversity and distribution between herds and across the country. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) offers a detailed assessment of the SNP-level diversity and genetic relationship of isolates, whereas several molecular typing techniques used to investigate the molecular epidemiology of MAP, such as variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) typing, target relatively unstable repetitive elements in the genome that may be too unpredictable to draw accurate conclusions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diversity of bovine MAP isolates in Canadian dairy herds using WGS and then determine if VNTR typing can distinguish truly related and unrelated isolates. RESULTS: Phylogenetic analysis based on 3,039 SNPs identified through WGS of 124 MAP isolates identified eight genetically distinct subtypes in dairy herds from seven Canadian provinces, with the dominant type including over 80% of MAP isolates. VNTR typing of 527 MAP isolates identified 12 types, including "bison type" isolates, from seven different herds. At a national level, MAP isolates differed from each other by 1-2 to 239-240 SNPs, regardless of whether they belonged to the same or different VNTR types. A herd-level analysis of MAP isolates demonstrated that VNTR typing may both over-estimate and under-estimate the relatedness of MAP isolates found within a single herd. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of multiple MAP subtypes in Canada suggests multiple introductions into the country including what has now become one dominant type, an important finding for Johne's disease control. VNTR typing often failed to identify closely and distantly related isolates, limiting the applicability of using this typing scheme to study the molecular epidemiology of MAP at a national and herd-level.

Multiple tarsal luxations in 2 Holstein heifers.

Two Holstein heifers were referred for non-weight bearing lameness. The physical examination and radiographic findings were diagnostic of tarsal luxation. Treatment and outcome are reported. A closed reduction was successfully performed in 1 heifer. The second animal was euthanized after attempts to reduce and stabilize the joint.

Luxations multiples du tarse chez 2 taures Holstein. Deux taures Holstein ont été référées pour boiterie de non-appuie. L'examen physique et les radiographies étaient diagnostiques d'une luxation du tarse. Les traitements et pronostic sont décrits. Une réduction fermée a été possible sur une taure et l'autre a été euthanasiée après l'échec de la réduction.(Traduit par les auteurs).

Effect of maternal ketoacidosis on the ovine fetus.

Ketoacidosis during pregnancy carries significant risk of intrauterine fetal demise, but little is known about the impact of ketoacids on the ovine fetus. We report a case series of maternal ketoacidosis in ewes. Maternal ketoacidosis may result in biochemical and acid-base fetal abnormalities associated with changes in feto-placental unit perfusion.

Effet de l'acidocétose maternelle sur un fœtus ovin. L'acidocétose durant la gestation comporte un risque important de mortalité intra-utérine du fœtus, mais on connaît peu de choses à propos de l'impact des acides cétoniques sur le fœtus ovin. Nous signalons une série de cas d'acidocétose maternelle chez les brebis. L'acidocétose maternelle peut provoquer des anomalies biochimiques et acides avec des changements dans la perfusion de l'unité fœto-placentaire.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

A systematic review of risk factors associated with the introduction of Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis (MAP) into dairy herds.

The objective of this study was to systematically collect and appraise the scientific evidence related to risk factors associated with the introduction of Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis (MAP) into a herd of cattle. An electronic search was conducted to collect relevant references addressing 2 specific questions: are i) purchasing/introduction of cattle into a herd, and ii) presence of wildlife or domestic animals, risk factors for the introduction of MAP into a herd? The screening was based on titles and abstracts and selected studies were fully analyzed. Seventeen manuscripts published between 1996 and 2011 were ultimately analyzed. Unit of interest was mainly the herd (n = 17). The specific description of the risk factors studied varied between studies. The principal study design was cross-sectional (n = 15). The review indicated that purchase/introduction of animals was an important risk factor and that the importance of wildlife or other domestic species as a mechanism for transmission into a cattle herd was not measurable.

Revue systématique sur les facteurs de risque associés à l'introduction deMycobacterium aviumspp.paratuberculosis(MAP) dans les troupeaux laitiers. L'objectif était la collecte et l'évaluation systématique des preuves scientifiques liées à des facteurs de risque associés à l'introduction de Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis (MAP) dans un troupeau.Une recherche électronique a été réalisée pour trier des publications afin de répondre à 2 questions : Est-ce que i) l'achat/introduction de bovins dans un troupeau, et ii) la présence d'animaux sauvages et domestiques sont des facteurs de risque pour l'introduction de MAP dans un troupeau. La sélection a été effectuée en se basant sur les titres, les résumés, et les études choisies ont été entièrement analysés.Dix-sept manuscrits publiés entre 1996 et 2011 ont été sélectionnés. L'unité d'intérêt a principalement été le troupeau (n = 17). Les descriptions des facteurs de risque étudiés variaient d'une étude à l'autre. La majorité des études étaient de type transversal (n = 15).L'achat d'animaux est un facteur de risque bien documenté confirmant l'introduction de la paratuberculose dans le troupeau. Toutefois, malgré la présence de MAP dans les populations domestiques et sauvages à proximité du bétail, l'importance de ce facteur de risque dans la transmission à un troupeau n'était pas mesurable.(Traduit par les auteurs).

Genetic structure of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis population in cattle herds in Quebec as revealed by using a combination of multilocus genomic analyses.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the etiological agent of paratuberculosis, a granulomatous enteritis affecting a wide range of domestic and wild ruminants worldwide. A variety of molecular typing tools are used to distinguish M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains, contributing to a better understanding of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis epidemiology. In the present study, PCR-based typing methods, including mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units/variable-number tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR) and small sequence repeats (SSR) in addition to IS1311 PCR-restriction enzyme analysis (PCR-REA), were used to investigate the genetic heterogeneity of 200 M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains from dairy herds located in the province of Quebec, Canada. The majority of strains were of the "cattle type," or type II, although 3 strains were of the "bison type." A total of 38 genotypes, including a novel one, were identified using a combination of 17 genetic markers, which generated a Simpson's index of genetic diversity of 0.876. Additional analyses revealed no differences in genetic diversity between environmental and individual strains. Of note, a spatial and spatiotemporal cluster was evidenced regarding the distribution of one of the most common genotypes. The population had an overall homogeneous genetic structure, although a few strains stemmed out of the consensus cluster, including the bison-type strains. The genetic structure of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis populations within most herds suggested intraherd dissemination and microevolution, although evidence of interherd contamination was also revealed. The level of genetic diversity obtained by combining MIRU-VNTR and SSR markers shows a promising avenue for molecular epidemiology investigations of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis transmission patterns.

Endoscopic removal of esophageal and ruminal foreign bodies in 5 Holstein calves.

Endoscopic removal of esophageal and ruminal foreign bodies was successfully performed in 5 Holstein-Friesian calves under sedation or general anesthesia by using an electrocautery snare or a wire-guided Dormi basket. This report describes the endoscopic manipulations, treatment, and outcomes of esophageal foreign body removal in these calves.

Trans-oral endoscopie pour retirer un corps étranger oesophagien ou ruminal chez 5 veaux Holstein. L'extraction d'un corps étranger oesophagien ou ruminale a été effectuée par endoscopie à l'aide d'un lassot ou d'un panier endoscopique (Dormi) avec succès chez cinq veaux de race Holstein, sous sédation ou anesthésie générale. Ce rapport de cas décrit les manipulations endoscopiques, les traitements et le pronostic suite à l'extraction endoscopique du corps étranger chez ces veaux.(Traduit par les auteurs).

Ability of unsterilized recycled manure solids bedding to support growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli.

Although recycled manure solids (RMS) bedding is used on dairy farms, it could allow bacterial growth when contaminated by feces and thus increase the incidence of clinical mastitis in cows. The objective of this study was to describe bacterial growth in three different types of RMS bedding, as well as in sand, when samples were experimentally inoculated with Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Two 3-day trials were conducted, during which treatments included inoculating bedding samples with E. coli and K. pneumoniae, as well as no inoculation. The trial was repeated 3 times for each bedding sample on each day. Samples were incubated at 15°C for 3 d and bacterial counts were measured every day. After inoculation, there was no significant K. pneumoniae or E. coli growth phase during the trial in those RMS samples that were prepared either in a container or in a heap. Recycled manure solids and sand samples prepared in a rotary drum, however, showed a similar active growth phase of K. pneumoniae during the first 24 h of the trial. Moreover, a significant E. coli growth phase was observed in the samples of sand bedding in the first 24 h. The 3 different types of RMS bedding samples did not react in a similar manner to coliform inoculation. No active growth phase was observed in bedding samples already containing a high bacterial concentration following inoculation with coliforms.

Bien que la litière de fumier recyclé (LFR) soit utilisée dans les fermes laitières, elle pourrait permettre la croissance bactérienne lorsqu'elle est contaminée par des matières fécales et augmenter ainsi l'incidence de mammite clinique chez les vaches. L'objectif de cette étude était de décrire la croissance bactérienne dans trois types de LFR, ainsi que dans du sable, lorsque des échantillons étaient inoculés expérimentalement avec Escherichia coli et Klebsiella pneumoniae. Deux essais de trois jours ont été réalisés, au cours desquels les échantillons de litière ont été inoculés ou non avec E. coli et K. pneumoniae. L'essai a été répété trois fois pour chaque échantillon de litière, chaque jour. Les échantillons ont été incubés à 15 °C pendant 3 jours et la numération bactérienne a été mesurée chaque jour. Après inoculation, il n'y a pas eu de phase de croissance significative de K. pneumoniae ou d'E. coli au cours de l'essai dans les échantillons de LFR préparés dans un conteneur ou en tas. Les échantillons de sable et de LFR préparés dans un tambour rotatif ont cependant montré une phase de croissance active similaire de K. pneumoniae pendant les premières 24 heures de l'essai. En outre, une phase de croissance significative d'E. coli a été observée dans les échantillons de litière de sable au cours des premières 24 h. Les trois différents types d'échantillons de LFR n'ont pas réagi de la même manière à l'inoculation de coliformes. Aucune phase de croissance active n'a été observée dans les échantillons de litière contenant déjà une concentration bactérienne élevée après l'inoculation de coliformes.(Traduit par Docteur Simon Dufour).

Comparison of 2 PCR assays on environmental samples cultured for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causal agent of paratuberculosis, a chronic, contagious, and incurable enteric disease of ruminants. An in-house IS900 PCR assay validated for MAP detection in sheep has been shown to have a higher sensitivity than a commercial PCR and fecal culture. We have now compared the performance of this in-house IS900 PCR assay with a commercial ISMap02 PCR assay for the detection of MAP DNA in bovine dairy farm environmental samples. We purposefully selected 30 culture-positive, 62 culture-negative, and 62 non-interpretable environmental samples. We applied the IS900 PCR assay directly to the frozen inoculum of these samples. Inocula were incubated in an automated system, and growth was confirmed by an acid-fast bacilli stain and the IS900 PCR assay. Among culture-positive samples before incubation, the IS900 PCR assay yielded significantly more positive results than the ISMap02 PCR assay; however, among culture-negative samples, the IS900 PCR assay yielded positive results both before and after incubation. The ISMap02 PCR assay did not flag positively among the culture-negative samples either before or after incubation. The IS900 PCR assay is a sensitive method that can be used to detect MAP DNA in environmental samples before incubation. The ISMap02 PCR assay is a specific method used to detect MAP DNA in environmental samples both before and after incubation.

The Vagus Nerve Regulates Immunometabolic Homeostasis in the Ovine Fetus near Term: The Impact on Terminal Ileum.

BACKGROUND: Glucosensing elements are widely distributed throughout the body and relay information about circulating glucose levels to the brain via the vagus nerve. However, while anatomical wiring has been established, little is known about the physiological role of the vagus nerve in glucosensing. The contribution of the vagus nerve to inflammation in the fetus is poorly understood. Increased glucose levels and inflammation act synergistically when causing organ injury, but their interplay remains incompletely understood. We hypothesized that vagotomy (Vx) will trigger a rise in systemic glucose levels and this will be enhanced during systemic and organ-specific inflammation. Efferent vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) should reverse this phenotype. METHODS: Near-term fetal sheep (n = 57) were surgically prepared using vascular catheters and ECG electrodes as the control and treatment groups (lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Vx + LPS, Vx + LPS + selective efferent VNS). The experiment was started 72 h postoperatively to allow for post-surgical recovery. Inflammation was induced with LPS bolus intravenously (LPS group, 400 ng/fetus/day for 2 days; n = 23). For the Vx + LPS group (n = 11), a bilateral cervical vagotomy was performed during surgery; of these n = 5 received double the LPS dose, LPS800. The Vx + LPS + efferent VNS group (n = 8) received cervical VNS probes bilaterally distal from Vx in eight animals. Efferent VNS was administered for 20 min on days 1 and 2 +/10 min around the LPS bolus. Fetal arterial blood samples were drawn on each postoperative day of recovery (-72 h, -48 h, and -24 h) as well as at the baseline and seven selected time points (3-54 h) to profile inflammation (ELISA IL-6, pg/mL), insulin (ELISA), blood gas, and metabolism (glucose). At 54 h post-LPS, a necropsy was performed, and the terminal ileum macrophages' CD11c (M1 phenotype) immunofluorescence was quantified to detect inflammation. The results are reported for p < 0.05 and for Spearman R2 > 0.1. The results are presented as the median (IQR). RESULTS: Across the treatment groups, blood gas and cardiovascular changes indicated mild septicemia. At 3 h in the LPS group, IL-6 peaked. That peak was decreased in the Vx + LPS400 group and doubled in the Vx + LPS800 group. The efferent VNS sped up the reduction in the inflammatory response profile over 54 h. The M1 macrophage activity was increased in the LPS and Vx + LPS800 groups only. The glucose and insulin concentrations in the Vx + LPS group were, respectively, 1.3-fold (throughout the experiment) and 2.3-fold higher vs. control (at 3 h). The efferent VNS normalized the glucose concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: The complete withdrawal of vagal innervation resulted in a 72-h delayed onset of a sustained increase in glucose for at least 54 h and intermittent hyperinsulinemia. Under the conditions of moderate fetal inflammation, this was related to higher levels of gut inflammation. The efferent VNS reduced the systemic inflammatory response as well as restored both the concentrations of glucose and the degree of terminal ileum inflammation, but not the insulin concentrations. Supporting our hypothesis, these findings revealed a novel regulatory, hormetic, role of the vagus nerve in the immunometabolic response to endotoxin in near-term fetuses.