[Opportunistic fungal infections of ent organs. Part 2]. / Opportunisticheskie mikozy LOR-organov. Chast' 2.

The review of literature summarized information about main fungal pathogens and theirs proportions in infections affecting the ENT areas. Different nosological forms of fungal diseases of upper respiratory tract and ear were considered, and listed the main clinical manifestations. Microbiological diagnosis of mycoses affecting the ENT organs is based on microscopic, mycological, immunological and molecular-genetic studies. The review paid particular attention to the treatment of fungal infections of the areas. It presented the classification of modern antifungal drugs, and described regimens and duration of treatment depending on fungus type, disease severity and other patient's condition. It was noted that success of therapy of fungal infections affecting upper respiratory tract and ear now provided by using of complex antimycotics, immunotropic agents, antihistamines and probiotics. The emergence of resistant strains of micromycetes was observed as the main reason for decreased effectiveness of antifungal agents. Prospective solution of this problem were indicated by way of using of biologically active plant compounds, nanoantiseptics, metal ions, enzymes and photodynamic therapy. The review suggested relevance of increasing rates of fungal morbidity affecting the ENT areas, the necessity of early diagnosis, the search of new antifungal agents and compounds with fungicidal activity and theirs introduction into clinical practice.

[Opportunistic mycoses of ENT organs. Part 1]. / Opportunisticheskie mikozy LOR-organov. Soobshchenie 1.

The present literature review summarizes information about the diseases of the upper respiratory tract and the ears caused by opportunistic fungi. The factors responsible for the increased frequency of opportunistic infections, among which mycosis is the leading one, are given. The exogenous and endogenous risk factors are described. The main pathogens of opportunistic mycotic infections of the ENT-organs are listed. Special attention is given to the mechanism underlying the development of anti-colonial immunity of the upper respiratory tract and the ears and the formation of the antifungal immunity of the macroorganism as a whole. The data on the pathogenetic factors of mycelial and yeast-like micromycetes are presented. The main variants of the pathogenetic mechanisms, such as adhesion, invasive growth, and penetration, behind the formation of the mycotic lesions are considered. These biological properties of the fungi contribute to their ability to cause a wide range of pathological changes - from the superficial lesions of the skin and mucous membranes of the ENT organs to the deep invasive processes. The protective cellular and humoral immune reactions of a macroorganism that develop in response to the introduction of a pathogenic fungus are described. The review lists the main nosological forms of mycosis known to affect the ENT-organs with special reference to the leading role of the yeast-like fungi belonging to the genus Candida in the development of mycotic lesions of these biotopes (64.65%). The most pathogenic species, Candida albicans, prevails in the structure of the yeast-like fungi biome whereas the leading role in the development of mycosis of the ENT organs by micromycetes of mold belongs to the species Aspergillus niger.

[Membrane structure alterations in rat blood lymphocytes under external low dose rate gamma-radiation exposure].

The influence of a 0.72 cGy/day dose rate of gamma-radiation on plasma membranes of peripheral blood lymphocytes of rats exposed to the doses of 1.5, 15, 30, 60 and 100 cGy was studied. Parameters characterizing the viscosity and the polarity of lipid bilayer and also an external membrane surface properties were examined using fluorescent probes pyrene and 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate (ANS). Was shown the membrane structural parameters alterations after animal exposure to the doses of 1.5, 15, 60 and 100 cGy, being of a nonmonotonous nature as the dose accumulated. After exposure to the doses lower then than 30 cGy spectral changes were revealed not in each particular experiment that was probably caused by the individual peculiarities of radiation response development. After exposure to the doses higher than 30 cGy the changes were of reproducible character. After a 1.5 cGy dose a slight lipid bilayer polarity decrease and ANS binding parameter multidirectional changes were observed. After exposure to 15, 60 and to 100 cGy was shown polarity elevation and repartition of polar groups within the bilayer, the increase of viscosity of more polar membrane regions and also ANS fluorescence reduction mostly at the expense of quantum yield decrease. After the exposure of 60 cGy was observed a viscosity decrease in hydrophobic regions along with viscosity increase in more polar regions and after a 100 cGy dose accumulation an essential surface charge shift was found. Revealed alterations indicate the reorganization of external membrane surface and of intensification of oxidative processes in lipid bilayer.

[Dynamic study of the cytogenetic effects in blood lymphocytes from humans living in the Chernobyl Atomic Energy Station exclusion zone without permission]. / Dinamicheskoe issledovanie tsitogeneticheskikh éffektov v limfotsitakh krovi liudei, nesanktsionirovanno prozhivaiuschikh v zone otchuzhdeniia Chernobyl'skoi AES.

The cytogenetic examination of a group of people, self-residing in ChNPP Exclusion Zone with soil contamination density 137Cs 74-477 kBq/m2, 90Sr 33-289 kBq/m2, 238, 239 + 240Pu 1.5-10.0 kBq/m2, was conducted in 1998-1999 and also 2001. It is shown, that after 12-15 years of the accident the level of chromosome damages in Zone self-residents' lymphocytes detected by a routine analysis is higher then at the residents of control Yagotin district, Kiev region and comes to a plateau. Lymphocytes with multiple chromosome damages are detected. The probability of its transuranium elements induction which are present in the Zone is discussed at present.

[Method for determining the functional state of the human respiratory and circulatory systems in underwater conditions]. / Metodika opredeleniia funktsional'nogo sostoianiia sistem dykhaniia i krovoobrashcheniia cheloveka v podvodnykh usloviiakh.

An original device has been worked out which permits registering parameters of respiration, gas exchange and circulation in man during diving and performance of some tests under water (graduated exercise, respiration with changed gas mixture, etc.). The correction coefficients have been experimentally determined to calculate the gas exchange and cardiohemodynamics indices in underwater conditions. The indices of human work capacity under water are determined using the above device.

[The readaptation of the respiration, blood circulation and body oxygen regimen in aquanauts after saturation dives to depths of up to 450 m]. / Readaptatsiia dykhaniia, krovoobrashcheniia i kislorodnogo rezhima organizma akvanavtov posle saturatsionnykh pogruzhenii na glubiny do 450 m.

Main trace posthyperbaric and postdecompression responses to respiration, circulation and oxygen profiles, dynamics of their reduction in 99 aquanauts at pressure of 46 kgs/cm2 (0.46 mPa) during 14-30 day period have been studied. The respiratory changes were found to be characterized by: ventilatory function disorders which followed the obstructive-restrictive pattern; discoordination of ventilation regulation and slowing down of respiratory gas transport through aerohematic barrier. The hemodynamic shifts have been manifested as cardiac rhythm instability, heart pump function followed by decreased cardiac contractions on exercise exposures. The economy and efficiency of body oxygen profiles in a respiration loop become lower than that in hemodynamic loop. The rate of the alveolar oxygen supply is decreased to the levels lower than the rates of oxygen supply by arterial and mixed venous blood. The long-term functional rearrangement of respiratory gas transport followed by the phase changes combined with the specific and nonspecific reactions persisting over a period of 30-60 days and more longer after decompression, is existed.

[Change in nucleic acid metabolism in patients with acute purulent processes]. / Izmenenie obmena nukleinovykh kislot u bol'nykh s ostrymi nagnoitel'nymi protsessami.

In 127 patients with purulent-inflammatory processes of different location, the DNA concentration in the blood serum increased at the period of pronounced local manifestations of an inflammatory process and intoxication of an organism, in elimination of a focus of inflammation--decreased sharply. RNA concentration in the blood serum increased after the operation in intensive development of granulation tissue. The level of inorganic phosphorus decreased. Concentration of the uric acid changed inconsiderably. This evidenced in favour of intensity of the regulatory mechanisms, which control the nucleic metabolism.

[Gas exchange and blood indices in thyroid gland dysfunction]. / Gazoobmen i nekotorye pokazateli krovi pri deifuntsii shchitovidnoi zhelezy

An exposure of intact rats to a hyperoxic atmosphere of 2 atm for one hour a day during 20 days induced no changes in the gas exchange or hemoglobin and red blood cells content. The concentration of free radicals tended to decline. Thyroidectomized rats kept in a normoxic atmosphere showed anemia and gas exchange decrease. The concentration of free radicals in the tissues declined slightly. These parameters returned to the norm after the hyperoxybaric exposure. During a normoxic exposure thyroxine injections accelerated gas exchange, producing no significant changes in the red blood composition. The free-radical activity tended to increase. After a hyperoxybaric exposure similar changes took place.