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Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), which mediates the deposition of H3K27me3 histone marks, is important for developmental decisions in animals and plants. In the shoot apical meristem (SAM), Three Amino acid Loop Extension family KNOTTED-LIKE HOMEOBOX /BEL-like (KNOX/BELL) transcription factors are key regulators of meristem cell pluripotency and differentiation. Here, we identified a PRC2-associated coiled-coil protein (PACP) that interacts with KNOX/BELL transcription factors in rice (Oryza sativa) shoot apex cells. A loss-of-function mutation of PACP resulted in differential gene expression similar to that observed in PRC2 gene knockdown plants, reduced H3K27me3 levels, and reduced genome-wide binding of the PRC2 core component EMF2b. The genomic binding of PACP displayed a similar distribution pattern to EMF2b, and genomic regions with high PACP- and EMF2b-binding signals were marked by high levels of H3K27me3. We show that PACP is required for the repression of cell differentiation-promoting genes targeted by a rice KNOX1 protein in the SAM. PACP is involved in the recruitment or stabilization of PRC2 to genes targeted by KNOX/BELL transcription factors to maintain H3K27me3 and gene repression in dividing cells of the shoot apex. Our results provide insight into PRC2-mediated maintenance of H3K27me3 and the mechanism by which KNOX/BELL proteins regulate SAM development.
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Oryza , Complexo Repressor Polycomb 2 , Animais , Diferenciação Celular/genética , Genes Homeobox , Histonas/genética , Histonas/metabolismo , Meristema/metabolismo , Oryza/metabolismo , Complexo Repressor Polycomb 2/genética , Complexo Repressor Polycomb 2/metabolismoRESUMO
In situ forming gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) is one of the most feasible ways to improve the safety and cycle performances of lithium metal batteries with high energy density. However, most of the in situ formed GPEs are not compatible with high-voltage cathode materials. Here, this work provides a novel strategy to in situ form GPE based on the mechanism of Ritter reaction. The Ritter reaction in liquid electrolyte has the advantage of appropriate reaction temperature and no additional additives. The polymer chains are cross-linked by amide groups with the formation of GPE with superior electrochemical properties. The GPE has high ionic conductivity (1.84 mS cm-1 ), wide electrochemical stability window (>5.25 V) and high lithium ion transference number (≈0.78), compatible with high-voltage cathode materials. The Li|LiNi0.6 Co0.2 Mn0.2 O2 batteries with in situ formed GPE show excellent long-term cycle stability (93.4%, 300 cycles). The density functional theory calculation and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results verify that the amide and nitrile groups are beneficial for stabilizing cathode structure and promoting uniform Li deposition on Li anode. Furthermore, the in situ formed GPE exhibits excellent electrochemical performance in Graphite|LiMn2 O4 and Graphite|LiNi0.5 Co0.2 Mn0.3 O2 pouch batteries. This approach is adaptable to current battery technologies, which will be sure to promote the development of high energy-density lithium-ion batteries.
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BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to summarize the optimal strategy for early feeding in patients with acute pancreatitis. METHODS: The search was undertaken in electronic databases, which compared early with delayed feeding in acute pancreatitis. The primary outcome was the length of hospital stay (LOHS). The second outcomes were intolerance of refeeding, mortality, and total cost of each patient. This meta-analysis followed the "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses" guideline. Research is registered by PROSPERO, CRD42020192133. RESULTS: A total of 20 trials involving 2168 patients were included, randomly assigned to the early feeding group (N = 1033) and delayed feeding group (N = 1135). The LOHS was significantly lower in the early feeding group than the delayed feeding group (mean difference: -2.35, 95% CI: -2.89 to -1.80; P < 0.0001), no matter the mild or severe subgroup ( Pint = 0.69). The secondary outcome of feeding intolerance and mortality were no significant difference (risk ratio: 0.96, 0.40 to 2.16, P = 0.87 and 0.91, 0.57 to 1.46, P = 0.69; respectively). Moreover, the hospitalization cost was significantly less in the early feeding group, resulting in an average savings of 50%. In patients with severe pancreatitis, early feeding after 24 hours may be beneficial ( Pint = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Early oral feeding can significantly reduce the LOHS and hospitalization costs in patients with acute pancreatitis without increasing feeding intolerance or mortality. In patients with severe pancreatitis, early feeding after 24 hours may be beneficial.
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Nutrição Enteral , Pancreatite , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Nutrição Enteral/métodos , Doença Aguda , Pancreatite/terapia , Hospitalização , Tempo de Internação , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como AssuntoRESUMO
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is an economically damaging fungal pathogen that causes Sclerotinia stem rot in legumes, producing enormous yield losses. This pathogen is difficult to control due to its wide host spectrum and ability to produce sclerotia, which are resistant bodies that can remain active for long periods under harsh environmental conditions. Here, the biocontrol methods for the management of S. sclerotiorum in legumes are reviewed. Bacillus strains, which synthesized lipopeptides and volatile organic compounds, showed high efficacies in soybean plants, whereas the highest efficacies for the control of the pathogen in alfalfa and common bean were observed when using Coniothyrium minitans and Streptomyces spp., respectively. The biocontrol efficacies in fields were under 65%, highlighting the lack of strategies to achieve a complete control. Overall, although most studies involved extensive screenings using different biocontrol agent concentrations and application conditions, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the specific antifungal mechanisms, which limits the optimization of the reported methods.
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Ascomicetos , Fabaceae , Doenças das Plantas , Ascomicetos/fisiologia , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Doenças das Plantas/prevenção & controle , Fabaceae/microbiologia , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/metabolismo , Glycine max/microbiologia , Bacillus/fisiologia , Agentes de Controle Biológico , Controle Biológico de Vetores/métodosRESUMO
The patterning and ossification of the mammalian skeleton requires the coordinated actions of both intrinsic bone morphogens and extrinsic neurovascular signals, which function in a temporal and spatial fashion to control mesenchymal progenitor cell (MPC) fate. Here, we show the genetic inhibition of tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) sensory nerve innervation of the developing cranium results in premature calvarial suture closure, associated with a decrease in suture MPC proliferation and increased mineralization. In vitro, axons from peripheral afferent neurons derived from dorsal root ganglions (DRGs) of wild-type mice induce MPC proliferation in a spatially restricted manner via a soluble factor when cocultured in microfluidic chambers. Comparative spatial transcriptomic analysis of the cranial sutures in vivo confirmed a positive association between sensory axons and proliferative MPCs. SpatialTime analysis across the developing suture revealed regional-specific alterations in bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and TGF-ß signaling pathway transcripts in response to TrkA inhibition. RNA sequencing of DRG cell bodies, following direct, axonal coculture with MPCs, confirmed the alterations in BMP/TGF-ß signaling pathway transcripts. Among these, the BMP inhibitor follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) replicated key features of the neural-to-bone influence, including mitogenic and anti-osteogenic effects via the inhibition of BMP/TGF-ß signaling. Taken together, our results demonstrate that sensory nerve-derived signals, including FSTL1, function to coordinate cranial bone patterning by regulating MPC proliferation and differentiation in the suture mesenchyme.
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Proteínas Morfogenéticas Ósseas/metabolismo , Suturas Cranianas/metabolismo , Sistema Nervoso/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Transcriptoma , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Animais , CamundongosRESUMO
Anaerobic digestion provides a solution for the treatment of vegetable waste water (VWW), but there are currently limited targeted treatment methods available. Building upon previous studies, this research investigated the effects of polyacrylamide-modified magnetic micro-particles (MMP) on anaerobic digestion (AD) of VWW. Three variations of these particles were created by grafting anionic, cationic, and non-ionic polyacrylamide (PAM) onto the MMPs' surfaces, resulting in aPAM-MMP, cPAM-MMP, and nPAM-MMP, respectively. In AD experiments, the addition of aPAM-MMP notably enhanced the degradation of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in VWW. COD decreased to 1290 mg/L in the reactor with aPAM-MMP by day 12 and remained low, while the other reactors had COD concentrations of 4137.5, 5510, and 3010 mg/L on the same day, decreasing thereafter. This modification also improved the production and utilization of hydrogen gas and volatile fatty acids (VFAs), along with the conversion of methane. When tested for bioaffinity using fluorescent GFP-E.coli bacteria, the aPAM-MMP, cPAM-MMP, and nPAM-MMP demonstrated increases in fluorescence intensity by 51.66%, 36.13%, and 37.02%, respectively, compared to unmodified MMP when attached with GFP-E.coli. Further analyses of microbial community revealed that the reactor with aPAM-MMP had the highest microbial richness and enriched bacteria capable of organic matter degradation, such as Bacteroidota, Synergistota, Chloroflexi, Halobacterota phyla, and Parabacteroides, Muribaculaceae, and Azotobacter genera. In conclusion, our experiment verifies that APAM-MMP promotes anaerobic treatment of VWW and provides a novel reference point for enhancing VWW degradation.
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Organic semiconductor-based photocatalysts have been alluring due to their edge over inorganic photocatalysts. In this study, a reusable copper-bismuth oxide/polyacrylonitrile (Cu-Bi2O3/PAN) fibrous mat was prepared by fast-process flame spray pyrolysis and electrospinning for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB) dyes. The results confirmed a well-defined morphology of Cu-Bi2O3/PAN fibers and good coordination of flame-made Cu-Bi2O3 particles with the functional groups of PAN. The Cu-Bi2O3/PAN fibrous mat exhibits remarkable photocatalytic performance of 96.2% MB and 98.6% RhB degradation, with a reaction rate as high as about 4.5- and 10.2-times than that of flame-made Cu-Bi2O3 particles and PAN under neutral condition, even after 10 cycles. The Cu-Bi2O3/PAN exhibits complete degradation of MB and RhB in 90 and 150 min under alkaline and slightly acidic conditions, respectively. The synergistic effect of Cu-Bi2O3 and coordination bond between particles and functional groups of PAN promoted carrier migration, suppressed recombination of carriers and provided abundant radicals on the surface of the mat. Superoxide and hydroxyl radicals were the major active species involved in the degradation of RhB and MB, respectively. This work provides an insight into designing the Cu-metal-shuttle based photocatalysts to optimize fibrous mat application in water remediation.
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Resinas Acrílicas , Cobre , Elétrons , Rodaminas , Azul de Metileno , CorantesRESUMO
PET/PA6, hollow, segmented-pie, microfiber nonwovens (PET/PA6 HSMNs) play an important role in a microfiber, synthetic leather base. Most of the current PET/PA6 HSMNs generally lack in hygiene performance. Moreover, there is an urgent need for the asymmetric wettability of PET/PA6 HSMNs to ensure the comfort of clothing. In this work, a novel, asymmetrically wettable, PET/PA6 HSMN with a gradient structure is proposed, which can regulate liquid adsorption and directional transport. An MOF-303 was successfully synthesized and loaded onto the PET/PA6 HSMN, which had been pre-treated with gradient hydrolysis under sulfuric acid. The droplet quickly permeated the modified PET/PA6 HSMN, and the droplet disappearance time decreased to 62.40 ms. The liquid strikethrough time of the modified PET/PA6 HSMN reached 5.16 s. The maximum adsorption capacity of the modified PET/PA6 HSMN was 68.161 mg/g, which was improved by 122.83%. In addition, the air permeability of the pre-treated PET/PA6 HSMN increased from 308.70 mm/s to 469.97 mm/s, with the sulfuric acid concentrations increasing from 0% to 20%, and the air permeability of the modified PET/PA6 HSMN decreased gradually from 247.37 mm/s to 161.50 mm/s. Furthermore, the tensile strength of the modified PET/PA6 HSMN treated with sulfuric acid and MOF-303 was also obviously enhanced compared with the PET/PA6 HSMN treated with pure sulfuric acid. This PET/PA6 HSMN, with asymmetric wettability, owing to its high hygiene performance and water transport capabilities, is promising and able to extend the application of a microfiber synthetic leather base for clothing.
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Polyploidization leads to novel phenotypes and is a major force in evolution. However, the relationship between the evolution of new traits and variations in the post-translational modifications (PTM) of proteins during polyploidization has not been studied. Acetylation of lysine residues is a common protein PTM that plays a critical regulatory role in central metabolism. To test whether changes in metabolism in citrus fruit is associated with the reprogramming of lysine acetylation (Kac) in non-histone proteins during allotetraploidization, we performed a global acetylome analysis of fruits from a synthetic allotetraploid citrus and its diploid parents. A total of 4,175 Kac sites were identified on 1,640 proteins involved in a wide range of fruit traits. In the allotetraploid, parental dominance (i.e. resemblance to one of the two parents) in specific fruit traits, such as fruit acidity and flavonol metabolism, was highly associated with parental Kac level dominance in pertinent enzymes. This association is due to Kac-mediated regulation of enzyme activity. Moreover, protein Kac probably contributes to the discordance between the transcriptomic and proteomic variations during allotetraploidization. The acetylome reprogramming can be partially explained by the expression pattern of several lysine deacetylases (KDACs). Overexpression of silent information regulator 2 (CgSRT2) and histone deacetylase 8 (CgHDA8) diverted metabolic flux from primary metabolism to secondary metabolism and partially restored a metabolic status to the allotetraploid, which expressed attenuated levels of CgSRT2 and CgHDA8. Additionally, KDAC inhibitor treatment greatly altered metabolism in citrus fruit. Collectively, these findings reveal the important role of acetylome reprogramming in trait evolution during polyploidization.
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Citrus , Proteômica , Lisina/metabolismo , Proteoma/genética , Proteoma/metabolismo , Frutas/metabolismo , Citrus/genética , Citrus/metabolismo , Acetilação , Processamento de Proteína Pós-TraducionalRESUMO
AIM: Transcutaneous electrical cranial-auricular acupoint stimulation (TECAS) is a novel non-invasive therapy that stimulates acupoints innervated by the trigeminal and auricular vagus nerves. An assessor-blinded, randomized, non-inferiority trial was designed to compare the efficacy of TECAS and escitalopram in mild-to-moderate major depressive disorder. METHODS: 468 participants received two TECAS sessions per day at home (n = 233) or approximately 10-13 mg/day escitalopram (n = 235) for 8 weeks plus 4-week follow-up. The primary outcome was clinical response, defined as a baseline-to-endpoint ≥50% reduction in Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score. Secondary outcomes included remission rate, changes in the severity of depression, anxiety, sleep and life quality. RESULTS: The response rate was 66.4% on TECAS and 63.2% on escitalopram with a 3.2% difference (95% confidence interval [CI], -5.9% to 12.9%) in intention-to-treat analysis, and 68.5% versus 66.2% with a 2.3% difference (95% CI, -6.9% to 11.4%) in per-protocol analysis. The lower limit of 95% CI of the differences fell within the prespecified non-inferiority margin of -10% (P ≤ 0.004 for non-inferiority). Most secondary outcomes did not differ between the two groups. TECAS-treated participants who experienced psychological trauma displayed a markedly greater response than those without traumatic experience (81.3% vs 62.1%, P = 0.013). TECAS caused much fewer adverse events than escitalopram. CONCLUSIONS: TECAS was comparable to escitalopram in improving depression and related symptoms, with high acceptability, better safety profile, and particular efficacy in reducing trauma-associated depression. It could serve an effective portable therapy for mild-to-moderate depression.
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Transtorno Depressivo Maior , Escitalopram , Humanos , Pontos de Acupuntura , Citalopram , Depressão/tratamento farmacológico , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/tratamento farmacológico , Método Duplo-Cego , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Nitrogen removal is often limited in municipal wastewater treatment due to the lack of sufficient carbon source. Utilizing volatile fatty acids (VFAs) from waste activated sludge (WAS) fermentation broth as a carbon source is an ideal alternative to reduce the cost for wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and improve denitrification efficiency simultaneously. In this study, an anaerobic system was applied for simultaneous denitrification and WAS fermentation and the addition of magnetic microparticles (MMP) were confirmed to enhance both denitrification and WAS fermentation. Firstly, the addition of MMP increased the nitrate reduction rate by over 25.36% and improve the production of N2. Additionally, the equivalent chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the detected VFAs increased by 7.06%-14.53%, suggesting that MMP promoted the WAS fermentation. The electron transfer efficiency of denitrifies was accelerated by MMP via electron-transporting system (ETS) activity and cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments, which might result in the promotional denitrification and WAS fermentation performance. Furthermore, the high-throughput sequencing displayed that, MMP enriched key microbes capable of degrading the complex organics (Chloroflexi, Synergistota and Spirochaetota) as well as the typical denitrifies (Bacteroidetes_vadinHA17 and Denitratisoma). Therefore, this study provides a novel strategy to realize simultaneous WAS utilization and denitrification for WWTPs.
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Desnitrificação , Esgotos , Fermentação , Pós , Reatores Biológicos , Carbono , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos , Ácidos Graxos Voláteis , Bactérias , Nitrogênio , Fenômenos MagnéticosRESUMO
Polyester/polyamide 6 hollow segmented pie bicomponent spunbond hydro-entangled microfiber nonwovens (PET/PA6) with a microfilament structure have recently emerged in many markets around the world due to their green, high-strength, and lightweight properties. However, PET/PA6 is highly hydrophobic, which inhibits its large-scale application at present. In order to enhance the hydrophilic performance of PET/PA6, many methods have been applied, but the effects are not obvious. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation treatment has proven to be an effective method to improve the hydrophilicity of fabrics. Herein, the aim of this paper was to investigate hydrophilic modification of PET/PA6 by UV/TiO2/H2O2. The effect of H2O2, nano-TiO2, and UV irradiation time on the morphology, elemental composition, hydrophilic properties, and mechanical properties of PET/PA6 were systematically investigated. The results showed that the modified microfibers were coated with a layer of granular material on the surface. It was found that the C 1s peak could be deconvoluted into six components (C-C-C, C-C-O, O-C=O, N-C=O, N-C-C, and C-C=O), and a suitable mechanism was proposed. Moreover, the water contact angle of PET/PA6 modified by 90 min irradiation with UV/TiO2/H2O2 decreased to zero in 0.015 s, leading to the water vapor transmission rate and the water absorption reaching 5567.49 g/(m2·24 h) and 438.81%, respectively. In addition, the modified PET/PA6 had an excellent liquid wicking height of 141.87 mm and liquid wicking rate of 28.37 mm/min.
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Chitosan is an interesting alternative material for packaging development due to its biodegradability. However, its poor mechanical properties and low permeability limit its actual applications. Chitosan nanoparticles (CHNPs) have emerged as a suitable solution to overcome these intrinsic limitations. In this review, all studies regarding the use of CHNPs to extend the shelf life and improve the quality of postharvest products are covered. The characteristics of CHNPs and their combinations with essential oils and metals, along with their effects on postharvest products, are compared and discussed throughout the manuscript. CHNPs enhanced postharvest antioxidant capacity, extended shelf life, increased nutritional quality, and promoted tolerance to chilling stress. Additionally, the CHNPs reduced the incidence of postharvest phytopathogens. In most instances, smaller CHNPs (<150 nm) conferred higher benefits than larger ones (>150 nm). This was likely a result of the greater plant tissue penetrability and surface area of the smaller CHNPs. The CHNPs were either applied after preparing an emulsion or incorporated into a film, with the latter often exhibiting greater antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. CHNPs were used to encapsulate essential oils, which could be released over time and may enhance the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the CHNPs. Even though most applications were performed after harvest, preharvest application had longer lasting effects.
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Anti-Infecciosos , Quitosana , Nanopartículas , Óleos Voláteis , Frutas , Verduras , Antioxidantes , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologiaRESUMO
To find an economical solution to infer the depth of the surrounding environment of unmanned agricultural vehicles (UAV), a lightweight depth estimation model called MonoDA based on a convolutional neural network is proposed. A series of sequential frames from monocular videos are used to train the model. The model is composed of two subnetworks-the depth estimation subnetwork and the pose estimation subnetwork. The former is a modified version of U-Net that reduces the number of bridges, while the latter takes EfficientNet-B0 as its backbone network to extract the features of sequential frames and predict the pose transformation relations between the frames. The self-supervised strategy is adopted during the training, which means the depth information labels of frames are not needed. Instead, the adjacent frames in the image sequence and the reprojection relation of the pose are used to train the model. Subnetworks' outputs (depth map and pose relation) are used to reconstruct the input frame, then a self-supervised loss between the reconstructed input and the original input is calculated. Finally, the loss is employed to update the parameters of the two subnetworks through the backward pass. Several experiments are conducted to evaluate the model's performance, and the results show that MonoDA has competitive accuracy over the KITTI raw dataset as well as our vineyard dataset. Besides, our method also possessed the advantage of non-sensitivity to color. On the computing platform of our UAV's environment perceptual system NVIDIA JETSON TX2, the model could run at 18.92 FPS. To sum up, our approach provides an economical solution for depth estimation by using monocular cameras, which achieves a good trade-off between accuracy and speed and can be used as a novel auxiliary depth detection paradigm for UAVs.
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Redes Neurais de Computação , Aprendizado de Máquina Supervisionado , FazendasRESUMO
Oil shale semicoke is a kind of solid waste produced during the retorting process of oil shale, which could cause environmental pollution without reasonable disposing. In our previous study, the abandoned semicoke was recycled as bulking agent to reduce the nitrogen loss and greenhouse gases emission during composting. But influences of the obtained semicoke-blended compost on soil properties and plant growth remained unclear, which would be discussed in this study. Through leaching experiments, it was found that the N/P/K retention capacity of soil mixed with semicoke-blended compost significantly increased for the good nutrients sorption capacity of oil shale semicoke. Subsequently, germination test showed the germination index of semicoke-blended compost could attain 120%, implying its low phytotoxicity. And pot experiments exhibited the biomass of cress and Brassica rapa significantly increased by 2-4 times when applying semicoke-blended compost as fertilizer, exhibiting its great benefits to plants. For the increase of crop yield, it was closely related to their elevated nutrients uptake efficiency, also might be related to the improved soil microbial community and activity as the microbial analysis indicated. Finally, results of pollutant detection showed the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Cr, As, Cd and Pb in the mature semicoke-blended compost obtained through composting was 2.82, 95.30, 5.95, 0.34 and 14.45 mg kg-1 respectively, meeting the standard for soil application. The research suggests composting could be an effective method for the harmless disposing and resource recycling of oil shale semicoke waste.
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Compostagem , Compostagem/métodos , Esterco/análise , Solo , Nitrogênio/análise , FertilizaçãoRESUMO
Severed CNS axons fail to regenerate in adult mammals and there are no effective regenerative strategies to treat patients with CNS injuries. Several genes, including phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and Krüppel-like factors, regulate intrinsic growth capacity of mature neurons. The Lin28 gene is essential for cell development and pluripotency in worms and mammals. In this study, we evaluated the role of Lin28a in regulating regenerative capacity of diverse populations of CNS neurons in adult mammals. Using a neuron-specific Thy1 promoter, we generated transgenic mice that overexpress Lin28a protein in multiple populations of projection neurons, including corticospinal tracts and retinal ganglion cells. We demonstrate that upregulation of Lin28a in transgenic mice induces significant long distance regeneration of both corticospinal axons and the optic nerve in adult mice. Importantly, overexpression of Lin28a by post-injury treatment with adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) vector stimulates dramatic regeneration of descending spinal tracts and optic nerve axons after lesions. Upregulation of Lin28a also enhances activity of the Akt signaling pathway in mature CNS neurons. Therefore, Lin28a is critical for regulating growth capacity of multiple CNS neurons and may become an important molecular target for treating CNS injuries.
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Axônios/metabolismo , Regeneração Nervosa/genética , Nervo Óptico/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/genética , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/etiologia , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/metabolismo , Animais , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Dependovirus/genética , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Técnicas de Transferência de Genes , Terapia Genética , Vetores Genéticos/genética , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Neurogênese , Neurônios/metabolismo , Nervo Óptico/patologia , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Células Ganglionares da Retina/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/patologia , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/terapiaRESUMO
Regulated gene expression determines the intrinsic ability of neurons to extend axons, and loss of such ability is the major reason for the failed axon regeneration in the mature mammalian CNS. MicroRNAs and histone modifications are key epigenetic regulators of gene expression, but their roles in mammalian axon regeneration are not well explored. Here we report microRNA-138 (miR-138) as a novel suppressor of axon regeneration and show that SIRT1, the NAD-dependent histone deacetylase, is the functional target of miR-138. Importantly, we provide the first evidence that miR-138 and SIRT1 regulate mammalian axon regeneration in vivo. Moreover, we found that SIRT1 also acts as a transcriptional repressor to suppress the expression of miR-138 in adult sensory neurons in response to peripheral nerve injury. Therefore, miR-138 and SIRT1 form a mutual negative feedback regulatory loop, which provides a novel mechanism for controlling intrinsic axon regeneration ability.
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Axônios/fisiologia , Retroalimentação Fisiológica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Regeneração/genética , Sirtuína 1/metabolismo , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Camundongos , MicroRNAs/genética , Células Receptoras Sensoriais/fisiologia , Transdução de Sinais , Sirtuína 1/genéticaRESUMO
NH3 and greenhouse gases emission are big problems during composting, which can cause great nitrogen nutrient loss and environmental pollution. This study investigated effects of the porous bulking agent of oil shale semicoke and its activated material on the gases emission during the continuous thermophilic composting. Results showed addition of semicoke could significantly reduce the NH3 emission by 74.65% due to its great adsorption capacity to NH4+-N and NH3, further the effect could be enhanced to 85.92% when utilizing the activated semicoke with larger pore volume and specific surface area. In addition, the CH4 emission in the semicoke and activated semicoke group was also greatly mitigated, with a reduction of 67.23% and 87.62% respectively, while the N2O emission was significantly increased by 93.14% and 100.82%. Quantification analysis of the functional genes found the abundance of mcrA was high at the massive CH4-producing stage and the archaeal amoA was dominant at the N2O-producing stage in all the composting groups. Correlation and redundancy analysis suggested there was a positive correlation between the CH4 emission and mcrA. Addition of semicoke especially activated semicoke could reduce the CH4 production by inhibiting the methanogens. For the NH3 and N2O, it was closely related with the nitrification process conducted by archaeal amoA. Addition of semicoke especially activated semicoke was beneficial for the growth of ammonia-oxidizing archaea, causing the less NH4+-N transformation to NH3 but more N2O emission.
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Compostagem , Gases de Efeito Estufa , Amônia/análise , Gases , Esterco , Metano/análise , Nitrogênio/análise , Óxido Nitroso/análise , SoloRESUMO
Although several genes have been identified to promote axon regeneration in the CNS, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which mammalian axon regeneration is regulated is still limited and fragmented. Here by using female mouse sensory axon and optic nerve regeneration as model systems, we reveal an unexpected role of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) in regulation of axon regeneration. We also provide evidence that TERT and p53 act downstream of c-Myc to control sensory axon regeneration. More importantly, overexpression of p53 in sensory neurons and retinal ganglion cells is sufficient to promote sensory axon and optic never regeneration, respectively. The study reveals a novel c-Myc-TERT-p53 signaling pathway, expanding horizons for novel approaches promoting CNS axon regeneration.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Despite significant progress during the past decade, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which mammalian CNS axon regeneration is regulated is still fragmented. By using sensory axon and optic nerve regeneration as model systems, the study revealed an unexpected role of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) in regulation of axon regeneration. The results also delineated a c-Myc-TERT-p53 pathway in controlling axon growth. Last, our results demonstrated that p53 alone was sufficient to promote sensory axon and optic nerve regeneration in vivo Collectively, the study not only revealed a new mechanisms underlying mammalian axon regeneration, but also expanded the pool of potential targets that can be manipulated to enhance CNS axon regeneration.
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Axônios/metabolismo , Gânglios Espinais/metabolismo , Regeneração Nervosa , Nervo Óptico/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc/metabolismo , Telomerase/metabolismo , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismo , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Feminino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BLRESUMO
MAIN CONCLUSION: NtALS1 is specifically expressed in glandular trichomes, and can improve the content of acylsugars in tobacco. ABTRACT: The glandular trichomes of many species in the Solanaceae family play an important role in plant defense. These epidermal outgrowths exhibit specialized secondary metabolism, including the production of structurally diverse acylsugars that function in defense against insects and have substantial developmental potential for commercial uses. However, our current understanding of genes involved in acyl chain biosynthesis of acylsugars remains poor in tobacco. In this study, we identified three acetolactate synthase (ALS) genes in tobacco through homology-based gene prediction using Arabidopsis ALS. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and tissue distribution analyses suggested that NtALS1 was highly expressed in the tips of glandular trichomes. Subcellular localization analysis showed that the NtALS1 localized to the chloroplast. Moreover, in the wild-type K326 variety background, we generated two ntals1 loss-of-function mutants using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Acylsugars contents in the two ntals1 mutants were significantly lower than those in the wild type. Through phylogenetic tree analysis, we also identified NtALS1 orthologs that may be involved in acylsugar biosynthesis in other Solanaceae species. Taken together, these findings indicate a functional role for NtALS1 in acylsugar biosynthesis in tobacco.