Correlation analysis between potential hepatotoxicity and ingredient content of polygoni multiflori caulis.

Polygoni Multiflori Caulis (PMC) is commonly used in clinical practice. While the adverse reactions of Polygoni Multiflori Radix (RPM) are well-known, the potential adverse reactions of PMC are often neglected. This article aims to clarify the relationship between hepatotoxic components in PMC and its various producing areas. This study provides a qualitative and quantitative analysis of PMC from various regions, which can serve as a basis for safe usage.

Droplet-Based Multivolume Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction by a Surface-Assisted Multifactor Fluid Segmentation Approach.

Here we developed the surface-assisted multifactor fluid segmentation (SAMFS), an automated, fast, and flexible approach for generating a two-dimensional droplet array with tunable droplet volumes, for multivolume digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The SAMFS was developed based on the combination of robotic liquid handling and surface-assisted droplet generation techniques, where a continuous aqueous stream that flowed out from a capillary probe was segmented and immobilized on hydrophilic micropillars of a microchip into massive oil-covered droplets with the probe rapidly scanning over the microchip. We studied various factors affecting the droplet generation process, including micropillar top area, distance between adjacent micropillars, aqueous stream flow rate, and microchip moving speed, and demonstrated a high droplet generation throughput up to 50 droplets/s and a largest droplet volume adjusting range from 0.25 to 350 nL. The SAMFS approach was adopted to form an oil-covered array of 994 droplets with four different volumes (1.2, 6, 30, and 150 nL droplets) required for multivolume digital PCR within 8 min. The droplet array system was applied in absolute quantification of plasmid DNA under the multivolume digital PCR mode with a dynamic range spanning 4 orders of magnitude, as well as measurement of HER2 expression levels in different breast cancer cell lines. The results are consistent to those obtained by quantitative real-time PCR method, while the present one has higher precision.

Highly sensitive detection of the PIK3CA (H1047R) mutation in colorectal cancer using a novel PCR-RFLP method.

BACKGROUND: The PIK3CA (H1047R) mutation is considered to be a potential predictive biomarker for EGFR-targeted therapies. In this study, we developed a novel PCR-PFLP approach to detect the PIK3CA (H1047R) mutation in high effectiveness. METHODS: A 126-bp fragment of PIK3CA exon-20 was amplified by PCR, digested with FspI restriction endonuclease and separated by 3 % agarose gel electrophoresis for the PCR-RFLP analysis. The mutant sequence of the PIK3CA (H1047R) was spiked into the corresponding wild-type sequence in decreasing ratios for sensitivity analysis. Eight-six cases of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded colorectal cancer (CRC) specimens were subjected to PCR-RFLP to evaluate the applicability of the method. RESULTS: The PCR-RFLP method had a capability to detect as litter as 0.4 % of mutation, and revealed 16.3 % of the PIK3CA (H1047R) mutation in 86 CRC tissues, which was significantly higher than that discovered by DNA sequencing (9.3 %). A positive association between the PIK3CA (H1047R) mutation and the patients' age was first found, except for the negative relationship with the degree of tumor differentiation. In addition, the highly sensitive detection of a combinatorial mutation of PIK3CA, KRAS and BRAF was achieved using individual PCR-RFLP methods. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a sensitive, simple and rapid approach to detect the low-abundance PIK3CA (H1047R) mutation in real CRC specimens, providing an effective tool for guiding cancer targeted therapy.

Effects of Different Storage Times on the Stability of 12 Traditional Chinese Medicine Decoction Pieces.

As storage time increases, the quality of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) may change, and stability is an essential aspect of ensuring the safety and efficacy of TCMs. In this study, the effects of different storage times on the stability of 12 decoction pieces were evaluated. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the contents of the active components in the 12 decoction pieces. The chemical composition data were analyzed using fingerprinting and clustering heatmap (CH). Results showed that during storage, significant variations (relative standard deviation > 10%) were observed in the levels of paeoniflorin in Paeoniae Radix Alba and Paeoniae Radix Rubra, hesperidin in Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Viride, bufothionine in Siccus Bufo and chlorogenic acid in White Chrysanthemi Flos and Lonice Raejaponicae Caulis. However, calycosin-7-glucoside and calycosin in Astragali Radix Praeparata Cum Melle and chlorogenic acid in Lonicerae Japonicae Flos, Yellow Chrysanthemi Flos and Mori Folium were all <10%, which is consistent with the CH. Decoction pieces can be stored for up to six months, but it is recommended that volatile oil-containing and animal-based decoction pieces should not be stored for more than one month. This study provides new perspectives for the stability and quality control studies of TCM.

Synergic effects and possible mechanism of emodin and stilbene glycosides on colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Polygonum multiflorum (PM) is a core herb that enhances immunity. It can also detoxify, reduce swelling, and intercept malaria. Its main components, emodin (EMD) and 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxy stilbene-2-O-ß-D-glucoside (stilbene glycoside, TSG), have good anti-cancer potential. PURPOSE: The study aims to investigate synergic effects of EMD and TSG on CRC and its possible mechanism. METHODS: Network pharmacology and bioinformatics were used to identify targets. HPLC was used to analyze the effective ingredients in PM and to determine the content of the main ingredients. HT-29 cells were used for in vitro experiments. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) and scratch test were used to detect the effects of various chemical components of PM on the proliferation and migration of HT-29 cells, and Western Bolt (WB) test was used to evaluate the effects of EMD and TSG on P53 pathway. In vivo experiments, the effects of EMD and TSG were evaluated by measuring tumor weight and tumor volume in CRC mice model and histological analysis were carried out with HE staining. The expressions of HSP90, P53, COX2, and ROS were detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and IL-1ß, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TGF-ß and IFN-γ were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). WB and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to detect the expression of P53 related proteins. RESULTS: Network pharmacology showed PM closely related to colorectal cancer pathway and the core targets included STAT3 and P53; bioinformatics indicated P53 played an important role in the development and prognosis of CRC; chemical analysis showed identified and quantified gallic acid (GA), cis-TSG, trans-TSG, Emodin glucoside(EMDG), physcion glucoside (PHYG), EMD in PM; EMD induced apoptosis and TSG inhibited migration of HT-29 cells; EMD and TSG could coordinately shrink tumor size of CRC mice, elevate expressions of F4/80, decrease the content of IL-6 and TGF-ß, promote tumor oxidized and reduce expression of P53 and STAT3 in the tumor. CONCLUSIONS: In vitro experiments showed that TSG inhibited cancer cell migration and EMD induced apoptosis. EMD and TSG had synergic effects on CRC, whose possible mechanism might be to regulate the expression of cytokines and inhibit P53 pathway.

Gallic acid ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in mice via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome.

Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic recurrent inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The conventional drugs for UC may induce severe side effects. Herbal medicine is considered as a complementary and alternative choice for UC. Purpose: This study aims to estimate the effect of natural polyphenol gallic acid (GA) on the NLRP3 inflammasome with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. Study design: The body weights and symptoms of BALB/c mice were recorded. Histological evaluation, ELISA, q-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting were carried out to observe the morphology, cytokine contents, mRNA expressions, and protein expressions, respectively. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophage was used to probe GA's effect on relative protein expression. Results: GA attenuated weight loss (p < 0.05), relieved symptoms, and ameliorated colonic morphological injury (p < 0.05) in mice with colitis induced by DSS. GA also lowered the contents of TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-18, IL-33, and IFN-γ in the serum and colon of mice, which were elevated by DSS, downregulated protein, and mRNA expressions of the NLRP3 pathway in the colon tissue. Furthermore, GA downregulated the expressions of NLRP3 (p < 0.05), iNOS (p < 0.01), COX2 (p < 0.01), and P-p65 (p < 0.05), and suppressed NO release (p < 0.001) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Conclusion: GA ameliorated DSS-induced UC in mice via inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome. These findings furnish evidence for the anti-inflammatory effect of herbal medicines containing GA on UC.

Beware of the Potential Risks for Polygoni Multiflori Caulis-Induced Liver Injury.

Background: Reynoutria multiflora (Thunb.) Moldenke (PM) is a widely-used medicinal plant in China, whose root and stem are included in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia as Polygoni Multiflori Radix (RPM), Polygoni Multiflori Radix Preparata (PMP), and Polygoni Multiflori Caulis (PMC). The hepatotoxicity of RPM and PMP is concerned by the public, while the risk of PMC is ignored. Purpose: Here, we investigate the potential risks for PMC-induced liver injury from clinical, chemical, and animal features. Study design: First, we analyzed the 12-month usage of RPM, PMP, and PMC in Longhua Hospital. Second, we determined the contents of gallic acid, cis-2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxy-stilbene-2-O-ß-D-glucoside (cis-SG), trans-2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxy-stilbene-2-O-ß-D-glucoside (trans-SG), emodin-8-O-ß-D-glucoside (EG), physcion-8-O-ß-D-glucoside (PG), emodin, and physcion in the water extracts from 15 batches of RPM, PMP, and PMC. Third, we probed the hepatotoxic effect of RPM, PMP, and PMC in mice and explored the mechanism of cis-SG and trans-SG causing the liver injury at the dosages based on our results from the first and second parts. Results: PMC had nearly five times the amount of usage in both outpatient prescriptions and inpatient orders than RPM and PMP. Overall, 68% dosage of PMC was 30 g. The contents of cis-SG, trans-SG, and emodin in PMC water extracts were significantly lower than those in RPM and PMP water extracts. PMC induced milder idiosyncratic liver injury for its lower content of cis-SG and trans-SG than its root counterparts. Conclusion: The potential risks for PMC-induced liver injury should be fully aware of.

Fingerprinting and Determination of Hepatotoxic Constituents in Polygoni Multiflori Radix Praeparata of Different Producing Places by HPLC.

Polygoni Multiflori Radix Praeparata (PMRP) is used as Chinese herbal medicine with long history. However, reports about PMRP hepatotoxicity have increased recently, and producing area might be one reason. This article aims to figure out the relationship between producing area and hepatotoxic ingredients in PMRP. HPLC fingerprint for PMRP was established and the contents of gallic acid, trans-stilbene glycoside (TSG), emodin-8-O-ß-D-glucoside (EG), emodin and physcion were determined. Clustering heatmap was implemented by TCMNPAS software，and principal component analysis was implemented by SPSS and SIMCA-P software. Hepatotoxic constituents' contents of PMRP from separate producing area were different. PMRP from Guangxi had the highest content of gallic acid, TSG, EG, emodin and physcion, followed by Hubei, Guangdong, Guizhou, Yunnan. PMRP from Henan had the lowest contents of hepatotoxic components. Hepatotoxic components' contents of PMRP in southern were higher than central China. This study carried out a preliminary qualitative and quantitative investigation on the PMRP from different producing places, which provided a basis for safe medication of PMRP.

Bufothionine induces autophagy in H22 hepatoma-bearing mice by inhibiting JAK2/STAT3 pathway, a possible anti-cancer mechanism of cinobufacini.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Cinobufacini is extracted from the skins and parotid venom glands of the toad for treating symptoms like swelling and pain in ancient times. Nowadays, cinobifucini injection has also achieved satisfactory therapeutic effects on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in China. AIM OF THE STUDY: Our previous work found that bufothionine, an alkaloid abundant in cinobufacini injection, induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. In this work, the underlying effects of bufothionine on autophagy in HCC and its possible dependent pathway were investigated. METHODS: CCK-8 and Hoechst staining assays were performed to verify effects of drugs on proliferation and apoptosis of SMMC7721 cell. H22-tumor-bearing mice model was established by inoculating ascites fluid. HE staining was used to observe pathological changes in liver and tumor tissues. ELISA and Western blot experiments were conducted to investigate IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. The effects of drugs on expressions of autophagic relative proteins were investigated by Western blot in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: In vitro, CCK-8 and Hoechst staining assays showed that bufothionine inhibited SMMC7721 cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis at 100 µM. In vivo, bufothionine relieved symptoms of H22-tumor-bearing mice and exerted anti-inflammation activity. ELISA and Western blot demonstrated that bufothionine significantly reduced serum IL-6 concentration, suppressed p-Stat3tyr705, p-Stat3ser727 and Jak2 expressions in tumor tissues and upregulated Atg5, Atg7 and LC3Ⅱ expressions in SMMC7721 cell and H22 tumor. CONCLUSION: This is the first report showing that bufothionine might induce autophagy in HCC by inhibiting JAK2/STAT3 pathway, presenting a possible anti-cancer mechanism of bufothionine in cinobufacini injection.

Effects of Apatinib on the "Stemness" of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells In Vivo and Its Related Mechanisms.

Objective: To investigate the effects of Apatinib on the "stemness" of lung cancer cells in vivo and to explore its related mechanisms. Methods: A xenograft model of lung cancer cells A549 was established in nude mice and randomized into a control group (n = 4) and an Apatinib group (n = 4). Tumor tissues were harvested after 2 weeks, and mRNA was extracted to detect changes in stemness-related genes (CD133, EPCAM, CD13, CD90, ALDH1, CD44, CD45, SOX2, NANOG, and OCT4) and Wnt/ß-catenin, Hedgehog, and Hippo signal pathways. Results: Compared with the control group, the volume and weight of nude mice treated with Apatinib were different and had statistical significance. Apatinib inhibited the expressions of ABCG2, CD24, ICAM-1, OCT4, and SOX2 and upregulated the expressions of CD44, CD13, and FOXD3. Apatinib treatment also inhibited the Wnt/ß-catenin, Hedgehog, and Hippo signaling pathways. Conclusion: Apatinib suppressed the growth of non-small-cell lung cancer cells by repressing the stemness of lung cancer through the inhibition of the Hedgehog, Hippo, and Wnt signaling pathways.

[Spatial heterogeneity of Ephedra przewalskii populations in the stony desert in the middle of southern foot of Tianshan Mountains, China.] / 天山南麓中段戈壁区膜果麻黄种群空间分异特征.

Plots were set on the top, middle and bottom of the stony desert alluvial fan in the middle of southern foothills of the Tianshan Mountains. With plant height and crown size as indicators, the spatial heterogeneity of Ephedra przewalskii populations in the stony desert were studied using geostatistical methods. Understanding the spatial heterogeneity characteristics of E. przewalskii populations could provide scientific basis for vegetation protection and ecological restoration in stony deserts. The results showed that E. przewalskii had a patchy distribution at the top of the alluvial fan. At the middle and bottom of the alluvial fan, it showed a banded distribution. The band width in the middle was larger than that at the bottom. From the top to the bottom of the alluvial fan, the overall plant height and crown size of E. przewalskii populations decreased first and then increased. The average plant height on the top, middle and bottom of the alluvial fan was 40.34, 21.07, 36.96 cm, and the crown size were 1.09, 0.80, 1.43 m2, respectively. The best fitting models for plant height of E. przewalskii were the exponential model, the exponential model, and the linear model at the top, middle and the bottom of the alluvial fan, respectively, while the best fitting models for crown size were exponential model, spherical model, and linear model. From the top to the bottom of the alluvial fan, the fractal dimension value of plant height and crown size of E. przewalskii ranged from 1.909 to 1.889, indicating that the spatial pattern of E. przewalskii populations was simple and the spatial homogeneity was high. From the top to the bottom of the alluvial fan, the spatial distance of the anisotropy of plant height and crown size of E. przewalskii gradually shortened. At the top, middle and bottom of the alluvial fan, the spatial distances where the plant height and crown showed anisotropy were >60 m, 42-46 m and 23-27 m, respectively.

KCNN4 promotes invasion and metastasis through the MAPK/ERK pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies in the world, and is well-known for its bad prognosis. Potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily N member 4 (KCNN4) is a type of intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel, and increasing evidence suggests that KCNN4 contributes to the regulation of invasion and metastasis in a number of cancers. However, its clinical significance and biological function remain unclear in the HCC disease process. In this study, the expression levels of KCNN4 in 86 HCC samples were compared with corresponding paracancerous tissues. sh-RNA was used to reduce the expression of KCNN4 in Hep3B HCC cells in vitro; this was confirmed by Real time-PCR and western blotting. Wound healing, transwell assays and high content analysis were performed to investigate the tumor-promoting characteristics of KCNN4 in Hep3B HCC cells. As results, KCNN4 expression was significantly associated with preoperative serum alpha-fetoprotein level (p=0.038) and TNM stage (p=0.039). Additionally, patients with high KCNN4 amplification in HCC tissue exhibited shorter disease-free survival, whereas there was no statistical significance between KCNN4 amplification and overall survival. Wound healing and transwell assays showed that knockdown of KCNN4 expression could reduce migration and invasion abilities of HCC cells. High content analysis result showed that down-regulated KCNN4 could inhibit the ability of HCC cell proliferation. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is active in cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, senescence, and apoptosis. Matrix metallopeptidase 9 and extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) were important biomarkers of MAPK/ERK pathway, knockdown of KCNN4 reduced the expression of MMP9 and ERK1/2. These findings showed that KCNN4 promotes HCC invasion and metastasis through the MAPK/ERK pathway.

[Magnetic resonance imaging character in chronic injury of the elbows in athletes].

OBJECTIVE: To introduce the experiences of applying MR to diagnose the imaging characters in chronic injury of the elbows in athletes. METHODS: From September 2005 to May 2008, 40 elbows of 34 athletes, included 21 males and 13 females,aged from 6 to 16 years old, averaged (12.3 +/- 3.1) years were taken axial, saggital and coronal planes MR Imaging. RESULTS: Magnetic resonance imaging showed thickening and effusion of olecranon synovial plicaes, bone marrow edema of lower humeral ossification, radial head, olecranon, ulna coronoid, ulnar collateral ligament trauma in chronic injury of the elbow joint. CONCLUSION: MRI is a susceptible method for the diagnoses of chronic injury of the elbow.

[Clinical report on treatment of 7 patients with refractory anemia by using cyclosporin A].

To explore the treatment of refractory anemia (RA), 7 cases of myelodysplastic syndrome (subtype of refractory anemia) were treated in combination of cyclosporin A (CsA) with stanozolol. Duration of treatment with CsA was 5 months-3 years (mean 13 months). The results showed that among 7 cases 6 were effective, 1 case no responded to treatment. 3 cases out of 6 effective cases achieved complete remission without transfusion dependence, 1 cases achieved partial remission, 2 cases were improved. During the investigation signs of leukemia ot other malignant tumors not were found in all cases. In conclusion, CsA treatment is effective for part cases of RA, side effects of drugs are tolerable for patients.