Assessing the efficacy and feasibility of providing metacognitive training for patients with schizophrenia by mental health nurses: A randomized controlled trial.

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of metacognitive group training in reducing psychotic symptoms and improving cognitive insight and functions in people with schizophrenia. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. It was carried out between July 2019 -February 2020. METHODS: Fifty-six patients with schizophrenia were enrolled and randomly assigned to either a control group (N = 29) or a metacognitive training group (N = 27). Blinded assessments were made at baseline, 1-week post-treatment and at follow-up 3 months after treatment. The primary outcome measure was psychotic symptoms based on the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (PSYRATS). Secondary outcomes were assessed by the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS), the Personal and Social Performance (PSP) scale and the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS). RESULTS: Completion at follow-up was high (92.86%). The intention-to-treat analyses demonstrated that patients in the metacognitive training group had significantly greater improvements of the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales delusion score and total score and the Personal and Social Performance Scale, after 3 months, compared with the control group. The effect size was medium to large. The intention-to-treat analyses also demonstrated that patients in the metacognitive training group had significantly greater reductions of the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales hallucination score and Beck Cognitive Insight Scale self-certainty score post-treatment, compared with the control group. The effect size was medium to large. CONCLUSION: The metacognitive training administered by psychiatric and mental health nurses was effective in ameliorating delusions and social functioning over time and it immediately reduced hallucinations post-treatment. IMPACT: Metacognitive training for treating psychosis in patients with schizophrenia is efficacious and administration is clinically feasible in the Portuguese context. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT03891186.

A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of metacognitive training for people with schizophrenia applied by mental health nurses: Study protocol.

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of the Portuguese version of the metacognitive training (MCT) programme for schizophrenia and its effects on psychotic symptoms, insight into the disorder and functionality. DESIGN: This is a randomized controlled trial that will be undertaken in six psychiatric institutions in Portugal. METHODS: This study was approved in March 2019. The sample will consist of people with schizophrenia. The evaluation instruments will include sociodemographic and clinical questionnaires, the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales, the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale, the World Health Disability Assessment Schedule, and the Personal and Social Performance Scale, applied to both groups at three different times. In the experimental group, the eight MCT modules will be applied over 4 weeks. DISCUSSION: It is expected that at the end of the programme, the experimental group will have reduced severity of psychotic symptoms and improved insight into the disease and functionality. IMPACT: Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that, in most cases, leads to the deterioration of cognitive and social functioning as a result of psychotic symptoms. Metacognitive training for schizophrenia has been used in several countries, but its efficacy remains unclear. It is a type of programme that consists of changing the cognitive infrastructure of delusions.

Providing informal home care for pressure ulcer patients: how it affects carers' quality of life and burden.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the quality of life of informal caregivers of patients with pressure ulcer; to assess their levels of burden; to analyse the variables influencing both their quality of life and burden. BACKGROUND: Informal caregivers of pressure ulcer patients, besides coping with the natural dependency of these patients, deal with the specificity of caring these types of wounds. This situation has an impact on not only the quality of life and burden felt by informal caregivers but also on individual and familiar dynamics. DESIGN: Descriptive and correlational study. METHODS: This study focused on 145 informal caregivers providing home care. Measurement instruments were: SF-36v2 and the Burden Interview Scale. Descriptive analysis of the quantitative variables was carried out according to measures of central tendency, and the qualitative variables were described using absolute and relative frequencies. The relationships or associations between variables were explored through correlational analysis and, whenever the data allowed, multivariate techniques were used. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Informal caregivers showed low levels of quality of life and, most of them, significant burden. Quality of life decreased with overload, with the increasing number of pressure ulcer and with less experience of informal caregivers, with lack of financial remuneration, with unemployment, with patient positioning and with the direct care of the wound. The burden increased with the number of pressure ulcer in each patient and with the lack of financial remuneration. CONCLUSION: These informal caregivers have low quality of life and are overburdened. Both situations are positively and negatively influenced by factors related to the pressure ulcer and to the patients' sociodemographic data. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The results of this study allow more effective monitoring by health professionals of levels of burden and quality of life encountered in pressure ulcer informal caregivers, as well as direct interventions to inhibit the factors inducing burden and enhance those that improve quality of life.

Being an Informal Caregiver of a Person with a Pressure Ulcer in the Azores Islands.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at both understanding the experience of informal caregivers of people with pressure ulcers (PrUs), as well as perceiving the relevant aspects of the narratives emerging from the experience of those caregivers. DESIGN: A qualitative, exploratory, grounded-based theory data analysis was implemented. The authors used NVivo 9 software (QSR International Inc, Burlington, Massachusetts) on semistructured interviews. PARTICIPANTS: The study participants were 9 informal caregivers of people with PrUs. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: An individual's personal characteristics, the person he or she is caring for, and social pressure are typically the primary reasons to be a caregiver. In fact, PrUs require specific care associated with an impact on caregivers at different levels, including changes in everyday life, needs and feelings emerging from the care they provide, quality of life conditioned by their professional status, and burdens induced by physical and emotional demands. Oftentimes, family members and external entities--with emphasis on the nursing team--provide support to the caregiver. Caregivers show both satisfaction and dissatisfaction with the care provided, with the evolution of the PrU and with the support of external agents. CONCLUSION: The experience of informal caregivers of people with PrUs is based on 5 dimensions: (1) reasons to be caregivers, (2) care provided to the PrU, (3) impacts on the caregiver, (4) support to the caregiver, and (5) satisfaction or dissatisfaction of the caregiver.

Assessing positive mental health in people with chronic physical health problems: correlations with socio-demographic variables and physical health status.

BACKGROUND: A holistic perspective on health implies giving careful consideration to the relationship between physical and mental health. In this regard the present study sought to determine the level of Positive Mental Health (PMH) among people with chronic physical health problems, and to examine the relationship between the observed levels of PMH and both physical health status and socio-demographic variables. METHODS: The study was based on the Multifactor Model of Positive Mental Health (Lluch, 1999), which comprises six factors: Personal Satisfaction (F1), Prosocial Attitude (F2), Self-control (F3), Autonomy (F4), Problem-solving and Self-actualization (F5), and Interpersonal Relationship Skills (F6). The sample comprised 259 adults with chronic physical health problems who were recruited through a primary care center in the province of Barcelona (Spain). Positive mental health was assessed by means of the Positive Mental Health Questionnaire (Lluch, 1999). RESULTS: Levels of PMH differed, either on the global scale or on specific factors, in relation to the following variables: age: global PMH scores decreased with age (r=-0.129; p=0.038); b) gender: men scored higher on F1 (t=2.203; p=0.028) and F4 (t=3.182; p=0.002), while women scored higher on F2 (t -3.086; p=0.002) and F6 (t=-2.744; p=0.007); c) number of health conditions: the fewer the number of health problems the higher the PMH score on F5 (r=-0.146; p=0.019); d) daily medication: polymedication patients had lower PMH scores, both globally and on various factors; e) use of analgesics: occasional use of painkillers was associated with higher PMH scores on F1 (t=-2.811; p=0.006). There were no significant differences in global PMH scores according to the type of chronic health condition. The only significant difference in the analysis by factors was that patients with hypertension obtained lower PMH scores on the factor Autonomy (t=2.165; p=0.032). CONCLUSIONS: Most people with chronic physical health problems have medium or high levels of PMH. The variables that adversely affect PMH are old age, polypharmacy and frequent consumption of analgesics. The type of health problem does not influence the levels of PMH. Much more extensive studies with samples without chronic pathology are now required in order to be able to draw more robust conclusions.

Innovative Health and Social Integrated Care Model Effectiveness to Improve Quality Care for Chronic Patients: A Single Group Assignment Clinical Trial.

Background: Patients with chronic disease have become one of the major challenges for health and social protection systems in developed countries. Integrated care models (ICM) have demonstrably improved the quality of care of chronic patients. However, new models of integration need further evaluation of its effectiveness and outcomes. Methods: The ICM studied promoted coordination between the health and social sectors during a 6-month period, through an ad hoc developed application (app) that enabled a constant flow of communication between professionals from both sectors. Patients' quality of life, treatment adherence, chronic patient experience and caregiver overload were assessed by questionnaires at baseline, at the end of the intervention and 6 months post-intervention. Results: The implementation of the new health and social ICM permitted new case detection and medical and social services offered to chronic patients. Furthermore, the quality of life and treatment adherence of patients and caregiver overload were significantly improved. These positive effects lasted at least 6 months after the intervention. Conclusions: Integrated care may facilitate access to care services, increase perceived patient quality of life and treatment adherence. Enhanced access to medical and social services from complex chronic patients may have important implications for caregivers and the care systems who are struggling to adapt to an expanding demand.

Integrated Care Model Salut+Social Assessment by Professionals, Informal Caregivers and Chronic or Social Dependent Patients: A Qualitative Study.

We explored the views of the professionals (from primary care and social services) and users (caregivers and patients) who participated in the clinical trial of the Salut+Social integrated care model to identify the implementation barriers and facilitators, to assess the impact on health and wellbeing and to obtain an assessment of the program. A qualitative descriptive study with a pragmatic, utilitarian approach was performed. Participants were recruited by purposive and convenience sampling. A focus group (FG) and in-depth interviews were conducted with professionals and users, respectively. Thematic content analysis was employed. A total of 11 professionals and 8 users participated in the FG and interviews, respectively. Seven themes were identified: (1) contextualizing the previous scenario; (2) achievements of the program from the professionals' perspective; (3) facilitators and barriers of the integrated care model; (4) proposals for improving the integrated care model; (5) users' assessment of the care received within the program framework; (6) users' perception of the impact on health and wellbeing; (7) users' demands for better care. Professionals reported improved coordination between services and highlighted the need for a protocol for emergencies and to strengthen community orientation. Users proposed more frequent home visits. This study shows the acceptability of the new model by professionals and the users' satisfaction with the care received.

Mobile Applications for Caregivers of Individuals with Chronic Conditions and/or Diseases: Quantitative Content Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Mobile health applications can help empowering caregivers and promote their wellbeing and their quality of life. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the technical and functional characteristics of mobile health applications designed for caregivers of individuals with chronic conditions and/or diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Systematic search of mobile health applications for smartphones (apps) based on the PRISMA standard for systematic reviews on the App Store and Google Play store during May and June 2018. A second search was carried out on the Pubmed and Google Scholar database to determine whether the applications had been tested or evaluated with results published in scientific journals and then a third search was performed on the Spanish health apps catalogs to evaluate the quality and security of the selected apps. RESULTS: 746 available health apps were identified and 43 were included in this paper. 67% (n = 29) of the apps were aimed exclusively at informal caregivers, 51% (n = 22) were designed to support caregivers and only 21% (n = 9) of them provided any sort of social or emotional support. The screening in Pubmed and Google Scholar determined that the apps analyzed lacked published papers and most of the apps (84%; n = 36) lacked approval from official agencies supporting their usage. DISCUSSION: The apps available on the market that meet the actual needs of caregivers are limited. Most of the apps were aimed at improving the care of the individual with a chronic illness. CONCLUSION: Despite the remarkable benefits of mHealth regarding the care of chronic diseases, a relatively poor contribution has been made to support caregivers. Customized apps, interventions assessing their effectiveness and adequate evidence are needed to understand the impact of this digital tool on caregivers' health.

Effectiveness of the integrated care model Salut+Social in patients with chronic conditions: A mixed methods study protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Integrated care models aim to provide solutions to fragmentation of care by improving coordination. This study will evaluate the effectiveness of a new integrated care model (Salut + Social), which will promote the coordination and communication between social and healthcare services in southern Catalonia (Spain) to improve quality of life, adherence to treatment and access to medical services for patients with chronic conditions, and also to reduce caregiver burden. Additionally, we will evaluate the experience of caregivers, health professionals and social workers with the new model implemented. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A clinical trial using mixed methodology will be carried out. The intervention consists of improving the coordination between the social and healthcare sectors during a 6-month period, by means of information and communication technology (ICT) tools that operate as an interface for the integrated care model. The study subjects are primary care patients with chronic health and social conditions that can benefit from a collaborative and coordinated approach. A sample size of 141 patients was estimated. Questionnaires that assess quality of life, treatment adherence, medical service and caregiver burden will be used at baseline and at 6, 9, and 12 months after the beginning of the study. The principal variable is quality of life. For statistical analysis, comparisons of means and proportions at different time points will be performed. A discussion group and semi-structured interviews will be conducted with the aim of improving the care model taking into account the opinions of professionals and caregivers. A thematic content analysis will be carried out. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study protocol has been approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (code P17/100). Articles will be published in international, peer-reviewed scientific journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical-Trials.gov: NCT04164160.

Efficacy of a smoking prevention programme in Catalan secondary schools: a cluster-randomized controlled trial in Spain.

AIMS: To evaluate the efficacy of a school-based educational programme in reducing the incidence and prevalence of smoking in secondary school students (compulsory secondary education: CSE) in Catalonia (Spain). DESIGN: Cluster-randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Schools in the Tarragona Health Care Region of Spain. PARTICIPANTS: All students enrolled in the first year of CSE during the 2007-08 school year in the 29 participating schools (n = 2245); 1583 students completed the follow-up over the 4-year study period (804 and 779 in the control and intervention groups, respectively). MEASURES: Self-reported questionnaires were administered during the first quarter of the 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010 school years. A smoker was defined as 'smoking cigarettes daily or occasionally within the past 30 days'. Multi-level logistic regression analysis was conducted to analyse the prevalence and incidence of smoking between the intervention and control groups. INTERVENTION: A school-based educational programme comprising seven modules, each with a different approach to smoking habits. Each module included activities, work-shops and/or class sessions. FINDINGS: The initial prevalence of smokers in the control and intervention groups who completed the follow-up was 3.9% and 4.2%, respectively. At the end of the study, the prevalence of smokers was 24.4% in the control group and 19.9% in the intervention group. The accumulated incidence of new smokers was 230.57/1000 in the control group and 183.65/1000 in the intervention group. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) comparing the intervention group with the control group was 0.75 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.49, 1.15] for smoking prevalence, and 0.74 (95% CI = 0.48, 1.14) for smoking incidence. CONCLUSIONS: A school-based educational intervention for secondary school students in Catalonia, Spain was not found to lead to a statistically significant reduction of smoking prevalence and incidence.

Diagnósticos de enfermería y migración. Estudio fenomenológico desde la visión de los inmigrantes / Nursing diagnoses and migration: phenomenological study from the immigrant´s point of view

Objetivo. El objetivo de esta investigación pretende identificar los diagnósticos de enfermería NANDA predominantes en la población inmigrante, vinculados al proceso migratorio, y está enmarcada en el modelo Outcome Present State Test (OPT) de razonamiento clínico de Pesut y Herman. Metodología. Considerando los objetivos, esta investigación sigue el paradigma cualitativo y las propuestas de la investigación fenomenológica. El estudio se ha realizado con entrevistas individuales semiestructuradas a 30 persones inmigradas, realizando la categorización según los dominios de la taxonomía NANDA para la identificación de los diagnósticos de enfermería. El análisis se ha realizado con el apoyo informático del programa Atlas-ti 6.0. Resultados. Se han identificado 23 diagnósticos en 9 de los 13 dominios de la taxonomía NANDA, analizando sus relaciones siguiendo la propuesta del modelo OPT, creando una red de razonamiento clínico. El diagnóstico principal para esta muestra es Disposición para mejorar el afrontamiento. Conclusiones. La definición y las características definitorias que recoge la taxonomía NANDA para Disposición para mejorar el afrontamiento no hacen alusión explícita al fenómeno migratorio. Consideramos que se debe adecuar el lenguaje enfermero para que describa las respuestas específicas derivadas de la experiencia migratoria y se promueva una atención sanitaria de calidad (AU)

Objective. The objective of this research is to identify nursing diagnosis NANDA which is predominant within the immigrant community, linked to the migratory process and part of the framework of the Outcome Present State Test (OPT) of Pesut and Herman’s critical awareness. Methodology. Keeping in mind the objectives of this research, this approaches the quality-based paradigm and follows the proposals of phenomenology research. The study was carried out using an individual semi-structured interview of 30 immigrants. A categorization of the data has been applied in accordance with the domains of NANDA for the identification of nursing diagnosis and its analysis has been carried with computer support with Atlas-ti 6.0. Results. Twenty three diagnoses were identified in nine out of thirteen taxonomy NANDA domains. Analysis of their interrelationships according to the OPT model were carried out and a clinical reasoning net was created. The main diagnoses achieved in our study was: Readiness for Enhanced Coping. Conclusions. NANDA taxonomy doesn’t include the migratory process in the characteristics and related factors of this nursing diagnosis. We consider that nursing taxonomy should be reassessed in order to describe more in depth the specific responses derived from the migratory experience so it can lead to a high quality health care (AU)