The transcriptional landscape of cancer stem-like cell functionality in breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) have been extensively researched as the primary drivers of therapy resistance and tumor relapse in patients with breast cancer. However, due to lack of specific molecular markers, increased phenotypic plasticity and no clear clinicopathological features, the assessment of CSCs presence and functionality in solid tumors is challenging. While several potential markers, such as CD24/CD44, have been proposed, the extent to which they truly represent the stem cell potential of tumors or merely provide static snapshots is still a subject of controversy. Recent studies have highlighted the crucial role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in influencing the CSC phenotype in breast cancer. The interplay between the tumor and TME induces significant changes in the cancer cell phenotype, leading to the acquisition of CSC characteristics, therapeutic resistance, and metastatic spread. Simultaneously, CSCs actively shape their microenvironment by evading immune surveillance and attracting stromal cells that support tumor progression. METHODS: In this study, we associated in vitro mammosphere formation assays with bulk tumor microarray profiling and deconvolution algorithms to map CSC functionality and the microenvironmental landscape in a large cohort of 125 breast tumors. RESULTS: We found that the TME score was a significant factor associated with CSC functionality. CSC-rich tumors were characterized by an immune-suppressed TME, while tumors devoid of CSC potential exhibited high immune infiltration and activation of pathways involved in the immune response. Gene expression analysis revealed IFNG, CXCR5, CD40LG, TBX21 and IL2RG to be associated with the CSC phenotype and also displayed prognostic value for patients with breast cancer. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the characterization of CSCs content and functionality in tumors can be used as an attractive strategy to fine-tune treatments and guide clinical decisions to improve patients therapy response.

Intraoperative imaging of residual ovarian cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy using indocyanine green.

OBJECTIVES: Interval debulking surgery has similar outcomes and less morbidity compared with primary debulking in advanced ovarian cancer. However, there is controversy regarding the selection of chemotherapy-resistant clones. Complete resection is an essential prerequisite, and near-infrared surgery combined with various techniques for highlighting malignant foci strives to achieve actual complete resection. This study investigated the role of indocyanine green (ICG) in identifying additional residual malignant foci during interval debulking of apparently intact peritoneum not deemed clinically suspicious under white light inspection. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with stage III or IV high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma, older than 18 years of age, with satisfactory hepatic and renal functions who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy according to the institutional protocol and were scheduled to undergo interval debulking surgery between 2020 and 2022 were deemed suitable for inclusion after agreeing to the study protocol and acknowledging no contraindications for the administration of the ICG product. After laparotomy and white light inspection, using bolus administration of ICG, additional suspect peritoneal samples in near infrared (defined by clinical hyper- or hypointensity areas compared with surrounding ICG fluorescence using the Zeiss Opmi Pentero 800 surgical microscope, that were not deemed clinically suspicious under white light) were excised. Descriptive statistics were inferred and the chi-square test was used for the comparison of excised areas. The Kaplan-Meier method was deployed for computing the overall survival and progression-free survival of the cohort. All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics software. RESULTS: Fifteen patients with a median age of 56 years were included. Most cases (n=10, 66.7%) were International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage III, and all patients received four to seven cycles of neoadjuvant platinum chemotherapy, with 40% of regimens using bevacizumab. The mean interval between neoadjuvant treatment and surgery was 39 (median 42, range 20-78) days. A total of 39 suspect additional peritoneal samples were analyzed, with 41% confirming malignant foci. The positive predictive value (PPV) for malignant foci was 30% in ICG hyperintense areas and 46% in ICG hypointense areas. Germline BRCA1/2 mutant patients and using neoadjuvant bevacizumab led to a higher PPV for ICG hypointense areas (60% and 72.7%, respectively). Overall, the number of additionally resected pathologically confirmed malignant lesions through ICG fluorescence increased by 25%. CONCLUSIONS: The use of ICG was associated with an increase in the resection of samples with residual malignant foci. Overall, hypointense areas had a higher positive PPV for malignant foci in comparison with hyperintense ICG areas (46% vs 30%), which could be interpreted in the context of dynamic changes in the tumor microenvironment or enhanced permeability and retention effect following neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Circulating Small EVs miRNAs as Predictors of Pathological Response to Neo-Adjuvant Therapy in Breast Cancer Patients.

Neo-adjuvant therapy (NAT) is increasingly used in the clinic for the treatment of breast cancer (BC). Pathological response to NAT has been associated with improved patients' survival; however, the current techniques employed for assessing the tumor response have significant limitations. Small EVs (sEVs)-encapsulated miRNAs have emerged as promising new biomarkers for diagnosis and prediction. Therefore, our study aims to explore the predictive value of these miRNAs for the pathological response to NAT in BC. By employing bioinformatic tools, we selected a set of miRNAs and evaluated their expression in plasma sEVs and BC biopsies. Twelve miRNAs were identified in sEVs, of which, miR-21-5p, 221-3p, 146a-5p and 26a-5p were significantly associated with the Miller-Payne (MP) pathological response to NAT. Moreover, miR-21-5p, 146a-5p, 26a-5p and miR-24-3p were independent as predictors of MP response to NAT. However, the expression of these miRNAs showed no correlation between sEVs and tissue samples, indicating that the mechanisms of miRNA sorting into sEVs still needs to be elucidated. Functional analysis of miRNA target genes and drug interactions revealed that candidate miRNAs and their targets, can be regulated by different NAT regimens. This evidence supports their role in governing the patients' therapy response and highlights their potential use as prediction biomarkers.

Multiparametric MRI Features of Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes.

Background and Objectives: Breast cancer (BC) molecular subtypes have unique incidence, survival and response to therapy. There are five BC subtypes described by immunohistochemistry: luminal A, luminal B HER2 positive and HER2 negative, triple negative (TNBC) and HER2-enriched. Multiparametric breast MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) provides morphological and functional characteristics of breast tumours and is nowadays recommended in the preoperative setting. Aim: To evaluate the multiparametric MRI features (T2-WI, ADC values and DCE) of breast tumours along with breast density and background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) features among different BC molecular subtypes. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study which included 344 patients. All underwent multiparametric breast MRI (T2WI, ADC and DCE sequences) and features were extracted according to the latest BIRADS lexicon. The inter-reader agreement was assessed using the intraclass coefficient (ICC) between the ROI of ADC obtained from the two breast imagers (experienced and moderately experienced). Results: The study population was divided as follows: 89 (26%) with luminal A, 39 (11.5%) luminal B HER2 positive, 168 (48.5%) luminal B HER2 negative, 41 (12%) triple negative (TNBC) and 7 (2%) with HER2 enriched. Luminal A tumours were associated with special histology type, smallest tumour size and persistent kinetic curve (all p-values < 0.05). Luminal B HER2 negative tumours were associated with lowest ADC value (0.77 × 10−3 mm2/s2), which predicts the BC molecular subtype with an accuracy of 0.583. TNBC were associated with asymmetric and moderate/marked BPE, round/oval masses with circumscribed margins and rim enhancement (all p-values < 0.05). HER2 enriched BC were associated with the largest tumour size (mean 37.28 mm, p-value = 0.02). Conclusions: BC molecular subtypes can be associated with T2WI, ADC and DCE MRI features. ADC can help predict the luminal B HER2 negative cases.

Impact of clinical factors and surgical outcome on long-term survival in high-grade serous ovarian cancer: a multicenter analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Long-term survivors of ovarian cancer are a unique group of patients in whom prognostic factors for long-term survival have been poorly described. Such factors may provide information for a more personalized therapeutic approach. The objective of this study is to determine further characteristics of long-term survivors with high-grade serous ovarian cancer. METHODS: Long-term survivors were defined as patients living longer than 8 years after first diagnosis and were recruited within seven high volume centers across Europe from November 1988 to November 2008. The control group included patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer with less than 5 years' survival identified from the systematic 'Tumorbank ovarian cancer' database. A subanalysis of Charité patients only was performed separately for in-depth analysis of tumor dissemination. Propensity score matching with nearest-neighbor caliper width was used to match long-term survivors and the control group regarding age, FIGO stage, and residual tumor. RESULTS: A total of 276 patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer were included, divided into 131 long-term survivors and 145 control group patients. After propensity score matching and multivariable adjustment, platinum sensitivity (p=0.002) was an independent favorable prognostic factor whereas recurrence (p<0.001) and ascites (p=0.021) were independent detrimental predictors for long-term survival. Significantly more long-term survivors tested positive for mutation in the BRCA1 gene than the BRCA2 gene (p=0.016). Intraoperatively, these patients had less tumor involvement of the upper abdomen at initial surgery (p=0.024). Complexity of surgery and surgical techniques were similar in both cohorts. CONCLUSION: Platinum sensitivity constitutes a favorable factor for long-term survival whereas tumor involvement of the upper abdomen, ascites, and recurrence have a negative impact. Based on clinical estimation, long-term survival is associated with combinations of clinical, surgical, and molecular factors.

Does Surgical Margin Width Remain a Challenge for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer? A Retrospective Analysis.

Background and Objectives: Local and distant relapse (LR, DR) in breast cancer vary according to its molecular subtypes, with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) being the most aggressive. The surgical resection margin width (SRMW) for breast-conserving surgery (BCS) has been intensely debated, especially for the aforementioned subtype. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of SRMW on LR following BCS in TNBC patients. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective study including all patients with TNBC for whom BCS was performed between 2005 and 2014. Results: Final analysis included a total of 92 patients, with a median tumor size of 2.5 cm (range 0-5 cm) and no distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis. A total of 87 patients had received neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant chemotherapy, and all patients had received adjuvant whole-breast radiotherapy. After a median follow-up of 110.7 months (95% CI, 95.23-126.166), there were 5 local recurrences and 8 regional/distant recurrences with an overall LR rate of 5.4%. The risk of LR and DR was similar between groups of patients with several SRMW cut-off values. Conclusions: Our study supports a safe "no ink on tumor" approach for TNBC patients treated with BCS.

Bilateral Tuberculous Otitis: A Furtive Middle Ear Infection.

Tuberculosis is a highly challenging infectious disease that remains an important health issue, not only in developing countries, but also globally, since new cases of atypical tuberculosis resurface. Even though the global incidence of tuberculosis is on the rise, otologic manifestations of this pathology are a rare encounter for the ear nose and throat specialist, and bilateral localization is exceptional. Due to the numerous non-specific signs and symptoms of the condition and continuous genetic evolution of Mycobacterium, the diagnosis requires deep knowledge and fortuitous suspicion. The authors report a rare case of bilateral tuberculous otitis. What makes this case stand out is the fulminant, bilateral debut of the disease in an immunocompetent patient, with unknown primary infection and the knowledgeable course of clinical diagnosis.

Exosome-carried microRNA-based signature as a cellular trigger for the evolution of chronic lymphocytic leukemia into Richter syndrome.

Even if considered a cumulative and not a proliferative CD5+ B-cell neoplasm, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has a proliferation rate higher than that recognized earlier, especially in the lymphoid tissues. Some patients with CLL develop a clinical syndrome entitled Richter syndrome (RS). Understanding CLL genetics and epigenetics may help to elucidate the molecular basics of the clinical heterogeneity of this type of malignancy. In the present project we aimed to identify a microRNA species that can predict the evolution of therapy-resistant CLL towards RS. In the first phase of our study, microRNA-19b was identified as a possible target, and in the second phase, we transfected three different CLL cell lines with microRNA-19b mimic and inhibitor and assessed the potential role on leukemia cells in vitro. The mechanism by which miR-19b acts were identified as the upregulation of Ki67 and downregulation of p53. This was further supported through RT-PCR and western blotting on CLL cell lines, as well as by next generation sequencing on two patients diagnosed with CLL that evolved into RS.

Interobserver agreement in prostate cancer detection using multiparametric MRI.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this prospective observational study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of multiparametric (mp) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for prostate cancer detection and to assess the interobserver variability, using the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data Systems (PI-RADS). METHODS: 50 patients (mean age 68.42±6.58 years) with suspected prostate cancer fulfilling the inclusion criteria and without any exclusion criteria were enrolled. All patients were examined with mp-MRI protocol, as per European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR) guidelines, before systematic transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided biopsy. All examinations were read by three independent radiologists with 3-year experience in prostate MRI. Sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated. Interobserver agreement was evaluated using Kappa Cohen coefficient of agreement. RESULTS: mp-MRI and histopathological results of TRUSguided biopsy showed a very good agreement in prostate cancer detection. The overall Se, Sp, PPV and NPV ranged between 93.3-96.7%, 55.0-80.0%, 76.3-87.9% and 88.2-94.1%, respectively. The Kappa Cohen coefficient of interobserver agreement was 0.643 between Readers 1 and 2, 0.664 between Readers 1 and Reader 3 and 0.568 between Readers 2 and 3. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed a high Se for the detection of prostate cancer with mp-MRI and a high NPV to rule out prostate malignancy. PI-RADS version 2 provides an adequate standardization of mp-MRI, allowing a good level of interobserver agreement.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Romania: a single-centre experience.

Epidemiologic studies of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in Eastern Europe are scarce in the literature. We report the experience of the "Ion Chiricuta" Institute of Oncology in Cluj-Napoca (IOCN), Romania, in the diagnosis and outcome of patients with NHL. We studied 184 consecutive NHL patients diagnosed in the Pathology Department of IOCN during the years 2004-2006. We also obtained epidemiological data from the Northwestern (NW) Cancer Registry. In the IOCN series, the most common lymphoma subtype was diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (43.5%), followed by the chronic lymphocytic leukaemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (21.2%). T-cell lymphomas represented a small proportion (8.2%). The median age of the patients was 57 years, with a male-to-female ratio of 0.94. Patients with indolent B-cell lymphomas had the best overall survival, whereas those with mantle cell lymphoma had the worst survival. The NW Cancer Registry data showed that the occurrence of NHL in the NW region of Romania was higher in men [world age-standardized incidence rate/100 000 (ASR)-5.9; 95% CI 5.1-6.6] than in women (ASR-4.1; 95% CI 3.5-4.7) with age-standardized male-to-female ratio of 1.44 (p = 0.038). Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma was the most common NHL in the NW region of Romania, accounting for 43% of all cases, followed by diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (36%). The 5-year, age-standardized cumulative relative survival for NHL in the County of Cluj in NW Romania, for the period of 2006-2010, was 51.4%, with 58.4% survival for men and 43.2% for women. Additional studies of NHL in Eastern Europe are needed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The prognostic role of Skp2 and the tumor suppressor protein p27 in colorectal cancer.

PURPOSE: This study aimed at exploring the role of Skp2, p27 and Cks1 expression as prognostic factors for colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, and to identify a correlation between their expression and the cell proliferation marker Ki67. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study on 130 patients with CRC treated with surgery and adjuvant treatment at the Oncology Institute Cluj-Napoca between 2006- 2010. The Skp2, p27, Cks1 and Ki67 immunoexpression was grouped from 1 to 4, according to percents of tumor cells with nuclear reactivity. Their correlation with overall survival (OS), recurrence free survival (RFS) and with the classical histopathological prognostic factors were analyzed. All patients had 5-year follow-up. RESULTS: The majority of patients had locally advanced TNM stages II and III. More than a half of the tumors had low immunoexpression of Skp2 and Cks1, and high and moderate p27 and Ki67 expression. Skp2 overexpression negatively influenced the p27 (p=0.002). Both OS and RFS were significantly higher in patients with moderate and high expression of p27 (p=0.005). Skp2 and Cks1 overexpression negatively influenced OS and RFS. Skp2 overexpression positively correlated with TNM stage (p<0.001), node capsular invasion (p=0.002) and lymphovascular invasion (p=0.042). Ki67 expression did not correlate with Skp2 (p=0.88), Cks1 (p=0.67) and p27 (p=0.40), neither with OS (p=0.841) and RFS (p=0.84). CONCLUSIONS: The most important prognostic factor was the Skp2 overexpression. It was the only protein we studied that correlated with the other well-known prognostic factors in CRC. The expression of Ki67 did not bring any novel prognostic information regarding CRC.

Blood Genome-Wide Transcriptional Profiles of HER2 Negative Breast Cancers Patients.

Tumors act systemically to sustain cancer progression, affecting the physiological processes in the host and triggering responses in the blood circulating cells. In this study, we explored blood transcriptional patterns of patients with two subtypes of HER2 negative breast cancers, with different prognosis and therapeutic outcome. Peripheral blood samples from seven healthy female donors and 29 women with breast cancer including 14 triple-negative breast cancers and 15 hormone-dependent breast cancers were evaluated by microarray. We also evaluated the stroma in primary tumors. Transcriptional analysis revealed distinct molecular signatures in the blood of HER2- breast cancer patients according to ER/PR status. Our data showed the implication of immune signaling in both breast cancer subtypes with an enrichment of these processes in the blood of TNBC patients. We observed a significant alteration of "chemokine signaling," "IL-8 signaling," and "communication between innate and adaptive immune cells" pathways in the blood of TNBC patients correlated with an increased inflammation and necrosis in their primary tumors. Overall, our data indicate that the presence of triple-negative breast cancer is associated with an enrichment of altered systemic immune-related pathways, suggesting that immunotherapy could possibly be synergistic to the chemotherapy, to improve the clinical outcome of these patients.

Expression of CDCP1 and ADAM12 in the ovarian cancer microenvironment.

PURPOSE: The tumor microenvironment in ovarian cancer (OC) seems to play an important role, and besides tumor cells, biomarkers can derive from endothelial cells. We investigated CDCP1 and ADAM12 expression in relation with other clinical and pathological characteristics in OC patients. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated patient files between 2006-2011. A histochemical score was developed to evaluate tumor staining, the microvessel density (MVD), and stromal expression patterns for both ADAM12 and CDCP1. A CD34 antibody was used to assess tumor MVD. RESULTS: 102 patients were selected and 83% had FIGO stage III/IV. A high CDCP1 tumor score correlated significantly with a shorter overall survival (OS) (p<0.01). Cases with positive CDCP1 had an elevated CD34 MVD (p<0.01). An absent/low ADAM12 tumor score correlated with significantly improved OS (p<0.01). Mean CD34 MVD was higher in cases with positive ADAM12 MVD (p=0.012). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that both tumor markers are negative prognostic factors for overall survival and additional studies are required to validate their future potential.

Expression of Nestin and CD133 in serous ovarian carcinoma.

Pupose: Nestin and CD133 are regarded as putative markers of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and related to poor prognosis in various cancer sites. Since few studies have focused on their role in ovarian cancer, we aimed to investigate their predictive value and association with neoangiogenesis. METHODS: Immunohistochemical analysis for nestin and CD133 was performed on 85 serous ovarian carcinoma tumor samples using tissue microarray technique. Nestin immunoreactivity was detected in both tumor and endothelial cells, whilst CD133 was only identified in tumor cells. CD34 endothelial expression was used to assess intratumor microvessel density (MVD). RESULTS: Of the tissue samples 49.4% were nestin-positive and 24.7% were positive for CD133. In both univariate and multivariate analysis nestin or CD133 expressions in tumor cells were not significantly associated with clinicopathological parameters (age, serum CA125, peritoneal carcinomatosis, malignant ascites, tumor grade). However, in multivariate analysis nestin expression in tumor cells proved to be an independent prognostic factor, associated with poorer survival and time to progression (p=0.025 and p=0.05, respectively). This has not been achieved for CD133. Furthermore, a significant concordance between nestin endothelial expression (nestin-determined MVD) and CD34-determined MVD was achieved. CONCLUSION: In addition to the well-known clinicopathological characteristics, tumor expression of nestin might be a valuable prognostic factor for survival in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. With regard to its endothelial expression, nestin might be as reliable as CD34 for quantifying tumor angiogenesis. Further investigation is justified in order to better clarify the role of these biomarkers.

Classification of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in South-eastern Europe: review of 632 cases from the international non-Hodgkin lymphoma classification project.

The distribution of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) subtypes varies around the world, but a systematic study of South-eastern Europe (SEEU) has never been done. Therefore, we evaluated the relative frequencies of NHL subtypes in three SEEU countries--Croatia, Romania and Macedonia. Five expert haematopathologists reviewed 632 consecutive cases of newly diagnosed NHL from the three SEEU countries using the World Health Organization classification. The results were compared to 399 cases from North America (NA) and 580 cases from Western Europe (WEU). The proportions of B- and T-cell NHL and the sex distribution in SEEU were similar to WEU and NA. However, the median ages of patients with low- and high-grade B-NHL in SEEU (60 and 59 years, respectively) were significantly lower than in NA (64 and 68 years, respectively; P < 0·05). SEEU had a significantly lower proportion of low-grade B-NHL (46·6%) and higher proportion of high-grade B-NHL (44·5%) compared to both WEU (54·5% and 36·4%, respectively) and NA (56·1% and 34·3%, respectively). There were no significant differences in the relative frequencies of T-NHL subtypes. This study provides new insights into differences in the relative frequencies of NHL subtypes in different geographic regions. Epidemiological studies are needed to better characterize and explain these differences.

Mazabraud's syndrome and thyroid cancer, a very rare and confusing association: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Mazabraud's syndrome is defined as the association between fibrous dysplasia and intramuscular myxomas. The syndrome was first described in 1967 and, up until now, less than 100 cases have been reported worldwide. Here we report the association between this rare syndrome and thyroid cancer. When a malignant disease occurs in a patient affected by this syndrome, the differential diagnosis between benign and malignant bone lesions should be undertaken carefully. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of a 57-year-old Caucasian male, admitted for diffuse bone pain localized in the left leg and for the presence of an indolent, slow-growing mass in the left shoulder. The patient also presented with a thyroid nodule, highly suggestive of a malignancy. The radiologic examination showed multiple osteolytic lesions. The suspicion of multiple myeloma or bone metastases arising from a thyroid cancer was considered. Electrophoresis of proteins was negative and therefore excluded the diagnosis of multiple myeloma; the thyroid surgery was indicated. Thyroidectomy confirmed the papillary thyroid carcinoma, and the bone lesions were considered to be metastases from the thyroid cancer. After surgery, under thyroid-stimulated hormonal conditions, the patient underwent radioiodine therapy and a post-therapy radioiodine whole body scan. The lack of radioiodine uptake, both in the bone lesions and shoulder mass, suggested the possibility of less differentiated, non-avid radioiodine lesions, or the absence of any relation between pathologies. Considering the low level of the specific tumor marker, thyroglobulin, a bone biopsy and resection of the shoulder mass were indicated. The final diagnosis was intramuscular myxoma with polyostotic fibrous dysplasia in the deltoid muscle (Mazabraud's syndrome). A completely incidental cerebral tumor lesion was also discovered. CONCLUSION: During the evolution of a malignant disease, Mazabraud's syndrome, known as the association of intramuscular myxoma with fibrous dysplasia, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of bone metastasis. This is the first report in the literature of Mazabraud's syndrome occurring in a patient with thyroid cancer.

The prognostic value of FOXP3+ T regulatory cells in colorectal cancer.

PURPOSE: The evaluation of CD3(+) T-cell density is believed to have a higher prognostic value than the conventionally used TMN stage in colorectal cancer (CRC), but the role of regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg) is still debated. Our study determined the prognostic value of forkhead box P3 nuclear transcription factor (FOXP3) positive Treg and CD3(+) T-cells in the invasive margin of CRC compared with other known prognostic factors. METHODS: The prognostic factors analysed in 42 patients with CRC stage II (N=13) and III (N=29), were age, tumor location, TNM stage, histological grade, vascular, lymphatic and perineural invasion. CD3(+) T-cells and FOXP3(+) Treg density was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The median CD3(+) T-cells and FOXP3(+) Treg density was 438.93/mm(2) and 162.25/mm(2), respectively. Patients with high FOXP3(+) Treg density showed improved 5-year survival rate of 89.41%, compared with 64.6% of those with low density (p=0.024). CONCLUSIONS: Increased CD3(+) T-cells and FOXP3(+) Treg density is associated with improved survival, but only the latter proved to be an independent prognostic factor. FOXP3(+) Treg infiltrate may play an important prognostic role, which, in combination with other predictive factors, could lead to the development of specific treatment regimens.

Gene expression profiling reveals activation of the FA/BRCA pathway in advanced squamous cervical cancer with intrinsic resistance and therapy failure.

BACKGROUND: Advanced squamous cervical cancer, one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in women, still remains a major problem in oncology due to treatment failure and distant metastasis. Antitumor therapy failure is due to both intrinsic and acquired resistance; intrinsic resistance is often decisive for treatment response. In this study, we investigated the specific pathways and molecules responsible for baseline therapy failure in locally advanced squamous cervical cancer. METHODS: Twenty-one patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma were enrolled in this study. Primary biopsies harvested prior to therapy were analyzed for whole human gene expression (Agilent) based on the patient's 6 months clinical response. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was used to investigate the altered molecular function and canonical pathways between the responding and non-responding patients. The microarray results were validated by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. An additional set of 24 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded cervical cancer samples was used for independent validation of the proteins of interest. RESULTS: A 2859-gene signature was identified to distinguish between responder and non-responder patients. 'DNA Replication, Recombination and Repair' represented one of the most important mechanisms activated in non-responsive cervical tumors, and the 'Role of BRCA1 in DNA Damage Response' was predicted to be the most significantly altered canonical pathway involved in intrinsic resistance (p = 1.86E-04, ratio = 0.262). Immunohistological staining confirmed increased expression of BRCA1, BRIP1, FANCD2 and RAD51 in non-responsive compared with responsive advanced squamous cervical cancer, both in the initial set of 21 cervical cancer samples and the second set of 24 samples. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that FA/BRCA pathway plays an important role in treatment failure in advanced cervical cancer. The assessment of FANCD2, RAD51, BRCA1 and BRIP1 nuclear proteins could provide important information about the patients at risk for treatment failure.

Impact of Immunohistochemical Biomarkers on Predicting the Risk of Biochemical Recurrence for Patients that Underwent Radical Prostatectomy: A Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer (PCa) remains a significant global health issue, exhibiting a spectrum of clinical behaviours from indolent to aggressive. Biomarkers are crucial for risk assessment, treatment selection and prognosis prediction. Despite their importance, accurately evaluating PCa aggressiveness and guiding personalised treatment strategies present challenges. This review aims to evaluate biomarkers for assessing recurrence risk following radical prostatectomy, with a focus on personalised follow-up and timely intervention for high-risk patients. This review assesses the clinical significance of immunohistochemical biomarkers, including LIM domain kinase 1 (LIMK1), Antigen Kiel 67 (Ki67), PTEN and ERG, in PCa management. A comprehensive literature review examined the correlation between these biomarkers and biochemical recurrence (BCR) in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. Our search included articles published between 2019 and 2024, yielding 87 articles, with 7 focused on the correlation between LIMK1 and BCR, 46 on Ki67 and 34 on PTEN/ERG biomarkers. After applying the exclusion criteria, 36 articles were included for review. LIMK1, a serine/threonine kinase, is highly expressed in cancers like PCa. It influences cell survival and motility through actin cytoskeleton reorganisation, correlating with poor prognosis, aggressive tumour behaviour and BCR. Similarly, Ki67, a marker of cell proliferation, predicts high-risk PCa and worse prognosis, particularly in castration-resistant cases, although its association with recurrence risk remains debated. PTEN loss and ERG fusion are prevalent genetic alterations in PCa, with PTEN loss linked to poor prognosis and ERG fusion associated with increased disease progression and BCR post-prostatectomy. Integrating these biomarkers into clinical practice can enhance risk stratification and inform personalised treatment strategies for patients with PCa. Despite promising findings, further validation studies and standardisation of detection methods are needed to ensure the clinical utility of these biomarkers. Continued research is essential to validate and optimise the clinical utility of these biomarkers, paving the way for more effective PCa management strategies and improved patient outcomes and quality of life.

Mammographic assessment of breast density as a tool for predicting the response to neoadjuvant therapy in breast cancer patients.

Background and aims: Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related death among women worldwide. For locally advanced diseases and high-risk tumors, neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) is the treatment of choice. Some studies show that mammographic density (MD) tumor margins and the presence of microcalcifications play a prognostic role in BC patients. Hence, the objective of this retrospective study was to assess if MD could predict the response to NAT among different molecular subtypes of BC patients undergoing NAT at The "Prof. Dr I. Chiricuta" Oncology Institute of Cluj-Napoca, Romania (IOCN). Furthermore, the association between MD, tumor margins and the presence of microcalcifications with clinico-pathological data was analyzed. Methods: Eighty-four breast cancer patients diagnosed and treated at IOCN were included in this study. The morphological characteristics of the tumors were framed according to the BIRADS lexicon. The presence or absence of microcalcifications was also assessed. First, the significance of associations between breast density, margins and microcalcifications and clinico-pathological parameters of the patients were tested with Fisher or Fisher-Freeman-Halton Exact Test. Next, using multinomial logistic regression, we modelled the associations between the pathological response measured by Miller Payne and Residual cancer burden (RCB) systems and the BI-RADS. Variables having significant univariate tests were selected as candidates for the multivariable analysis (adjusted model). Results: Breast densities were significantly associated with the age of the patients (p=0.01), number of positive lymph nodes (p=0.037), margins (p=0.002) and combined categories of Miller-Payne (p=0.034) and RCB pathological response (p=0.021). Margins was significantly associated with ki67 proliferation index (p=0.029), estrogen receptor (ER) (p=0.007), progesterone receptor (PR) (p=0.019), molecular subtype (p<0.001) and the number of clinically observed positive lymph nodes at diagnosis (p=0.019). Conclusions: In our cohort, BC patients with lower MD had higher odds of achieving pCR following NAT, suggesting the role of MD as a clinical prognostic marker. Larger multicenter studies are warranted to validate the prognostic value of MD, which could aid in patients stratification based on their likelihood to respond to NAT.