Novel Inflammatory-Nutritional Biomarkers as Predictors of Histological Activity in Crohn's Disease.

BACKGROUND: There has increasingly been an interest in histological remission as a therapeutic endpoint in inflammatory bowel disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of a variety of inflammatory - nutritional markers for predicting histological disease activity in patients diagnosed with Crohn's disease. METHODS: Patients with Crohn's disease that had requisite endoscopic, pathological, and laboratory data were retrospectively enrolled in the study. Relevant clinical, laboratory, endoscopic, and pathological data were abstracted. The neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte:monocyte ratio (LMR), platelet:lymphocyte ratio (PLR), red blood cell distribution width (RDW), modified Glasgow Prognostic score (mGPS), Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI), Geriatric Nutritional Risk index (GNRI), CRP/Albumin ratio (CAR), Iron:Ferritin ratio (Fe:F) and the Systemic immune inflammation index (SII) were calculated. The cohort was stratified by presence of histological disease on colonoscopy, and groups were compared with appropriate statistical methods. RESULTS: When comparing patients without histological disease to those with disease, there was a statistically significant difference in CAR (2.9 ± 1.5 vs. 4.2 ± 2, p = 0.001), RDW (13.4 ± 1.3 vs. 14.5 ± 1.8, p = 0.008), PNI (52.4 ± 6.2 vs. 47.4 ± 9.3, p = 0.03), and mGPS (0.2 ± 0.4 vs. 0.6 ± 0.7, p = 0.01). For predicting histological activity, ROC analyses indicated an optimal cutoff of 0.3 for CAR (AUC 0.8, PPV 90.5%), 13.5 for RDW (AUC 0.7, PPV 84.1), 86.1 for PNI (AUC 0.7, PPV 86.1) and > 0 for mGPS (AUC 0.6, PPV 85.2%). The NLR, LMR, PLR, GNRI, Fe: F, and SII did not meet statistical significance (p = 0.4, 0.08, 0.2, 0.5, 0.6, and 0.3, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: We report on ten biomarkers, many of them never studied in Crohn's disease, which can help in predicting the presence of active histological disease. Larger prospective studies are needed to investigate the utility of these biomarkers alone and in combination.

Association Between Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth by Glucose Breath Test and Coronary Artery Disease.

BACKGROUND: A possible role of gut bacteria and their metabolic by-products in the development of coronary artery disease (CAD) is suspected. There is a lack of studies evaluating the association of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) with the development of CAD. AIM: To evaluate the frequency and risk factors for angiography-confirmed CAD in patients with or without SIBO. METHODS: A total of 1059 patients tested for SIBO using the glucose hydrogen/methane breath test from 2006 to 2014 were evaluated. In total, 160 had coronary artery angiography and were included in the study. SIBO-positive patients were compared to SIBO-negative patients. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory variables and the presence of CAD on coronary angiography were analyzed. RESULTS: Patients with SIBO had a higher frequency of CAD (78.9 vs. 38.6%, p < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (40.0 vs. 22.9%, p = 0.016), chronic kidney disease (26.7 vs. 12.9%, p = 0.025), use of angiotensin conversion enzyme inhibitor/blocker (45.5 vs. 32.9%, p = 0.008), and statins (75.6 vs. 61.4%, p = 0.004). Patients with SIBO had an increased number of coronary arteries affected compared to SIBO-negative patients (1-vessel disease 67.2 vs. 32.8%, p < 0.001; 2-vessel disease 85.7 vs. 14.3%, p < 0.001; and 3-vessel disease 82.4 vs. 17.6%, p < 0.001, respectively). In the stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis, SIBO remained an independent risk factor for CAD (odds ratio 7.18, 95% confidence interval 3.09-16.67; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: SIBO was found to be associated with CAD and with the number of coronary arteries involved in this study from a single tertiary center. Further studies are necessary to confirm the association of SIBO with CAD. In the presence of risk factors, patients with SIBO may benefit from assessment for CAD.

Helicobacter pylori virulence genes detected by string PCR in children from an urban community in northeastern Brazil.

The accuracy of a nested PCR in gastric DNA obtained by a string test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in asymptomatic children was 94.0%. The cagA-positive toxigenic vacAs1m1 strains were the most prevalent strains, indicating that this population is colonized early by the strains associated with gastric cancer.

Analysis of the Epidemiological Trends on Inpatient Diverticulosis Admissions in the US: A Longitudinal Analysis From 1997-2018.

Background Diverticulosis of the colon is characterized by outpouchings of mucosa and serosa through the muscular layer of the large intestinal wall. It is classically associated with increasing age with older individuals having a higher prevalence and greater density of diverticula secondary to its progressive disease nature. Also, diverticular disease is associated with dietary habits, low fiber intake in western society as well as obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiological trends associated with diverticular disease in the United States in a 21-year interval from 1997 to 2018. Methods Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, all hospitalizations between 1997 and 2018 were analyzed. We examined annual data for hospitalization rate, the average length of stay (LOS), mean age and interval age groups, and hospital charges for inpatient admissions for diverticular disease (diverticulitis and diverticulosis). Results Between 1997 and 2018, the number of hospitalizations for patients with a primary discharge diagnosis of diverticular disease (diverticulosis and diverticulitis) increased 32% from 220,896 to 293,530 with 89.7 discharges per 100,000 persons in 2018 versus 81.0 discharges per 100,000 persons in 1997. Overall, the average age of patients decreased from 67.55 ± 0.15 years in 1997 to 64.59 ±0.08 in 2018, [t-value (t) 12.56, degrees of freedom (df) 514424, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.497-3.423, P<0.0001]. On further evaluation, the mean average age in males decreased from 63.16±0.21 years in 1997 to 61.31±0.12 years in 2018, (t 8.16, df 217981, 95% CI 1.404-2.295 P<0.0001), while in females it decreased from 70.53±0.14 years to 67.15±0.10 years, (t 20.13, df 296422, 95% CI 3.050-3.709 P<0.0001), in the same interval time. While evaluating different subgroups of age in this time interval, the prevalence rate of diverticular disease diagnosis per 100,000 persons increased in the interval age between 18-44 years from 20.1 to 29.8, [relative risk (RR) 0.848, CI 95% 0.834-0.863, P< 0.0001) and 45-64 years from 107.1 to 125.3, (RR 0.761, CI 95% 0.754-0.769 P<0.0001) while it decreased in the interval age between 65-84 years from 357.6 to 259.7, (RR 1.211, CI 95% 1.206-1.226, P<0.0001) as well as > 85 years from 746.2 to 523.6, (RR 1.130, CI 95% 1.112-1.147, P<0.0001) The length of stay (LOS) mean average in days decreased from 5.8 ± 0.04 days in 1997 to 4.4±0.021 days in 2018, (t 33.08 df 514424, 95%CI 1.316-1.483, P< 0.0001). Hospital Inpatient National Statistics data over hospital mean charges, available from the period between 1997 to 2015, shows that the mean hospital charges in US dollars increased over 100%, from $19,735.17 in 1997 to $39,575 in 2015 (P<0.001) even after adjusting values to 2015 inflation. Conclusion There is an overall trend of decreased mean age of patients admitted with diverticular disease in the US over the past 21 years with a respective significant increased rate of disease in younger age groups. We postulate that these changes may be associated with poor dietary habits and obesity epidemics worsened in the last two decades in the US. In addition, despite the decreased length of stay over the same time period, the mean hospital charges more than double likely reflecting the increased access to expensive diagnostic methods such as computed tomography and colonoscopies.

Association Between Helicobacter pylori and Steatosis Severity on Transient Elastography.

Background A possible association between Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection and liver diseases including steatosis is suspected. There is a lack of studies evaluating the association of HP and liver steatosis severity using transient elastography. Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency and risk factors for liver steatosis measured by transient elastography in patients with or without HP. Methods A total of 484 patients tested for liver steatosis and fibrosis using transient elastography from January 2017 to June 2018 were evaluated. Ninety-one patients who were also tested for H. pylori infection were included in the study. Transient elastography findings were compared between HP-positive patients and HP-negative patients. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory variables and the presence and severity of liver fibrosis and steatosis were analyzed. Results Patients with HP had a higher frequency of steatosis on transient elastography (86.8% vs. 60.7%, p =0.009). Patients with HP had increased steatosis severity compared to HP-negative patients (mild steatosis 15.8% vs. 7.1%, p=0.037; moderate to severe steatosis 71.1% vs. 53.6%, p=0.015, respectively). In the stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis, HP infection remained an independent risk factor for steatosis (odds ratio: 4.36, 95% confidence interval: 1.09-14.78; p=0.037). Conclusion Patients with HP had an increased steatosis frequency, and patients with liver steatosis may warrant HP evaluation and treatment.

Natural history of Helicobacter pylori infection in childhood: eight-year follow-up cohort study in an urban community in northeast of Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori infection is acquired predominantly in childhood. There is also evidence that children loss the infection. Therefore, factors that account for children remain infected need to be investigated because once established the infection persists throughout the life unless treated. METHODS: This study aimed to evaluate the H. pylori infection in children of a low-income community at baseline and 8years later to determine the predictor factors linked to the maintenance, acquisition, and loss of the infection using regression models of generalized estimating equations. H. pylori status was determined by (13) C-urea breath test. RESULTS: Data from 37.7% (133/353) of the children were available. No difference between the characteristics of the included and nonincluded children was observed. The prevalence of infection increased from 53.4 to 64.7%. Thirty-nine children (29.3%) remained noninfected, 47.4% remained infected, 17.3% became infected, and 6.0% lost the infection. Factors associated with to remain infected compared with to remain noninfected included the age, increased number of children in the household, and the use of well water instead of municipal water. The acquisition of the infection was associated with the male gender. CONCLUSION: Factors linked to remain and to gain H. pylori infection in a poor region were increased number of children in the household and the male gender. Also, the acquisition rates were higher than the loss rates, which lead to an increase in the infection prevalence with age.

Higher frequency of cagA EPIYA-C phosphorylation sites in H. pylori strains from first-degree relatives of gastric cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the prevalence of more virulent H. pylori genotypes in relatives of gastric cancer patients and in patients without family histories of gastric cancer. METHODS: We evaluated prospectively the prevalence of the infection by more virulent H. pylori strains in 60 relatives of gastric cancer patients comparing the results with those obtained from 49 patients without family histories of gastric cancer. H. pylori status was determined by the urease test, histology and presence of H. pylori ureA. The cytotoxin associated gene (cagA), the cagA-EPIYA and vacuolating cytotoxin gene (vacA) were typed by PCR and the cagA EPIYA typing was confirmed by sequencing. RESULTS: The gastric cancer relatives were significant and independently more frequently colonized by H. pylori strains with higher numbers of CagA-EPIYA-C segments (OR = 4.23, 95%CI = 1.53-11.69) and with the most virulent s1m1 vacA genotype (OR = 2.80, 95%CI = 1.04-7.51). Higher numbers of EPIYA-C segments were associated with increased gastric corpus inflammation, foveolar hyperplasia and atrophy. Infection by s1m1 vacA genotype was associated with increased antral and corpus gastritis. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that relatives of gastric cancer patients are more frequently colonized by the most virulent H. pylori cagA and vacA genotypes, which may contribute to increase the risk of gastric cancer.

Helicobacter pylori vacA and cagA genotypes in patients from northeastern Brazil with upper gastrointestinal diseases.

Helicobacter pylori causes chronic gastric inflammation and significantly increases the risk of duodenal and gastric ulcer disease and distal gastric carcinoma. In this study, we evaluated the Helicobacter pylori vacA and cagA genotypes in patients from a Brazilian region where there is a high prevalence of gastric cancer. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to investigate vacA mosaicism and cagA status in the gastric mucosa of 134 H. pylori-positive patients, including 76 with gastritis: 28 with peptic ulcer disease and 30 with gastric cancer. The s1m1 variant was the predominant vacA genotype observed, whereas the s1 allele was more frequently observed in patients with more severe diseases associated with H. pylori infection [p = 0.03, odds ratio (OR) = 5.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.15-38.60]. Furthermore, all of the s1 alleles were s1b. Mixed vacA m1/m2 strains were found more frequently in patients with gastric cancer and a cagA-positive status was significantly associated with gastric cancer (p = 0.016, OR = 10.36, 95% CI = 1.35-217.31). Patients with gastric cancer (21/21, 100%, p = 0.006) or peptic ulcers (20/21, 95%, p = 0.02) were more frequently colonised by more virulent H. pylori strains compared to gastritis patients (41/61, 67.2%). In conclusion, in the northeastern of Brazil, which is one of the regions with the highest prevalence of gastric cancer in the country, infection with the most virulent H. pylori strains, carrying the cagA gene and s1m1 vacA alleles, predominates and is correlated with more severe H. pylori-associated diseases.

Low prevalence of H. pylori infection in HIV-positive patients in the northeast of Brazil.

BACKGROUND: This study conducted in Northeastern Brazil, evaluated the prevalence of H. pylori infection and the presence of gastritis in HIV-infected patients. METHODS: There were included 113 HIV-positive and 141 age-matched HIV-negative patients, who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for dyspeptic symptoms. H. pylori status was evaluated by urease test and histology. RESULTS: The prevalence of H. pylori infection was significantly lower (p < 0.001) in HIV-infected (37.2%) than in uninfected (75.2%) patients. There were no significant differences between H. pylori status and gender, age, HIV viral load, antiretroviral therapy and the use of antibiotics. A lower prevalence of H. pylori was observed among patients with T CD4 cell count below 200/mm3; however, it was not significant. Chronic active antral gastritis was observed in 87.6% of the HIV-infected patients and in 780.4% of the control group (p = 0.11). H. pylori infection was significantly associated with chronic active gastritis in the antrum in both groups, but it was not associated with corpus chronic active gastritis in the HIV-infected patients. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that the prevalence of H. pylori was significantly lower in HIV-positive patients compared with HIV-negative ones. However, corpus gastritis was frequently observed in the HIV-positive patients, pointing to different mechanisms than H. pylori infection in the genesis of the lesion.

Comparison of EUS-guided versus percutaneous and transjugular approaches for the performance of liver biopsies.

BACKGROUND: Liver biopsy through endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has become a novel approach for tissue acquisition. We aim to evaluate the adequacy of EUS-guided liver biopsies in comparison to those obtained through interventional radiology (IR) techniques. METHODS: A retrospective single-center analysis was performed of all IR (transjugular or image-guided percutaneous) and EUS-guided liver biopsies performed at an academic medical center from January 2016 to January 2018. Patient demographics, histologic characteristics, and clinical outcomes were collected. RESULTS: 152 procedures were included for analysis. 45% of liver biopsies were performed through EUS-guidance. The most common indication for liver biopsy was NASH fibrosis staging (n = 64). IR-guided biopsies contained a higher number of complete portal triads (13.6 vs. 10.8 p ≤ 0.01) while EUS-guided biopsies produced an increased total specimen length (4.6 cm vs. 3.6 cm p ≤ 0.01).47% of biopsy samples were fragmented with the majority of these (72%) occurring with EUS-guided procedures (p ≤ 0.01). IR-guided biopsies led to more complications in comparison to EUS-guided procedures (p = 0.03) CONCLUSION: Liver biopsies performed through EUS-guidance are comparable to IR-guided liver biopsies and may have an enhanced safety profile with acceptable tissue acquisition characteristics. Standardization of techniques and needles is needed for optimization of tissue sampling.

Helicobacter pylori is Associated with Less Fistulizing, Stricturing, and Active Colitis in Crohn's Disease Patients.

Introduction A potential protective role of Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection against the development of Crohn's disease (CD) has been postulated. There is a lack of studies evaluating the association of HP with CD phenotypes. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical features and disease activity of patients with CD who were diagnosed with HP infection. Methods The charts of 306 consecutive patients from the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) database at the University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville from January 2014 to July 2016 were reviewed. Ninety-one CD patients who were tested for HP were included, and the frequencies of strictures, fistulas, and colitis in surveillance biopsies in these patients were evaluated. Results Of the 91 CD patients tested for HP, 19 had HP infection. A total of 44 patients had fistulizing/stricturing disease, and 62 patients had active colitis. In the univariate analysis, patients with HP infection had less fistulizing/stricturing disease (21.1% vs. 55.6%, p = 0.009) and less active colitis (42.1% vs. 77.1%, p = 0.005). In the multivariate analysis, HP infection remained as a protective factor for fistulizing/stricturing disease phenotype (OR: 0.22; 95%CI: 0.06-0.97; p = 0.022) and active colitis (OR: 0.186; 95%CI: 0.05-0.65; p = 0.010). Conclusion HP infection was independently associated with less fistulizing/stricturing disease and less active colitis in CD patients. Our study suggests CD patients with a history of HP infection are less prone to complications.

Correlation of the Rutgeerts score and recurrence of Crohn's disease in patients with end ileostomy.

BACKGROUND: Recurrence of Crohn's disease (CD) can occur after surgery, including end ileostomy (EI). The Rutgeerts score (RS) was developed to predict postsurgical CD recurrence via ileocolonoscopy in patients having ileocolonic resection. The role of ileoscopic evaluation via stoma for assessing recurrence of CD has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of ileoscopy for predicting disease recurrence in CD patients after EI with the use of RS. METHODS: A total of 73 eligible CD patients with at least two ileoscopies in our institution following EI were included. Mucosal inflammation of the neo-terminal ileum was graded based on the RS. The primary outcomes were the need for endoscopic stricture dilation and subsequent surgery due to recurrence of disease. The secondary outcomes were CD-related hospitalization and the need to escalate CD-associated medications. RESULTS: The median duration of CD until EI was 9 years (interquartile range: 4-13 years), and the median duration from EI to the first ileoscopy was 28 months (interquartile range: 11-93 months). The RSs in the neo-terminal ileum close to EI were calculated, and subjects were divided into two groups: the normal RS group with the score being zero (n = 25) and the abnormal RS group with the RS score being ≥1 (n = 48). Patients in the abnormal RS group were more likely to have recurrence of CD (92% vs 27%) and need endoscopic dilation of stricture (40% vs 10%), subsequent bowel surgery (68% vs 15%), disease-related hospitalizations (80% vs 23%) and escalation of CD medications (64% vs 25%) than those in the normal RS group. Time-to-event analysis showed that patients in the abnormal RS group were at a higher risk of endoscopic dilation (odds ratio (OR) = 1.5; 95% CI: 1.09-1.9), need of second bowel surgery (OR = 1.5; 95%CI: 1.2-1.8) and disease-related hospitalizations (OR = 1.3; 95%CI: 1.1-1.6) after adjusting for factors such as duration from surgery to sensor, duration of disease and the patient's sex (all P < 0.001). Further multivariable analysis showed that patients in the abnormal RS group were more likely to need escalation of CD-related medications after adjusting for duration from surgery and age (OR = 5.3; 95% CI: 1.7-16.5; P = 0.004). CONCLUSION: RS can be used to predict the recurrence of CD in patients with EI. A high RS score based on ileoscopy appeared to be associated with poor outcomes. This may be considered a useful decision-making tool for monitoring disease after ileostomy surgery.

The presence of primary sclerosing cholangitis in patients with ileal pouch anal- anastomosis is associated with an additional risk for vitamin D deficiency.

OBJECTIVE: Vitamin D deficiency is common in patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) for ulcerative colitis (UC). Whether vitamin D levels are further lowered in patients with concomitant IPAA and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is not known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of PSC as a risk factor for vitamin D deficiency in patients with UC and IPAA. METHODS: In this case control study, 74 patients with concurrent IPAA and PSC were included in the study group, and 79 patients with IPAA, but without PSC, served as controls. Forty-four variables were analyzed. Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis with stepwise logistic regression were performed. RESULTS: A total 153 eligible patients were included, with 74 (48.4%) in the study group and 79 (51.6%) in the control group. Vitamin D level in the study group was 18.9 ± 1.4 ng/dL compared with 30.3 ± 1.7 ng/d in the control group (P = 0.011). Vitamin D deficiency (≤ 20 ng/dL) was present in 65 (42.5%) patients. PSC occurred in 49 (75.4%) of the 65 patients with vitamin D deficiency. In the multivariate analysis, only the presence of PSC (odds ratio [OR]: 7.56; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.39-24.08; P = 0.001) and vitamin D supplementation (OR: 2.58; 95% CI: 1.57-9.19; P = 0.018) remained associated with vitamin D deficiency. CONCLUSION: The presence of PSC was found to be an independent risk factor for vitamin D deficiency in UC patients with IPAA. These patients should be routinely screened and closely monitored for vitamin D deficiency.

Association between small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and deep vein thrombosis.

OBJECTIVE: Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) has been associated with several diseases. The association between SIBO and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) has not been investigated. This study was aimed to investigate the frequency and risk factors for the development of DVT in patients tested for SIBO. METHODS: All 321 eligible patients were included from the Cleveland Clinic Gastrointestinal Motility Lab databank from January 2008 to January 2014. Patients who were evaluated with glucose hydrogen/methane breath test as well as Doppler ultrasonography for suspected DVT were included. Patients with catheter-related DVT were excluded. The primary outcomes were the frequency and risk factors (including SIBO) for DVT in this patient population. RESULTS: Of the 321-case cohort, 144 patients (44.9%) tested positive for SIBO, and 53 (16.5%) had ultrasonographic findings of DVT. SIBO evaluation before the evaluation of DVT occurred in 201 patients (median time from the breath test to ultrasonography: 27 months; interquartile range [IQR]: 11.0-45.0 months), and SIBO evaluation after evaluation for DVT occurred in 120 patients (median time from ultrasonography to the breath test: 30 months; IQR: 11.8-54.3 months). In the univariate analysis, DVT was associated with family history of thromboembolic events (35.8% vs 16.0%, P=0.001), chronic kidney diseases (CKD; 26.4% vs 13.4%, P=0.019) and the presence of SIBO (69.8% vs 39.9%, P<0.001). In the multivariate analysis, family history of thromboembolic events (odds ratio [OR]: 3.39; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.67-6.87; P<0.001), CKD (OR: 2.23; 95%CI: 1.04-4.74; P = 0.037), and the presence of SIBO (OR: 3.27; 95% CI: 1.70-6.32; P < 0.001) remained independently associated with DVT. CONCLUSION: SIBO was found to be associated with DVT. The nature of this association warrants further investigation.

Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth Is Associated with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

BACKGROUND: Changes in gut bacteria play a role in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and hepatic steatosis. There is a lack of studies evaluating the frequency and risk factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in patients tested for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). AIM: To evaluate the frequency of NAFLD and associated risk factors in patients tested for SIBO. METHODS: In this case-control study, 372 eligible patients submitted to glucose hydrogen/methane breath test for SIBO who also had an abdominal imaging study were included. Patients were divided into SIBO-positive and SIBO-negative groups. Clinical, demographic and laboratory variables were evaluated in addition to the presence of NAFLD on abdominal imaging. RESULTS: Of the 372 eligible patients, 141 (37.9%) were tested positive for SIBO (study group) and 231 (62.1%) were negative for it (control group). NAFLD occurred in 45.4% (64/141) of the study group compared to 17.3% (40/231) of the control group (p<0.001). Patients in the study group were found to have higher rates of elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (20.6% vs. 11.3%; p=0.034) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels (56.0% vs. 40.7%; p= 0.039), type 2 diabetes (23.4% vs. 13.9%; p=0.041), hypertension (54.6% vs. 40.3%; p=0.046) and metabolic syndrome (78.0% vs. 60.2%; p=0.020). In the multivariate analysis, SIBO (odds ratio [OR]: 1.95; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14-3.31; p=0.014), type 2 DM (OR: 3.04; 95%CI: 1.57-5.90; p=0.001) and obesity (OR: 3.58; 95%CI: 1.70-7.54; p=0.001) remained associated with NAFLD. CONCLUSION: Patients with SIBO have an increased risk for hepatic steatosis and may benefit from aggressive control of the risk factors for NAFLD including metabolic syndrome.

Association between vitamin D deficiency and anemia in inflammatory bowel disease patients with ileostomy / Associação entre deficiência de vitamina D e anemia em pacientes com doença inflamatória intestinal submetidos a ileostomia

ABSTRACTBackground:Vitamin D deficiency is commonly seen in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Vitamin D deficiency in IBD patients with ileostomy has not been systemically studied. The aim of the study was to assess the frequency and risk factors associated with low 25(OH) D3 levels in those patients.Methods:112 eligible IBD patients with ileostomy were studied. Demographic, clinical, and endoscopic variables were analyzed. Vitamin D levels before and after ileostomy were compared when available. Levels of serum 25(OH)D3 <20 ng/mL were classed as being deficient.Results:112 eligible ileostomy patients were included. The mean vitamin D level was 21.47 ± 1.08 ng/dl. Low levels of vitamin D (<30 ng/dl) were present in 92 patients (82%). Vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/dL) was seen in 55 patients (49%). There was no difference between patients with or without vitamin D deficiency regarding demographic variables, medication use and duration of ileostomy. Neo-ileal inflammation on endoscopy was not associated with vitamin D deficiency (p= 0.155). Lower levels of phosphorus (p= 0.020) or hemoglobin (p= 0.019) and shorter duration of IBD (p= 0.047) were found in patients with vitamin D deficiency. In multivariate analysis, lower levels of phosphorus (odds ratio [OR]: 1.83, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16-2.89, p= 0.009) and hemoglobin (OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.08-1.60, p= 0.006) remained significantly associated with vitamin D deficiency.Conclusion:Vitamin D deficiency is common in IBD patients with ileostomy and is associated with low hemoglobin levels. Further studies are needed to evaluate vitamin D supplementation as a possible adjuvant in the treatment of anemia of chronic disease in IBD patients.

RESUMOIntrodução:A deficiência de vitamina D em pacientes com doença inflamatória intestinal submetidos a ileostomia não foi estudada sistematicamente. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a frequência e os fatores de risco associados com a deficiência de vitamina D nesses pacientes.Resultados:112 pacientes elegíveis foram incluídos. A média dos níveis de vitamina D na população estudada foi de 21.47 ± 1.08 ng/dl. Níveis de vitamina D abaixo do normal (<30 ng/dl) e deficiência de vitamina D (<20 ng/dL) foram encontrados em 92 pacientes (82%) e em 55 pacientes (49%) respectivamente. Encontrou-se uma associação entre deficiência de vitamina D e níveis mais baixos de fosforo (p = 0.020), hemoglobina (p = 0.019) e duração da doença inflamatória intestinal (p = 0.047). Na análise multivariada, níveis mais baixos de fósforo (odds ratio [OR]: 1.83, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16-2.89, p = 0.009) e hemoglobina (OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.08-1.60, p = 0.006) permaneceram associados com deficiência de vitamina D.Conclusão:A deficiência de vitamina D é comum em pacientes com doença inflamatória intestinal submetidos a ileostomia e está associada com níveis baixos de hemoglobina. Mais estudos são necessários para avaliar se a suplementação de vitamina D pode ser um adjuvante no tratamento de anemia da doença crônica nesses pacientes.

Helicobacter pylori vacA and cagA genotypes in patients from northeastern Brazil with upper gastrointestinal diseases

Helicobacter pylori causes chronic gastric inflammation and significantly increases the risk of duodenal and gastric ulcer disease and distal gastric carcinoma. In this study, we evaluated the Helicobacter pylori vacA and cagA genotypes in patients from a Brazilian region where there is a high prevalence of gastric cancer. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to investigate vacA mosaicism and cagA status in the gastric mucosa of 134 H. pylori-positive patients, including 76 with gastritis: 28 with peptic ulcer disease and 30 with gastric cancer. The s1m1 variant was the predominant vacA genotype observed, whereas the s1 allele was more frequently observed in patients with more severe diseases associated with H. pylori infection [p = 0.03, odds ratio (OR) = 5.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.15-38.60]. Furthermore, all of the s1 alleles were s1b. Mixed vacA m1/m2 strains were found more frequently in patients with gastric cancer and a cagA-positive status was significantly associated with gastric cancer (p = 0.016, OR = 10.36, 95% CI = 1.35-217.31). Patients with gastric cancer (21/21, 100%, p = 0.006) or peptic ulcers (20/21, 95%, p = 0.02) were more frequently colonised by more virulent H. pylori strains compared to gastritis patients (41/61, 67.2%). In conclusion, in the northeastern of Brazil, which is one of the regions with the highest prevalence of gastric cancer in the country, infection with the most virulent H. pylori strains, carrying the cagA gene and s1m1 vacA alleles, predominates and is correlated with more severe H. pylori-associated diseases.