Diet and trophic interactions of a circumglobally significant gelatinous marine zooplankter, Dolioletta gegenbauri (Uljanin, 1884).

Gelatinous zooplankton play a crucial role in marine planktonic food webs. However, primarily due to methodological challenges, the in situ diet of zooplankton remains poorly investigated and little is known about their trophic interactions including feeding behaviour, prey selection and in situ feeding rates. This is particularly true for gelatinous zooplankton including the marine pelagic tunicate, Dolioletta gegenbauri. In this study, we applied an 18S rRNA amplicon metabarcoding approach to identify the diet of captive-fed and wild-caught D. gegenbauri on the midcontinental shelf of the South Atlantic Bight, USA. Sequencing-based approaches were complimented with targeted quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses. Captive-fed D. gegenbauri gut content was dominated by pico-, nano- and micro-plankton including pico-dinoflagellates (picozoa) and diatoms. These results suggested that diatoms were concentrated by D. gegenbauri relative to their concentration in the water column. Analysis of wild-caught doliolids by quantitative real-time PCR utilizing a group-specific diatom primer set confirmed that diatoms were concentrated by D. gegenbauri, particularly by the gonozooid life stage associated with actively developing blooms. Sequences derived from larger metazoans were frequently observed in wild-caught animals but not in captive-fed animals suggesting experimental bias associated with captive feeding. These studies revealed that the diet of D. gegenbauri is considerably more diverse than previously described, that parasites are common in wild populations, and that prey quality, quantity and parasites are likely all important factors in regulating doliolid population dynamics in continental shelf environments.

Freshwater macrophytes harbor viruses representing all five major phyla of the RNA viral kingdom Orthornavirae.

Research on aquatic plant viruses is lagging behind that of their terrestrial counterparts. To address this knowledge gap, here we identified viruses associated with freshwater macrophytes, a taxonomically diverse group of aquatic phototrophs that are visible with the naked eye. We surveyed pooled macrophyte samples collected at four spring sites in Florida, USA through next generation sequencing of RNA extracted from purified viral particles. Sequencing efforts resulted in the detection of 156 freshwater macrophyte associated (FMA) viral contigs, 37 of which approximate complete genomes or segments. FMA viral contigs represent putative members from all five major phyla of the RNA viral kingdom Orthornavirae. Similar to viral types found in land plants, viral sequences identified in macrophytes were dominated by positive-sense RNA viruses. Over half of the FMA viral contigs were most similar to viruses reported from diverse hosts in aquatic environments, including phototrophs, invertebrates, and fungi. The detection of FMA viruses from orders dominated by plant viruses, namely Patatavirales and Tymovirales, indicate that members of these orders may thrive in aquatic hosts. PCR assays confirmed the presence of putative FMA plant viruses in asymptomatic vascular plants, indicating that viruses with persistent lifestyles are widespread in macrophytes. The detection of potato virus Y and oat blue dwarf virus in submerged macrophytes suggests that terrestrial plant viruses infect underwater plants and highlights a potential terrestrial-freshwater plant virus continuum. Defining the virome of unexplored macrophytes will improve our understanding of virus evolution in terrestrial and aquatic primary producers and reveal the potential ecological impacts of viral infection in macrophytes.

[Nutritional status and living conditions in children in an urban area of Turbo, Antioquia, Colombia]. / Estado nutricional y condiciones de vida de los niños menores de cinco años del área urbana del municipio de Turbo, Antioquia, Colombia, 2004.

INTRODUCTION: Malnutrition is a problem for the persons who suffer it and for the future of the societies to whom they belong. It is important to know its magnitude in order formulate solutions. OBJECTIVE: The nutritional status of young children was evaluated in an urban area using anthropometric indices and factors associated with risk of malnutrition were identified--socio-demographic,environmental, nutritional, and health factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 2004, a cross-sectional descriptive survey was applied to 606 children, aged less than 5 years, in Turbo, a municipality in northwestern Colombia. A proportional, randomized, statistically significant sample of all the neighborhoods of the urban area in Turbo was used. Anthropometric evaluation (weight, height and age) was performed in all subjects, and a questionnaire regarding the socio-economical and nutritional background of the children was submitted to mothers and caregivers. RESULTS: The prevalence percentages were as follows: low weight (11.1%-CI 8.5-13.6), stunting (11.7%-CI 9.1-14.4) and starvation (2.8%- CI 1.4-4.2). When a cut-off point of -1 Z score was applied, the prevalence increased to 41.7% (CI 37.7-45.8), 36.9% (CI 33.0-40.9) and 24.6% (CI 21.1-28.1) respectively. Bivariate analyses showed greater risks of global, severe and chronic malnutrition for males. Greater risk for global and chronic malnutrition occurred for children older than one year. Risk of chronic malnutrition was associated with the following conditions: children belonging to households with more than five people, children of mothers with low educational level, for children being breastfed for more than one year, and children who have a higher number of brothers. CONCLUSIONS: An increased risk of malnutrition was present in the Turbo population when compared with the national anthropometric indices. The nutritional status of Turbo urban children is associated with several distinct socio-economical factors; these must be considered when implementing programs for the nutritional rehabilitation of this population.

Estudio del Plano Oclusal de una Población Chilena según los Cefalogramas de Steiner, Ricketts y Delaire / Study of the Occlusal Plane in a Chilean Population Using the Cephalometric Analysis of Steiner, Ricketts and Delaire

El propósito de esta investigación fue comparar la ubicación del Plano Oclusal (PO) en una población eugnásica chilena mediante el análisis cefalométrico de Steiner, Ricketts y Delaire. Estudio transversal. Se analizaron 96 telerradiografías digitales de adultos jóvenes chilenos eugnásicos (47 hombres y 49 mujeres) entre 18 y 35 años. En las telerradiografías de determinó la ubicación del PO de acuerdo a los parámetros cefalométricos de Ricketts, Steiner y Delaire. Todos los trazados cefalométricos fueron realizados utilizando el software Adobe® Photoshop® CC, versión 14.2.1. Para las mediciones angulares correspondientes a los análisis de Steiner y Ricketts se utilizó el software Screen Protractor version 4.0© 2006. Para las mediciones milimétricas correspondientes al análisis de Delaire, se utilizó el software Screen Calipers versión 4.0© 2006. Al aplicar el análisis de Steiner en la muestra se obtuvo un promedio de 17,16° para el ángulo formado entre el plano Silla-Nasion y el PO (norma 14,5±3°). Al utilizar el análisis de Ricketts, el ángulo promedio formado por el plano de Frankfurt y el PO fue 6,98° (norma 7,5±2°) Según el análisis de Delaire, la distancia en milímetros desde el PO al punto medio entre las cúspides vestibulares del primer y segundo premolar inferior fue 1,76 mm (referencia teórica 0±1 mm). El promedio de la angulación del PO se encuentra dentro del rango de normalidad según la norma de Steiner y Ricketts y el promedio de la distancia medida en milímetros del PO al punto medio entre las cúspides vestibulares del primer y segundo premolar inferior difiere en 1,76 mm de la referencia teórica del análisis cefalométrico de Delaire. Se recomienda realizar nuevos estudios que permitan definir las normas cefalométricas apropiadas para la poblacion chilena, lo que podría mejorar tanto diagnóstico como planes de tratamiento en diversas áreas de la odontología.

The aim of this study was to compare the location of the occlusal plane (OP) in a eugnathic Chilean population using Steiner, Ricketts, and Delaire cephalometric analysis. A cross-sectional study was carried out and ninety-six digital cephalometric radiographs from 47 male and 49 female young adults between ages 18 and 35 were analyzed to determine the location of the OP according to Steiner, Ricketts and Delaire cephalometric parameters. Cephalometric tracings were obtained with Adobe® Photoshop® CC, version 14.2.1 for all three analysis. Screen Calipers version 4.0© 2006 software was used to measure the distance in millimeters from the OP to a midpoint between the first and second inferior premolars cusps for Delaire analysis. For Steiner and Ricketts angle measurements, software Screen Protractor version 4.0© 2006 was used. Mean and Standard Deviation Tests for Steiner analysis showed that the mean angle between Sella-Nasion plane and OP was 17.16° (cephalometric norm 14.5±3°). The mean angle between Frankfurt plane and OP was 6.98° (cephalometric norm 7.5±2°) for Ricketts analysis. In Delaire analysis, the distance in millimeters from the OP to a midpoint between the first and second inferior premolars cusps obtained was 1.76 mm, which differs from the theoretical reference (0±1 mm). The mean angle of the occlusal plane obtained is within the average standards for Steiner and Ricketts analysis. The mean distance in millimeters obtained from the OP to a midpoint between the first and second inferior premolars cusps in this study differs from the theoretical reference reported in Delaire analysis. Further studies are recommended to study more appropriate cephalometric norms for the Chilean population that would improve diagnosis and treatment plans in different areas of the dentistry field.

Paralelismo entre plano oclusal y plano de Camper / Parallelism between the occlusal plane and the Camper's line

Objetivo: El propósito de este estudio fue verificar la relación de paralelismo entre el plano oclusal y 3 definiciones de plano de Camper en una población eugnásica chilena. Material y métodos Estudio transversal. Se seleccionaron 60 adultos jóvenes chilenos eugnásicos (32 hombres y 28 mujeres) entre 18 y 35 años. Se utilizaron telerradiografías de perfil digitales y fotografías faciales laterales estandarizadas. Se superpuso la cefalometría en las fotografías laterales con el programa Quick-Ceph®. Los planos de Camper se trazaron desde 3 diferentes puntos de inicio en el tragus (superior, medio e inferior) hacia el punto más inferior del ala de la nariz. Se midieron los ángulos formados entre el plano oclusal y los 3 planos de Camper resultantes con el programa Screen Protractor®. Resultados El análisis ANOVA muestra diferencias significativas entre los 3 ángulos. El ángulo promedio entre el plano de Camper medio y el plano oclusal fue -0,63°. En hombres, el plano de Camper medio fue más paralelo al plano oclusal (1,11°) y en mujeres el plano de Camper superior fue el más paralelo con el plano oclusal (1,39°). Conclusión El paralelismo fue verificado para el plano de Camper medio en hombres y para el plano de Camper superior en mujeres.

Objective: The aim of this study was to verify the parallelism between the occlusal plane and three different Camper's line definitions in a Chilean eugnathic population. Material and methods Cross-sectional study was conducted on 60 Chilean eugnathic young adults (32 males and 28 females) between 18 and 35 years old. Lateral digital standardised cephalometric radiographs and facial photographs were used. The cephalometric analysis was superimposed over the lateral photographs with Quick-Ceph® software. The Camper's line was traced from three different starting points at the Tragus (upper, middle and lower) to the lowest point below the nostrils. The angles obtained between the occlusal plane and the resulting Camper's lines were measured with Screen Protractor® software. Results The ANOVA test showed significant differences for the obtained angles. The mean parallelism between the medium Camper's line and the occlusal plane was -0.63°. In males, the medium Camper's line was more parallel to the occlusal plane (1.11°), and for females, the upper Camper's line was the most parallel to the occlusal plane (1.39°). Conclusion The parallelism was verified for the medium Camper's line in males, and for the upper Camper's line in females.

Paralelismo entre plano oclusal y 3 planos cefalométricos / Parallelism between the occlusal plane and 3 cephalometric planes

Objetivo: El propósito de este estudio fue comprobar si existe paralelismo entre el plano oclusal según la definición de Ricketts y 3 planos cefalométricos propuestos, en una población eugnásica chilena. Material y método Estudio transversal. Se incluyeron 96 adultos jóvenes chilenos eugnásicos entre 18 y 35 años, a los cuales se les tomaron telerradiografías de perfil estandarizadas. Se trazaron manualmente los planos cefalométricos propuestos A, B y C para medir los ángulos formados entre ellos y el plano oclusal. El plano A va desde el punto de unión del plano biespinal y el plano mandibular de Downs, hasta Stomion. El plano B se trazó desde el punto Xi de Ricketts hasta Stomion. El plano C va desde el punto medio entre R3 y R4 de Ricketts hasta Stomion. Resultados El promedio de angulación para el plano A es 0,42°, mientras que los plano B y C presentan en promedio un ángulo de −1,71° respecto el plano oclusal. ANOVA muestra diferencias significativas entre los planos propuestos y el plano oclusal. Se obtuvo un coeficiente de correlación r > 0,7 para los 3 planos propuestos. Conclusión El plano A es el que presenta mayor cercanía al paralelismo con el plano oclusal. Los planos B y C, aun cuando presentan una ligera discrepancia con el plano oclusal, podría ser utilizado igualmente.

Purpose The aim of this study was to verify the parallelism between the occlusal plane defined by Ricketts and 3 new different definitions of cephalometric lines in a Chilean eugnathic population. Material and method A cross-sectional study was conducted on 96 Chilean eugnathic young adults between 18 and 35 years old. Lateral digital standardised cephalometric radiographs were used. The cephalometric tracings for suggested lines A, B, and C were drawn by hand. Line A extends from the junction between the palatal plane and Downs's mandibular plane to Stomion. Line B was drawn from the Ricketts's Xi point to Stomion. Line C goes from Ricketts's R3 and R4 midpoint to Stomion. Results The ANOVA test shows significant differences between the suggested lines and the occlusal plane. The mean angle obtained for line A is 0.42° to the occlusal plane, while lines B and C showed a mean angle of −1.71°. A correlation coefficient r > 0.7 was obtained. Conclusion Line A is the most parallel line to the occlusal plane. Although lines B and C show a little discrepancy with the occlusal plane, they may be used anyway.

Estado nutricional y condiciones de vida de los niños menores de cinco años del área urbana del municipio de Turbo, Antioquia, Colombia, 2004 / Nutritional status and living conditions in children in an urban area of Turbo, Antioquia, Colombia

Introducción. La desnutrición es un problema para quienes la padecen y para el futuro de las sociedades a las que pertenecen. Es importante conocer su magnitud para plantear soluciones. Objetivo. Evaluar el estado nutricional de los niños en el área urbana de Turbo por indicadores antropométricos y alimentarios, e identificar los factores sociodemográficos, ambientales, alimentarios y de salud asociados con el riesgo de desnutrición. Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. La muestra estuvo conformada por 606 niños. Se hizo una selección aleatoria proporcional y polietápica de los barrios y manzanas del área urbana de Turbo. Se realizó evaluación antropométrica y aplicación de un cuestionario sobre aspectos socioeconómicos y antecedentes nutricionales a la madre. Resultados. Utilizando un punto de corte de –2 unidades Z, las prevalencias de desnutrición global (insuficiencia ponderal), crónica y aguda fueron 11,1 por ciento (IC95 por ciento 8,5-13,6), 11,7 por ciento (IC95 por ciento 9,1-14,4) y 2,8 por ciento (IC95 por ciento 1,4-4,2), respectivamente. Tomando como punto de corte –1 unidades Z, las prevalencias aumentaron a 41,7 por ciento (IC95 por ciento 37,7-45,8), 36,9 por ciento (IC95 por ciento 33,0-40,9) y 24,6 por ciento (IC95 por ciento 21,1-28,1), respectivamente. En el análisis bivariado se encontraron los mayores riesgos de desnutrición global, aguda y crónica para el sexo masculino; de desnutrición global y crónica, para mayores de un año; de desnutrición crónica, para niños que pertenecían a hogares de más de cinco miembros, hijos de mujeres con bajo nivel educativo, que recibieron lactancia materna por más de un año y que tenían más hermanos. Conclusiones. La clasificación del estado nutricional utilizando indicadores antropométricos muestra que el riesgo de desnutrición en la población infantil del área urbana de Turbo estuvo por encima de los promedios nacionales. El estado nutricional está asociado con múltiples...