Cost Analysis of Buprenorphine Extended-Release Injection Versus Sublingual Buprenorphine/Naloxone Tablets in a Correctional Setting.

Incarcerated clients experience high rates of opioid use disorder and overdose. It is critical that opioid agonist treatment (OAT) is provided in correctional facilities. However, few receive OAT due to concerns about diversion, misuse, and safety. Buprenorphine extended-release (BUP-XR), a monthly buprenorphine depot injection, could be especially advantageous in the correctional setting as it can prevent diversion and misuse, saving staff resources and time. An injection of BUP-XR is costly compared with a monthly supply of buprenorphine/naloxone (BUP/NX) tablets. We demonstrate that when factoring in the added costs of medication preparation, administration, monitoring, and personnel, it is more economical to provide BUP-XR than BUP/NX. Other facilities, by utilizing our cost breakdown, can determine whether BUP-XR is economically advantageous at their own facility.

Effectiveness of the CANRISK tool in the identification of dysglycemia in a Canadian South Asian Population. / Efficacité de l'outil CANRISK pour détecter la dysglycémie au sein d'une population d'origine sud-asiatique au Canada.

INTRODUCTION: South Asians have a higher than average risk of developing type 2 diabetes. We ascertained the effectiveness of CANRISK, an existing diabetes risk assessment tool, examining its sensitivity and specificity at two different predetermined scoring cut-off points comparing those participants under the age of 40 and those 40 and over. We examined the predictive ability of a model based on CANRISK variables, comparing ethno-specific body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) cut-off points with the original BMI and WC cut-off points to see if predictive ability could be improved for this population. METHODS: Canadian South Asians of unknown diabetes status, age 18 to 78, were recruited across seven provinces from various community or health centers. CANRISK variables were collected followed by oral glucose tolerance testing. Descriptive analysis, logistic regression including alternative ethno-specific BMI and WC cut-off points, and sensitivity and specificity analyses were performed. RESULTS: 832 participants were recruited (584 under age 40). Using the entire study sample, logistic regression models including CANRISK variables predicted dysglycemia effectively (AUC of 0.80). However, by using alternative BMI/WC cut-off points with the scoring algorithm, predictive power via AUC was not improved. Sensitivity and specificity of CANRISK using the original pre-determined "high risk" cut-off point of 33 points in individuals age 40 years or over were 93% and 35%, respectively; in individuals under 40, these were 33% and 92%, respectively. Using the lower pre-determined "moderate risk" cut-off point of 21 points improved the sensitivity to 77% and specificity to 53% in the younger age group. CONCLUSION: The existing CANRISK is an adequate risk assessment tool for dysglycemia in Canadian South Asians for those age 40 years and over; however, the tool does not work as well for individuals under 40. The lower cut-off of 21 points may be warranted for younger individuals to minimize false negatives. Ethno-specific BMI/WC cutoff points did not improve predictive ability of the CANRISK scoring algorithm as measured by AUC.

INTRODUCTION: Les personnes d'origine sud-asiatique présentent un risque supérieur à la moyenne de développer un diabète de type 2. Nous avons vérifié l'efficacité de CANRISK, un outil d'évaluation du risque de diabète, en examinant sa sensibilité et sa spécificité en fonction de deux seuils de cotation différents prédéfinis et en comparant les participants de 40 ans et plus et ceux de moins de 40 ans. Nous avons examiné la valeur prédictive d'un modèle fondé sur les variables de CANRISK en comparant des seuils ethnospécifiques de l'indice de masse corporelle (IMC) et du tour de taille (TT) avec les seuils originaux d'IMC et de TT, afin de voir l'on pouvait améliorer cette valeur prédictive au sein de cette population. MÉTHODOLOGIE: On a recruté, dans diverses communautés et divers centres de santé de sept provinces, des Canadiens d'origine sud-asiatique âgés de 18 à 78 ans dont l'état diabétique était inconnu. On a recueilli les données de CANRISK puis réalisé une épreuve d'hyperglycémie provoquée par voie orale. On a procédé à une analyse descriptive, à une régression logistique incluant des seuils ethnospécifiques d'IMC et de TT et à des analyses de sensibilité et de spécificité. RÉSULTATS: On a recruté 832 participants (dont 584 de moins de 40 ans). Sur l'ensemble de l'échantillon, les modèles de régression logistique fondés sur les données de CANRISK ont prédit la dysglycémie de manière efficace (aire sous la courbe [ASC] de 0,80). En revanche, en utilisant différents seuils d'IMC et de TT avec l'algorithme de cotation, la valeur prédictive fondée sur l'ASC ne s'est pas améliorée. La sensibilité et la spécificité de CANRISK avec le seuil prédéterminé « risque élevé ¼ original à 33 points étaient de respectivement 93 % et 35 % chez les 40 ans ou plus et de respectivement 33 % et 92 % chez les moins de 40 ans. L'utilisation du seuil prédéterminé « risque modéré ¼ à 21 points a permis d'améliorer la sensibilité à 77 % et la spécificité à 53 % au sein du groupe d'âge plus jeune. CONCLUSION: Le questionnaire actuel CANRISK est un outil d'évaluation du risque adéquat pour la dysglycémie chez les Canadiens d'origine sud-asiatique âgés de 40 ans et plus, mais il ne fonctionne pas aussi bien pour les moins de 40 ans. Utiliser un seuil plus faible à 21 points est pertinent chez les plus jeunes afin de diminuer les faux négatifs. Les seuils d'IMC et de TT fondés sur l'origine ethnique n'ont pas permis d'améliorer la valeur prédictive de l'algorithme de cotation de CANRISK que mesure l'ASC.

Understanding how self-management interventions work for disadvantaged populations living with chronic conditions: protocol for a realist synthesis.

INTRODUCTION: Self-management programmes are complex interventions aimed at improving the way individuals self-manage chronic conditions, but there are questions about the overall impact of these programmes on disadvantaged populations, in terms of their capacity to engage with and receive the benefits from these initiatives. Given the increased resources being directed towards self-management initiatives, clinicians and policy makers need knowledge on how self-management interventions work for these populations. Most systematic reviews of self-management interventions do not consider the complex interactions between implementation contexts, intervention strategies, and mechanisms that influence how self-management interventions work in real life for disadvantaged groups. METHODS: To address the need for better understanding of these mechanisms and to create context-relevant knowledge, we are conducting a realist synthesis of evidence on self-management interventions for disadvantaged populations living with chronic conditions. The primary research question is: What are the key mechanisms operating in chronic condition self-management interventions among disadvantaged populations? In this protocol, we outline the steps we will take to identify the programme theory for self-management interventions and candidate middle-range theories; to search for evidence in academic and grey literature; to appraise and extract the collected evidence; to synthesise and interpret the findings to generate key context-mechanism-outcome configurations and to disseminate results to relevant stakeholder and to peer-review publications. DISSEMINATION: Understandings of how chronic conditions self-management interventions work among disadvantaged populations is essential knowledge for clinicians and other decision makers who need to know which programmes they should implement for which groups. Results will also benefit medical researchers who want to direct effort towards current gaps in knowledge in order to advance the self-management field. In addition, the study will make a contribution to the evolving body of knowledge on the realist synthesis method and, in particular, to its application to behaviour change interventions for disadvantaged populations.