Brazilian fetal cardiology guidelines ­ 2019 / Diretriz brasileira de cardiologia fetal ­ 2019

Over the years, Fetal Cardiology have been incorporated into the daily practice of Pediatric Cardiology. What was once restricted to a few fetal heart researchers, has slowly been incorporated into health institutions that deal with congenital heart diseases (CHD). Fetal echocardiography has generated extensive knowledge of the natural and modified history of heart diseases in utero, and normal fetal heart physiology and anatomy. The benefits of fetal diagnosis have become unquestionable over the years. Pioneers in the area succeeded in demystifying the fetal heart examination and proving the importance of screening for cardiac abnormalities during obstetric examinations. Prenatal detection rates have increased, and interest in fetal echocardiography is, thus, no longer merely a diagnostic tool; it has gone on to become a tool of the utmost importance in assisting medical and, progressively, interventional treatment of specific anomalies that occur in fetal life. A vast body of literature currently supports the practice of Fetal Cardiology. In addition to diagnosis, anatomical and functional particularities may be identified in utero, with implications on the delivery planning and pre and postnatal management. Prenatal diagnosis has certainly led to increase the number of babies with complex heart diseases in Pediatric Cardiology hospital beds. Prior to this, children with complex heart diseases did not survive the immediate neonatal period and died in neonatal intensive care units without being diagnosed. Nowadays, these children require increasingly careful and specific management involving Pediatric Cardiology and thus modifying the practice of Neonatal Cardiology. Despite the vast literature pertinent to Fetal Cardiology, due to the restricted number of cases, there is a lack of studies with large populations and randomization processes, being the information based on observational studies and description of small samples or cases reports. However, the accumulated knowledge is already enough to develop scientific statements or guidelines. In April 2014, the American Heart Association (AHA) published the first scientific statement for Fetal Cardiology, encompassing all the practical aspects involved in this area, including screening, diagnosis, medical or interventional therapy, counseling, delivery planning, and neonatal treatment. Considering this extremely thorough and highly useful document, we have accepted the challenge of bringing together professionals dedicated to Fetal Cardiology from different regions of Brazil in order to jointly establish guidelines which are adapted to our reality and which also take into consideration knowledge created in Brazil. We believe that the information brought together in this document will be of great use to professionals who face the challenge of dealing with possible abnormalities that affect the fetal heart in their daily practice. (AU)

Complications in adolescent pregnancy: systematic review of the literature / Complicações da gravidez na adolescência: revisão sistemática da literatura

Sexual activity during adolescence can lead to unwanted pregnancy, which in turn can result in serious maternal and fetal complications. The present study aimed to evaluate the complications related to adolescent pregnancy, through a systematic review using the Medical Subject Headings: “pregnancy complication” AND “adolescent” OR “pregnancy in adolescence”. Only full original articles in English or Portuguese with a clearly described methodology, were included. No qualitative studies, reviews or meta-analyses, editorials, case series, or case reports were included. The sample consisted of 15 articles; in that 10 were cross-sectional and 5 were cohort studies. The overall prevalence of adolescent pregnancy was 10%, and among the Brazilian studies, the adolescent pregnancy rate was 26%. The cesarean delivery rate was lower than that reported in the general population. The main maternal and neonatal complications were hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, prematurity and low birth weight, respectively. Adolescent pregnancy is related to increased frequency of neonatal and maternal complications and lower prevalence of cesarean delivery.

A atividade sexual na adolescência pode levar a uma gravidez indesejável que por sua vez pode trazer sérias complicações maternais e fetais. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar as complicações relacionadas à gravidez na adolescência, por meio de uma revisão sistemática, utilizando como descritores do Medical Subject Headings: “pregnancy complication” AND “adolescent”OR “pregnancy in adolescence”. Foram considerados os artigos originais completos em inglês ou português, na íntegra, que apresentassem descrição clara da metodologia. Não foram incluídos estudos qualitativos, revisões ou metanálises, editoriais, série de casos e relatos de caso. A amostra foi constituída por 15 publicações, sendo 10 com delineamento transversal e 5 com delineamento coorte. A prevalência geral de gestação na adolescência foi de 10% e, entre os trabalhos nacionais, de 26%. A prevalência de parto cesárea foi menor que a descrita na população geral. As principais complicações maternas e neonatais de mães adolescentes foram doença hipertensiva específica da gestação, prematuridade e baixo peso ao nascer respectivamente. A gestação na adolescência se relacionou a maior frequência de complicações neonatais e maternas e à menor prevalência de parto cesariana.

Predição e prevenção do parto pré-termo espontâneo / Prediction and prevention of spontaneous preterm birth

A incidência de parto pré-termo varia de 7-12% de todas as gestações e o nascimento prematuro é das principais causas de morbimortalidade neonatal, responsável por mais de três quartos das mortes neonatais, quando malformações congênitas são excluídas. Várias estratégias são adotadas com o objetivo de reduzir as taxas de partos prematuros, incluindo a identificação de fatores de risco e o uso profilático de progesterona. Destacam-se, entre as principais ações da progesterona, o efeito relaxante sobre a musculatura uterina, a capacidade de bloquear os efeitos da ocitocina, o efeito anti-inflamatório e imunossupressor. O uso de progesterona exógena reduz as taxas de prematuridade em pacientes com risco de parto prematuro, tal como história prévia de parto prematuro, e colo uterino curto demonstrado pela ultrassonografia transvaginal no segundo trimestre de gestação. Esta revisão objetiva, inicialmente, evidenciar aspectos importantes a serem abordados na assistência ambulatorial e, posteriormente descrever as principais ações preditivas e preventivas do nascimento prematuro disponíveis na assistência obstétrica.

Incidence of preterm delivery ranges from 7-12% of all gestations and premature birth is one of the main causes for newborn morbimortality. It is responsible for over three quarters of neonatal deaths, minus congenital malformations. Several strategies can be adopted to reduce premature delivery rates, including risk factor identification and prophylactic use of progesterone. Among the main actions of progesterone is its relaxingeffect upon uterine muscles, the ability to block the effects of cytokin, and its antiinflammatory and immunosuppresive effects. The use of exogenous progesterone reduces the rates of prematurity for patients under risk of premature delivery, such as those with a history of premature deliveries, and short cervix as revealed by transvaginal ultrasound in the second quarter of pregnancy. This review aims to highlight important aspects tobe considered in the outpatient clinic and describe the main predictive and preventive actions of premature birth available in obstetric care.