Thiamine, cysteine and xylose added to the Maillard reaction of goat protein hydrolysate potentiates the formation of meat flavoring compounds.

A protein hydrolysate of goat viscera added with xylose, cysteine, and thiamine under different pH was used to prepare a meat flavoring. Goat viscera hydrolysate and flavoring were subjected to analysis of physicochemical characteristics, amino acid profile, sugars, fatty acids, and volatile profile. Meat aroma characteristics were initiated in the hydrolysate, in which Strecker's pyrazines and aldehydes were identified, which also had fatty acids and amino acids available for the formation of 96 volatile compounds in the flavorings via lipid manipulation, Maillard occurrence, Strecker manipulation and interactions among these means. Maillard reaction products with intense meat aroma, such as 2-methyl-3-furanthiol, 2-furfurylthiol and, bis(2-methyl-3-furyl) disulfide were isolated only in the flavoring at pH 4. In contrast, the flavoring at pH 6 showed a higher concentration than all the other compounds, providing a lower meat characteristic, but an intense sweet, fatty and goat aroma.

RISK AND PREVENTIVE FACTORS FOR TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS: ANALYSIS OF CHILDREN'S PERCEPTION USING THE EDUTHERAPEUTIC METHOD.

OBJECTIVE: To describe children's perception of risk and preventive factors related to traffic accidents using the Edutherapeutic Method. METHODS: This is a qualitative descriptive study carried out with 173 students from public schools aged seven to 14 years in Lagarto, Sergipe, Brazil. Data were collected in the second half of 2014. The first stage consisted of an activity with drawing/writing sheets in all classes selected by the Nursing undergraduate students. Next, the children answered a questionnaire on sociodemographic data. The qualitative analysis of the expressive language of the children's drawings generated two categories: positive and negative factors for the prevention of traffic accidents and their subcategories. RESULTS: The children's perception regarding preventive and risk factors for traffic accidents was considered adequate according to other studies found in the literature on the same subject. The drawings and descriptions were used later to provide the students with a better understanding of these factors. CONCLUSIONS: The study lends support to educational activities and interventions about prevention with schoolchildren. This is one of the main goals proposed by Brazil in the National Plan of Action for Road Traffic Safety for the decade 2011-2020.

EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM FOR THE PROMOTION OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND PREVENTIVE PRACTICES FOR CHILDREN IN RELATION TO TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS: EXPERIMENTAL STUDY.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate knowledge, attitudes and preventive practices on traffic accidents in schoolchildren, before and after the implementation of a health education program. METHODS: Experimental study carried out in two public schools in Northeastern Brazil. The sample was composed of 173 children from 3rd to 5th grade and was randomized into Experimental Group (EG; n=0) and Control Group (CG; n=8). The educational program was carried out at EG with the use of the educational therapeutic method (Health Magic Box). The data were obtained through the questionnaire Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP), applied at the beginning of the study, before any educational actions, and one month after the experimental treatment. Paired Student's t-test was used to compare the moments before and after the intervention in the EG and initial and final evaluation in the CG. RESULTS: The children in the EG and CG were similar in relation to sociodemographic variables, and no significant difference was observed in the level of knowledge, attitudes and preventive practices on traffic accidents between the groups in the initial evaluation. One month after the experimental treatment, a significant improvement in knowledge was observed in EG (p=0.027). Preventive attitudes and practices were also higher in children in the EG, but without significant differences in relation to CG (p=0.060 and p=0.282, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The educational intervention increased the level of knowledge and maintained the preventive attitudes and practices on traffic accidents at the same level in 3rd-5th grade students.

Risk and preventive factors for traffic accidents: analysis of childrens perception using the edutherapeutic method / Fatores de risco e prevenção de acidentes de trânsito: análise da percepção das crianças pelo método eduterapêutico

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe children's perception of risk and preventive factors related to traffic accidents using the Edutherapeutic Method. Methods: This is a qualitative descriptive study carried out with 173 students from public schools aged seven to 14 years in Lagarto, Sergipe, Brazil. Data were collected in the second half of 2014. The first stage consisted of an activity with drawing/writing sheets in all classes selected by the Nursing undergraduate students. Next, the children answered a questionnaire on sociodemographic data. The qualitative analysis of the expressive language of the children's drawings generated two categories: positive and negative factors for the prevention of traffic accidents and their subcategories. Results: The children's perception regarding preventive and risk factors for traffic accidents was considered adequate according to other studies found in the literature on the same subject. The drawings and descriptions were used later to provide the students with a better understanding of these factors. Conclusions: The study lends support to educational activities and interventions about prevention with schoolchildren. This is one of the main goals proposed by Brazil in the National Plan of Action for Road Traffic Safety for the decade 2011-2020.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever a percepção de crianças em relação aos fatores de risco e de prevenção relacionados aos acidentes de trânsito pelo Método Eduterapêutico. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa, realizado com 173 estudantes da rede pública do município de Lagarto, Sergipe, com idades entre sete e 14 anos. A coleta de dados ocorreu no segundo semestre de 2014 e se iniciou com a aplicação da ficha do desenho/escrita em todas as turmas selecionadas, pelas alunas do curso de Enfermagem, seguida da aplicação de um questionário sobre dados sociodemográficos. Após análise qualitativa da linguagem expressiva dos desenhos das crianças, emergiram duas categorias: fatores positivos e negativos para a prevenção de acidentes e suas subcategorias. Resultados: As crianças possuem percepção considerada adequada em relação aos fatores preventivos e de risco para acidentes no trânsito, de acordo com a descrição na literatura a respeito da temática. Os desenhos e as descrições foram utilizados posteriormente para trabalhar esses fatores com os próprios alunos. Conclusões: O estudo fornece subsídios para intervenções e atividades educativas de prevenção voltadas a escolares, o que se constitui uma das metas importantes da proposta do Brasil no Plano Nacional de Redução de Acidentes e Segurança Viária para a década 2011-2020.

Educational program for the promotion of knowledge, attitudes and preventive practices for children in relation to traffic accidents: experimental study / Programa educativo para promoção de conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas preventivas de crianças em relação aos acidentes de trânsito: estudo experimental

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate knowledge, attitudes and preventive practices on traffic accidents in schoolchildren, before and after the implementation of a health education program. Methods: Experimental study carried out in two public schools in Northeastern Brazil. The sample was composed of 173 children from 3rd to 5th grade and was randomized into Experimental Group (EG; n=0) and Control Group (CG; n=8). The educational program was carried out at EG with the use of the educational therapeutic method (Health Magic Box). The data were obtained through the questionnaire Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP), applied at the beginning of the study, before any educational actions, and one month after the experimental treatment. Paired Student's t-test was used to compare the moments before and after the intervention in the EG and initial and final evaluation in the CG. Results: The children in the EG and CG were similar in relation to sociodemographic variables, and no significant difference was observed in the level of knowledge, attitudes and preventive practices on traffic accidents between the groups in the initial evaluation. One month after the experimental treatment, a significant improvement in knowledge was observed in EG (p=0.027). Preventive attitudes and practices were also higher in children in the EG, but without significant differences in relation to CG (p=0.060 and p=0.282, respectively). Conclusions: The educational intervention increased the level of knowledge and maintained the preventive attitudes and practices on traffic accidents at the same level in 3rd-5th grade students.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento, as atitudes e as práticas preventivas de acidentes de trânsito entre crianças escolares antes e depois da aplicação de um programa educativo. Métodos: Estudo experimental, com abordagens descritiva e analítica, realizado em duas escolas públicas do nordeste brasileiro. A amostra foi composta de 173 crianças do 3º ao 5º ano do ensino fundamental e aleatorizada em Grupo Experimental (GE), com 90 participantes, e Grupo Controle (GC), com 83 participantes. O programa educativo foi realizado no GE com a utilização do método eduterapêutico (Health Magic Box). Os dados foram obtidos por meio do questionário Conhecimento, Atitudes e Práticas (CAP), aplicado no início da pesquisa, antes de qualquer ação educativa, e após um mês da realização do tratamento experimental. Na análise estatística foi utilizado o teste t de Student pareado para comparação entre os momentos anteriores e posteriores à intervenção no GE e avaliação inicial e final no GC. Resultados: As crianças do GE e GC mostraram-se semelhantes quanto às variáveis sociodemográficas, e não foi observada diferença significativa no nível de conhecimento, atitudes e práticas preventivas de acidentes de trânsito entre os grupos na avaliação inicial. Entretanto, ainda após um mês da realização do experimento, foi evidenciada melhora significativa no conhecimento do GE (p=0,027). As atitudes e práticas preventivas também foram superiores nas crianças do GE, porém sem diferença significativa em relação ao GC (p=0,060 e p=0,282, respectivamente). Conclusões: A intervenção educativa aumentou o nível de conhecimento e manteve as atitudes e práticas preventivas de acidentes de trânsito estabilizadas em estudantes de 3º a 5º ano.

Pain relief strategies during immunization / Estratégias para alivio da dor durante a imunização

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Vaccine is the most common source of pain in childhood, which can lead to the non-acceptance of immunization. Given that, healthcare professionals must use strategies to manage pain in their practice. The objective of this study was to analyze the non-pharmacological therapies used in clinical trials to manage pain during children's immunization. CONTENTS: In this integrative review, we searched the LILACS, Medline, BDENF and Pubmed databases, using the keywords "Clinical trial," "Pain management" and "Immunization," with the Boolean operator AND. After searching and reading, eight articles were included in this review. The studies analyzed showed different techniques to manage pain, such as the use of movies, toys, facilitated position and parents' training. CONCLUSION: The interventions studied proved to be beneficial to manage pain, and they can be performed by a professional or by the parents themselves, supporting the professionals in implementing it in their clinical practice.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A vacina é o método mais comum de causa de dor na infância, podendo levar a não aceitação da imunização. Diante disso, os profissionais da saúde precisam usar estratégias para o manuseio da dor em sua prática. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as terapias não farmacológicas utilizadas em ensaios clínicos para o manuseio da dor durante a imunização de crianças. CONTEÚDO: Nesta revisão integrativa, buscou-se artigos das bases de dados LILACS, Medline, BDENF e Pubmed, com o uso dos descritores "Ensaio clínico", "Manejo da dor" e "Imunização", com o operador booleano AND. Após busca e leitura, oito artigos foram incluídos nesta revisão. Os estudos analisados evidenciaram diferentes técnicas de manejo da dor como uso de filmes, brinquedos, posição facilitada e treinamento dos pais. CONCLUSÃO: As intervenções analisadas, demonstraram-se benéficas para o manejo da dor, podendo ser conduzidas por um profissional ou pelos próprios pais, amparando, dessa forma, os profissionais para sua implementação na prática clínica.

Speech recognition index of workers with tinnitus exposed to environmental or occupational noise: a comparative study.

INTRODUCTION: Tinnitus is considered the third worst symptom affecting humans. The aim of this article is to assess complaints by workers with tinnitus exposed to environmental and occupational noise. METHODOLOGY: 495 workers went through an epidemiological survey at the Audiology Department of the Center for Studies on Workers' Health and Human Ecology, from 2003 to 2007. The workers underwent tonal and vocal audiometry, preceded by a clinical and occupational history questionnaire. Two-factor ANOVA and Tukey were the statistical tests used. All the analysis set statistical significance at α=5%. FINDINGS: There was a higher prevalence of occupational tinnitus (73.7%), a predominance of female domestic workers (65.4%) in cases of environmental exposure, and predominance of male construction workers (71.5%) for occupational exposure. There was a significant difference in workers with hearing loss, who showed a mean speech recognition index (SRI) of 85%, as compared to healthy workers with a mean SRI greater than 93.5%. Signs and symptoms, speech perception, and interference in sound localization with the type of noise exposure (environmental versus occupational) comparisons found no significant differences. CONCLUSION: Studied group's high prevalence of tinnitus, major difficulties in speech recognition with hearing loss and the presence of individuals with normal hearing with both types of exposure justify the importance of measures in health promotion, prevention, and hearing surveillance. The findings highlight the importance of valuing the patients' own perception as the first indication of tinnitus and hearing loss in order to help develop appropriate public policies within the Unified National Health System (SUS).

How to avoid discontinuation of antihypertensive treatment: The experience in São Paulo, Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the importance of providing guidelines to patients via active telephone calls for blood pressure control and for preventing the discontinuation of treatment among hypertensive patients. INTRODUCTION: Many reasons exist for non-adherence to medical regimens, and one of the strategies employed to improve treatment compliance is the use of active telephone calls. METHODS: Hypertensive patients (n=354) who could receive telephone calls to remind them of their medical appointments and receive instruction about hypertension were distributed into two groups: a) "uncomplicated" - hypertensive patients with no other concurrent diseases and b) "complicated" - severe hypertensive patients (mean diastolic ≥ 110 mmHg with or without medication) or patients with comorbidities. All patients, except those excluded (n=44), were open-block randomized to follow two treatment regimens ("traditional" or "current") and to receive or not receive telephone calls ("phone calls" and "no phone calls" groups, respectively). RESULTS: Significantly fewer patients in the "phone calls" group discontinued treatment compared to those in the "no phone calls" group (4 vs. 30; p<0.0094). There was no difference in the percentage of patients with controlled blood pressure in the "phone calls" group and "no phone calls" group or in the "traditional" and "current" groups. The percentage of patients with controlled blood pressure (<140/90 mmHg) was increased at the end of the treatment (74%), reaching 80% in the "uncomplicated" group and 67% in the "complicated" group (p<0.000001). CONCLUSION: Guidance to patients via active telephone calls is an efficient strategy for preventing the discontinuation of antihypertensive treatment.

How to avoid discontinuation of antihypertensive treatment: The experience in São Paulo, Brazil

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the importance of providing guidelines to patients via active telephone calls for blood pressure control and for preventing the discontinuation of treatment among hypertensive patients. INTRODUCTION: Many reasons exist for non-adherence to medical regimens, and one of the strategies employed to improve treatment compliance is the use of active telephone calls. METHODS: Hypertensive patients (n=354) who could receive telephone calls to remind them of their medical appointments and receive instruction about hypertension were distributed into two groups: a) "uncomplicated" - hypertensive patients with no other concurrent diseases and b) "complicated" - severe hypertensive patients (mean diastolic >110 mmHg with or without medication) or patients with comorbidities. All patients, except those excluded (n=44), were open-block randomized to follow two treatment regimens ("traditional" or "current") and to receive or not receive telephone calls ("phone calls" and "no phone calls" groups, respectively). RESULTS: Significantly fewer patients in the "phone calls" group discontinued treatment compared to those in the "no phone calls" group (4 vs. 30; p<0.0094). There was no difference in the percentage of patients with controlled blood pressure in the "phone calls" group and "no phone calls" group or in the "traditional" and "current" groups. The percentage of patients with controlled blood pressure (<140/90 mmHg) was increased at the end of the treatment (74 percent), reaching 80 percent in the "uncomplicated" group and 67 percent in the "complicated" group (p<0.000001). CONCLUSION: Guidance to patients via active telephone calls is an efficient strategy for preventing the discontinuation of antihypertensive treatment.

Estudo comparativo dos marcos do desenvolvimento motor das crianças com Síndrome de Down em relação à escala evolutiva de Denver II / Comparative study of motor milestones development of children with Down syndrome in relation to Denver II scale

Objetivo: Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo comparar os marcos motores das crianças com Síndrome de Down (SD) em relação à escala de Denver II. Métodos: Foram incluídas na pesquisa as crianças com diagnóstico de SD, de ambos os sexos, com faixa etária menor que 18 meses e que participavam do programa de intervenção precoce na Associação dos Pais e Amigos dos Excepcionais (APAE), Maceió/AL, sendo excluídas as que não possuíam diagnóstico de SD, maiores de 18 meses e as que abandonaram o programa. Participaram da pesquisa 12 crianças. Foi realizada a coleta de dados e a avaliação do desenvolvimento das crianças utilizando a Escala de Denver II. Após o período de acompanhamento, as crianças foram divididas em dois grupos e posteriormente se fez uma correlação entre os fatores de risco e a presença de atraso no desenvolvimento. Os dados foram analisados por meio das estatísticas descritiva e analítica e do Teste de Fischer cujo nível de significância foi de 5 por cento. Resultados: Verificou-se o alcance nos marcos motores objetivados em 66,66 por cento, sendo a média de idade de aquisição de 5,5 meses, 11,11 meses, 13 meses e 23 meses, respectivamente para a aquisição do controle de cabeça, do sentar, ficar de pé e andar em relação à escala de Denver II. Conclusão: Há a existência de um atraso nas aquisições motoras das crianças com SD em relação à Escala de Denver II, mesmo quando submetidas à intervenção precoce, porém ele pode ser minimizado principalmente quando ocorre uma participação efetiva dos pais na terapia, freqüência regular e início precoce do tratamento.

Objective: The aim of this research was to compare children’s motor milestones with Down Syndrome (DS) in relation to Denver II scale. Methods: This research was composed by children with clinic diagnosis of DS, both gender, age group below 18 months who were participating to a precocious intervention program carried out in the Association of Parents and Friends of Disabled Individuals (APAE), Maceió/AL. Children with no diagnosis of DS, above 18 months and those who abandoned the program were excluded. After a period of follow-up, the children were divided into two groups and then a correlation between risk factors and development delay was observed. Data was analyzed based on a descriptive and analytical statistics and Fischer test with significance level of 5 percent. Results: It was observed the range of motor milestones in 66.66 percent and average age of acquisition 5.5 months, 11.11 months, 13 months and 23 months, respectively for the acquisition of head control, sitting down, standing up and walking according to Denver’s II scale. Conclusion: We conclude that children with SD exhibit motor delay in relation to Denver’s II scale, even when they are submitted to the precocious intervention, but can be minimized specially when parents participate effectively during therapy, regular periodicity and start treatment earlier.