RESUMO
The pre-clinical characterization of novel aryloxypyridine amides that are histamine H(3) receptor antagonists is described. These compounds are high affinity histamine H(3) ligands that penetrate the CNS and occupy the histamine H(3) receptor in rat brain. Several compounds were extensively profiled pre-clinically leading to the identification of two compounds suitable for nomination as development candidates.
Assuntos
Azepinas/farmacologia , Antagonistas dos Receptores Histamínicos H3/farmacologia , Piridinas/farmacologia , Amidas/química , Animais , Azepinas/química , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Piridinas/química , RatosRESUMO
Orexins are peptides produced by lateral hypothalamic neurons that exert a prominent role in the maintenance of wakefulness by activating orexin-1 (OX1R) and orexin-2 (OX2R) receptor located in wake-active structures. Pharmacological blockade of both receptors by the dual OX1/2R antagonist (2R)-2-[(1S)-6,7-dimethoxy-1-{2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl}-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-N-methyl-2-phenylethanamide (almorexant) has been shown to promote sleep in animals and humans during their active period. However, the selective distribution of OX1R and OX2R in distinct neuronal circuits may result in a differential impact of these receptors in sleep-wake modulation. The respective role of OX1R and OX2R on sleep in correlation with monoamine release was evaluated in rats treated with selective antagonists alone or in combination. When administered in either phase of the light/dark cycle, the OX2R antagonist 1-(2,4-dibromophenyl)-3-[(4S,5S)-2,2-dimethyl-4-phenyl-1,3-dioxan-5-yl]urea (JNJ-10397049) decreased the latency for persistent sleep and increased nonrapid eye movement and rapid eye movement sleep time. Almorexant produced less hypnotic activity, whereas the OX1R antagonist 1-(6,8-difluoro-2-methylquinolin-4-yl)-3-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]urea (SB-408124) had no effect. Microdialysis studies showed that either OX2R or OX1/2R antagonism decreased extracellular histamine concentration in the lateral hypothalamus, whereas both OX1R and OX1/2R antagonists increased dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex. Finally, coadministration of the OX1R with the OX2R antagonist greatly attenuated the sleep-promoting effects of the OX2R antagonist. These results indicate that blockade of OX2R is sufficient to initiate and prolong sleep, consistent with the hypothesis of a deactivation of the histaminergic system. In addition, it is suggested that simultaneous inhibition of OX1R attenuates the sleep-promoting effects mediated by selective OX2R blockade, possibly correlated with dopaminergic neurotransmission.
Assuntos
Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/fisiologia , Receptores de Neuropeptídeos/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores de Neuropeptídeos/fisiologia , Sono/efeitos dos fármacos , Sono/fisiologia , Acetamidas/farmacologia , Animais , Isoquinolinas/farmacologia , Masculino , Receptores de Orexina , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
Triple reuptake inhibitors, which block the serotonin transporter (SERT), norepinephrine transporter (NET) and dopamine transporter (DAT) in the central nervous system have been described as therapeutic alternatives for classical selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, with advantages due to their multiple mechanisms of action. JNJ-7925476 (trans-6-(4-ethynylphenyl)-1,2,3,5,6,10b-hexahydropyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline) is a selective and potent inhibitor of the SERT, NET, and DAT (K(i)=0.9, 17 and 5.2 nM, respectively). Following subcutaneous dosing in rat, JNJ-7925476 was rapidly absorbed into the plasma, and drug concentrations in the brain tracked with those in the plasma but were 7-fold higher. The ED(50) values for JNJ-7925476 occupancy of the SERT, NET, and DAT in rat brain were 0.18, 0.09 and 2.4 mg/kg, respectively. JNJ-7925476 (0.1-10 mg/kg, s.c.) rapidly induced a robust, dose-dependent increase in extracellular serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine levels in rat cerebral cortex. The compound also showed potent antidepressant-like activity in the mouse tail suspension test (ED(50)=0.3 mg/kg, i.p.). These results demonstrate that JNJ-7925476 is a triple reuptake inhibitor with in-vivo efficacy in biochemical and behavioral models of depression.
Assuntos
Isoquinolinas/farmacologia , Inibidores da Captação de Neurotransmissores/farmacologia , Pirróis/farmacologia , Animais , Área Sob a Curva , Autorradiografia , Barreira Hematoencefálica/efeitos dos fármacos , Química Encefálica/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Córtex Cerebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Dopamina/metabolismo , Elevação dos Membros Posteriores , Humanos , Isoquinolinas/química , Isoquinolinas/farmacocinética , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Microdiálise , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores da Captação de Neurotransmissores/química , Inibidores da Captação de Neurotransmissores/farmacocinética , Pirróis/química , Pirróis/farmacocinética , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Serotonina/metabolismo , EstereoisomerismoRESUMO
The synthesis and preclinical characterization of novel 4-(R)-methyl-6,7-dihydro-4H-triazolo[4,5-c]pyridines that are potent and selective brain penetrant P2X7 antagonists are described. Optimization efforts based on previously disclosed unsubstituted 6,7-dihydro-4H-triazolo[4,5-c]pyridines, methyl substituted 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazines, and several other series lead to the identification of a series of 4-(R)-methyl-6,7-dihydro-4H-triazolo[4,5-c]pyridines that are selective P2X7 antagonists with potency at the rodent and human P2X7 ion channels. These novel P2X7 antagonists have suitable physicochemical properties, and several analogs have an excellent pharmacokinetic profile, good partitioning into the CNS and show robust in vivo target engagement after oral dosing. Improvements in metabolic stability led to the identification of JNJ-54175446 (14) as a candidate for clinical development. The drug discovery efforts and strategies that resulted in the identification of the clinical candidate are described herein.
Assuntos
Antagonistas do Receptor Purinérgico P2X/farmacologia , Piridinas/farmacologia , Receptores Purinérgicos P2X7/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Disponibilidade Biológica , Humanos , Antagonistas do Receptor Purinérgico P2X/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
The preclinical characterization of novel phenyl(piperazin-1-yl)methanones that are histamine H3 receptor antagonists is described. The compounds described are high affinity histamine H3 antagonists. Optimization of the physical properties of these histamine H3 antagonists led to the discovery of several promising lead compounds, and extensive preclinical profiling aided in the identification of compounds with optimal duration of action for wake promoting activity. This led to the discovery of two development candidates for Phase I and Phase II clinical trials.
RESUMO
The role of 5-HT7 receptor has been demonstrated in various animal models of mood disorders; however its function in cognition remains largely speculative. This study evaluates the effects of SB-269970, a selective 5-HT7 antagonist, in a translational model of working memory deficit and investigates whether it modulates cortical glutamate and/or dopamine neurotransmission in rats. The effect of SB-269970 was evaluated in the delayed non-matching to position task alone or in combination with MK-801, a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, and, in separate experiments, with scopolamine, a non-selective muscarinic antagonist. SB-269970 (10 mg/kg) significantly reversed the deficits induced by MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg) but augmented the deficit induced by scopolamine (0.06 mg/kg). The ability of SB-269970 to modulate MK-801-induced glutamate and dopamine extracellular levels was separately evaluated using biosensor technology and microdialysis in the prefrontal cortex of freely moving rats. SB-269970 normalized MK-801 -induced glutamate but not dopamine extracellular levels in the prefrontal cortex. Rat plasma and brain concentrations of MK-801 were not affected by co-administration of SB-269970, arguing for a pharmacodynamic rather than a pharmacokinetic mechanism. These results indicate that 5-HT7 receptor antagonists might reverse cognitive deficits associated with NMDA receptor hypofunction by selectively normalizing glutamatergic neurotransmission.
Assuntos
Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Ácido Glutâmico/metabolismo , Transtornos da Memória/tratamento farmacológico , Memória de Curto Prazo/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de Serotonina/metabolismo , Transmissão Sináptica/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Córtex Cerebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Maleato de Dizocilpina/farmacocinética , Maleato de Dizocilpina/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Transtornos da Memória/metabolismo , Fenóis/farmacocinética , Fenóis/uso terapêutico , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Antagonistas da Serotonina/farmacocinética , Antagonistas da Serotonina/uso terapêutico , Sulfonamidas/farmacocinética , Sulfonamidas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Histamine 3 (H(3)) receptors are distributed throughout the brain and regulate histamine as well as the activity of other neurotransmitters including acetylcholine (ACh). Impaired ACh neurotransmission is associated with deficits of cognitive-related functioning in many species including humans. The goal of these studies was to evaluate the behavioral and neurochemical effects of JNJ-10181457, a selective non-imidazole histamine H(3) receptor antagonist, in rats. The pharmacokinetic profile and receptor occupancy of JNJ-10181457 were tested. The efficacy of JNJ-10181457 was evaluated, acutely, in the imetit-induced water licking model, delayed non-matching to position (DNMTP) task and microdialysis studies. In addition, the effects of repeated administration of JNJ-10181457 were evaluated in the reversal learning task. A single administration of JNJ-10181457 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) resulted in significant plasma and brain exposure and maximal H(3) receptor occupancy. In addition, JNJ-10181457 reversed imetit-induced water licking, similarly to thioperamide (10 mg/kg, i.p.). In the DNMTP task, scopolamine (0.06 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly decreased percentage correct responding. These effects were significantly reversed by JNJ-10181457 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and also by donepezil (1 mg/kg, i.p.), an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, and were associated with normalization of ACh neurotransmission in the cortex. Repeated administration of JNJ-10181457 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly increased percentage correct responding in the reversal learning task. Treatment discontinuation was not associated with rebound effects on cognition. These results indicate that selective blockade of histamine H(3) receptors might have therapeutic utility for the treatment of working memory deficits and learning disorders, especially those in which ACh neurotransmission is compromised.
Assuntos
Acetilcolina/metabolismo , Cognição/efeitos dos fármacos , Antagonistas dos Receptores Histamínicos/farmacologia , Morfolinas/farmacologia , Nootrópicos/farmacologia , Piperidinas/farmacologia , Receptores Histamínicos H3/efeitos dos fármacos , Transmissão Sináptica/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Anticonvulsivantes/farmacologia , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Inibidores da Colinesterase/farmacologia , Cognição/fisiologia , Condicionamento Operante/efeitos dos fármacos , Donepezila , Comportamento de Ingestão de Líquido/efeitos dos fármacos , Comportamento de Ingestão de Líquido/fisiologia , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Agonistas dos Receptores Histamínicos/farmacologia , Antagonistas dos Receptores Histamínicos/farmacocinética , Imidazóis/farmacologia , Indanos/farmacologia , Aprendizagem/efeitos dos fármacos , Aprendizagem/fisiologia , Microdiálise , Morfolinas/farmacocinética , Antagonistas Muscarínicos/farmacologia , Nootrópicos/farmacocinética , Piperidinas/farmacocinética , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Escopolamina/farmacologia , Transmissão Sináptica/fisiologia , Tioureia/análogos & derivados , Tioureia/farmacologiaRESUMO
A series of tetrahydroisoquinolines acting as dual serotonin transporter inhibitor/histamine H(3) antagonists is described. The introduction of polar aromatic spacers as part of the histamine H(3) pharmacophore was explored. A convergent synthesis of the final products allowing late stage introduction of the aromatic side chain was developed. In vitro and in vivo data are discussed.
Assuntos
Antagonistas dos Receptores Histamínicos/síntese química , Antagonistas dos Receptores Histamínicos/farmacologia , Receptores Histamínicos H3/efeitos dos fármacos , Antagonistas da Serotonina/síntese química , Antagonistas da Serotonina/farmacologia , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Serotonina/efeitos dos fármacos , Tetra-Hidroisoquinolinas/síntese química , Tetra-Hidroisoquinolinas/farmacologia , 5-Hidroxitriptofano/farmacologia , Animais , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Desenho de Fármacos , Humanos , Indicadores e Reagentes , Ratos , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
A series of novel and potent pyrrolidino-tetrahydroisoquinolines with dual histamine H(3) antagonist/serotonin transporter inhibitor activity is described. A highly regio- and diastereoselective synthesis of the pyrrolidino-tetrahydroisoquinoline core involving acid mediated ring-closure of an acetophenone intermediate followed by reduction with NaCNBH(3) was developed. In vitro and in vivo data are discussed.
Assuntos
Química Farmacêutica/métodos , Antagonistas dos Receptores Histamínicos/síntese química , Antagonistas dos Receptores Histamínicos/farmacologia , Receptores Histamínicos H3/química , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/síntese química , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/farmacologia , Serotonina/química , Tetra-Hidroisoquinolinas/síntese química , Tetra-Hidroisoquinolinas/farmacologia , Animais , Depressão/tratamento farmacológico , Desenho de Fármacos , Humanos , Cinética , Modelos Químicos , Conformação Molecular , RatosRESUMO
A series of tetrahydroisoquinolines acting as dual histamine H3/serotonin transporter ligands is described. A highly regio-selective synthesis of the tetrahydroisoquinoline core involving acid mediated ring-closure of an acetophenone intermediate followed by reduction with NaCNBH3 was developed. In vitro and in vivo data are discussed.