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BACKGROUND: Obesity represents a global health crisis, yet a dichotomy is emerging with classification according to the metabolic state into metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO). This study aimed to identify distinctive systemic clinical/endocrinological parameters between MHO individuals, employing a comprehensive comparative analysis of 50 biomarkers. Our emphasis was on routine analytes, ensuring cost-effectiveness for widespread use in diagnosing metabolic health. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The study included 182 women diagnosed with obesity referred for bariatric surgery at the Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism Service of São João Hospital and University Centre in Portugal. MUO was defined by the presence of at least one of the following metabolic disorders: diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia. Patients were stratified based on the diagnosis of these pathologies. RESULTS: Significantly divergent health-related parameters were observed between MHO and MUO patients. Notable differences included: albumin (40.1 ± 2.2 vs 40,98 ± 2.6 g/L, p value = 0.017), triglycerides (110.7 ± 51.1 vs 137.57 ± 82.6 mg/dL, p value = 0.008), glucose (99.49 ± 13.0 vs 119.17 ± 38.9 mg/dL, p value < 0.001), glycated hemoglobin (5.58 ± 0.4 vs 6.15 ± 1.0%, p value < 0.001), urea (31.40 ± 10.0 vs 34.61 ± 10.2 mg/dL, p value = 0.014), total calcium (4.64 ± 0.15 vs 4.74 ± 0.17 mEq/L, 1 mEq/L = 1 mg/L, p value < 0.001), ferritin (100.04 ± 129.1 vs 128.55 ± 102.1 ng/mL, p value = 0.005), chloride (104.68 ± 1.5 vs 103.04 ± 2.6 mEq/L, p value < 0.001), prolactin (13.57 ± 6.3 vs 12.47 ± 7.1 ng/mL, p value = 0.041), insulin (20.36 ± 24.4 vs 23.87 ± 19.6 µU/mL, p value = 0.021), c peptide (3.78 ± 1.8 vs 4.28 ± 1.7 ng/mL, p value = 0.003), albumin/creatinine ratio (15.41 ± 31.0 vs 48.12 ± 158.7 mg/g creatinine, p value = 0.015), and whole-body mineral density (1.27 ± 0.1 vs 1.23 ± 0.1 g/cm2, p value = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight potential additional parameters that should be taken into consideration alongside the commonly used biomarkers for classifying metabolic health in women. These include albumin, urea, total calcium, ferritin, chloride, prolactin, c-peptide, albumin-creatinine ratio, and whole-body mineral density. Moreover, our results also suggest that MHO may represent a transitional phase preceding the development of the MUO phenotype.
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Biomarcadores , Obesidade Metabolicamente Benigna , Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Biomarcadores/sangue , Portugal/epidemiologia , Obesidade/metabolismo , Glicemia/metabolismo , Glicemia/análiseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Bariatric surgery leads to weight loss and to cardiometabolic risk improvement. Although prediabetes remission after bariatric surgery is biologically plausible, data on this topic is scarce. We aimed to assess prediabetes remission rate and clinical predictors of remission in a 4 year follow up period. METHODS: Observational longitudinal study including patients with obesity and prediabetes who had undergone bariatric surgery in our centre. Prediabetes was defined as having a baseline glycated haemoglobin (A1c) between 5.7% and 6.4% and absence of anti-diabetic drug treatment. We used logistic regression models to evaluate the association between the predictors and prediabetes remission rate. RESULTS: A total of 669 patients were included, 84% being female. The population had a mean age of 45.4 ± 10.1 years-old, body mass index of 43.8 ± 5.7 kg/m2, and median A1c of 5.9 [5.8, 6.1]%. After bariatric surgery, prediabetes remission rate was 82%, 73%, 66%, and 58%, respectively in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th years of follow-up. Gastric sleeve (GS) surgery was associated with higher prediabetes remission rate than Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery in the 3rd year of follow-up. Men had a higher remission rate than women, in the 1st and 3nd years of follow-up in the unadjusted analysis. Younger patients presented a higher remission rate comparing to older patients in the 3rd year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: We showed a high prediabetes remission rate after bariatric surgery. The remission rate decreases over the follow-up period, although most of the patients maintain the normoglycemia. Prediabetes remission seems to be more significant in patients who had undergone GS, in male and in younger patients.
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Cirurgia Bariátrica , Estado Pré-Diabético , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Seguimentos , Estado Pré-Diabético/epidemiologia , Estudos Longitudinais , Hemoglobinas GlicadasRESUMO
This work investigated the mechanical transmission of Trypanosoma vivax by Stomoxys calcitrans to cattle in a region without a cyclic vector. The study involved two experiments, one with calves experimentally infected with T. vivax, in the acute phase of trypanosomosis (Experiment 1) and the other in the chronic phase (Experiment 2). In both experiments, two transmission methods were used with flies that had not fed for 24 h or had never fed: (i) Method 1: flies released freely in cattle pens (≈3,300 flies/pen for 10 days); and (ii) Method 2: flies placed in a feeding chamber (12 flies/animal). To develop Method 1 in the two experiments (acute and chronic phases), T. vivax-positive animals were kept with T. vivax-negative animals. Periodically, the Brener method, Woo method, blood smears, cPCR, ELISA, IFAT, and Imunoteste® were performed to detect T. vivax in the animals. We also recorded the animals' head tossing and hoof stomping and the number of flies near the pens' inner walls. Subsequently, biological testing was performed using lambs. For Method 2 in both experiments, flies inside the feeding chamber first fed on T. vivax-positive animals and later on negative animals. In both experiments and methods, we examined the flies for the presence of T. vivax through blood smears and cPCR of the proboscis and abdomen. In Experiment 2 (chronic phase), a test was conducted to determine how long trypomastigotes forms could survive on the blood of animals with different levels of parasitemia. None of the animals (calves and lambs) became infected with T. vivax or showed antibodies against it. During the evaluation period, the animals in the presence of the flies exhibited more hoof stomping and head tossing compared to those without flies (control). Additionally, there was an increase in the number of flies in the pens during the experiment. Only in Experiment 1 (acute phase) were T. vivax trypomastigotes and DNA found in the abdomen of the flies but not in the proboscis. In Experiment 2 (chronic phase), higher concentrations of trypomastigotes per milliliter of blood were associated with a shorter the lifespan of this stage of the parasite. In conclusion, under the variable conditions of the experiments (hosts, number of flies, and level of parasitemia), S. calcitrans was unable to mechanically transmit T. vivax to cattle.
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Muscidae , Animais , Ovinos , Bovinos , Trypanosoma vivax , Parasitemia , Carneiro Doméstico , AnticorposRESUMO
Objective: To calculate the alcohol per capita consumption (APC) in Brazil (Brazil APC) using national data and to establish the Brazil APC as gold standard for the country, replacing the indicator previously calculated by the World Health Organization (WHO) based on international data. Method: The Brazilian public data sources necessary for calculating the recorded APC were selected, and the alcohol concentration was defined by beverage category. For the variables of tourist APC and unrecorded APC, which are unavailable in Brazil, estimates from the United Nations (UN) and the WHO were used. The Brazil APC indicator was calculated and compared to the indicator produced by the WHO through analysis of the medians obtained for the period from 2005 to 2020. Results: The national alcohol consumption indicator was 9.2 liters per capita in 2005, reaching 9.8 in 2020. The WHO indicator showed a consumption of 8.4 liters per capita in 2005, decreasing until 2016 and slightly increasing to 7.8 in 2020. Conclusion: The Brazil APC was calculated based on national sources and showed a distinct trend compared to the WHO indicator, which showed a decrease. The regular and transparent provision of this indicator through government channels will support the development of policies to address alcohol consumption in the country.
Objetivo: Calcular el indicador del consumo de alcohol per cápita en Brasil a partir de datos nacionales, con miras a establecerlo como patrón de referencia para el país en sustitución del indicador calculado anteriormente por la Organización Mundial de la Salud a partir de datos internacionales. Métodos: Se seleccionaron las fuentes públicas de datos de Brasil necesarias para estructurar el cálculo del consumo de alcohol per cápita registrado y se definió la concentración de alcohol por clase de bebida. Para las variables de consumo de alcohol per cápita por parte de turistas y consumo per cápita no registrado, que no están disponibles en Brasil, se utilizaron estimaciones de las Naciones Unidas y de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se calculó el indicador del consumo de alcohol per cápita en Brasil y se comparó con el indicador elaborado por la OMS mediante un análisis de las medianas correspondientes al período 2005-2020. Resultados: El indicador nacional del consumo de alcohol fue de 9,2 litros per cápita en el 2005, con un aumento a 9,8 en el 2020. El indicador de la Organización Mundial de la Salud mostró un consumo de 8,4 litros per cápita en el 2005, con una reducción hasta el 2016 y un leve aumento a 7,8 en el 2020. Conclusión: Se calculó el consumo de alcohol per cápita en Brasil a partir de fuentes nacionales, lo que mostró una tendencia distinta de la tendencia descendente del indicador de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. La disponibilidad transparente y regular de este indicador por medio de los canales gubernamentales permitirá su seguimiento, con lo cual se podrán formular políticas para enfrentar el consumo de alcohol en el país.
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Low-intensity laser therapy (LILT) is commonly used as an adjuvant therapy for treating injuries. This integrative literature review was carried out in the MEDLINE, LILACS, CUMED, BDENF, SPORTDiscus, Dentistry & Oral Sciences Source, Academic Source and CINAHL databases. Among the inclusion criteria were: range from 2011 to 2021, in English, Portuguese and Spanish and any study, with the exception of preprints and books. The question was answered: "What is the effectiveness described in the literature of using low-intensity laser therapy (LILT) in the treatment of venous lesions?" The wavelength used in studies varied from 635 nm of red ray to 780 nm of infrared ray, generating healing improvement at any length. LBI presented itself as a low-cost and easy-to-apply adjuvant option, alleviating pain complaints and improving healing in patients with vasculogenic lesions.
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BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) has a high prevalence among persons with HIV infection. Since Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (INSTIs) are used worldwide and have been associated with weight gain, we must determine their effect in the development of NAFLD and Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) in these patients. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of INSTIs on variation of liver steatosis and fibrosis in the ART-naïve person with HIV, using Hepatic Steatosis Index (HSI), Fibrosis-4 Index (FIB-4), BARD score and NAFLD Fibrosis Score (NFS). METHODS: We performed a monocentric, retrospective cohort study in ART-naïve persons with HIV that initiated INSTI based regimens between December 2019 and January 2022. Data was collected at baseline, 6 and 12 months after initiation. Demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics, hepatic steatosis, and fibrosis scores were compared between baseline and last visit at 12 months. Linear regression models were performed to analyse the associations between analytical data at baseline and hepatic scores variation during the 12 months of treatment. Models were performed unadjusted and adjusted for age and sex. RESULTS: 99 patients were included in our study. 82% were male and median age was 36 years. We observed a significant increase in body mass index (BMI), HDL, platelet count, albumin, and creatinine and a significant decrease in AST levels. HSI showed no statistically significant differences during follow-up (p = 0.114). We observed a significant decrease in FIB-4 (p = 0.007) and NFS (p = 0.002). BARD score showed a significant increase (p = 0.006). The linear regression model demonstrated a significant negative association between baseline HIV RNA and FIB-4 change (ß= -0.08, 95% CI [-0.16 to -0.00], p = 0.045), suggesting that higher HIV RNA loads at baseline were associated with a greater decrease in FIB-4. CONCLUSION: INSTIs seem to have no impact on hepatic steatosis, even though they were associated with a significant increase in BMI. This might be explained by the direct effect of a dolutegravir-containing regimen and/or by the "return-to-health effect" observed with ART initiation. Furthermore, INSTIs were associated with a reduction in risk of liver fibrosis in ART-naïve persons with HIV, possibly due to their effect on viral suppression.
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Fármacos Anti-HIV , Infecções por HIV , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores de Integrase , Estudos Retrospectivos , Cirrose Hepática/etiologia , BiomarcadoresRESUMO
There are no assessment and screening tools for Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) validated for the Portuguese population. The Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) is an useful screening tool of ASD diagnosis. The main objectives of our study were to produce a Portuguese version of the SCQ (SCQ-PF), study its internal consistency, sensitivity and specificity in order to evaluate its validity as a screening instrument for ASD. We also wanted to study the impact of intellectual disability and verbal impairment and other mental disorders on SCQ-PF psychometric properties. The study included 211 children and adolescents, aged 4-17, divided in three groups: ASD Group (n = 96), Other Mental Disorders Group (OMD) (n = 63) and No Mental Disorders (NMD) Group (n = 52). Parents or other primary caregiver provided information on the SCQ items. The SCQ-PF score was significantly higher in the ASD group than in the other groups (p < 0.001). As to internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha was 87%. ASD subjects were distinguished from subjects without ASD (OMD and NMD Groups) and the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.897 (95% Confidence Interval: 0.852-0.943), for a cutoff of 14, which yielded the highest AUC, with values of sensitivity and specificity 0.76 and 0.93, respectively. These findings show that SCQ- PF with a cutoff of 14 is an acceptable and useful screening tool for ASD in the Portuguese population.
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Bariatric surgery (BS) is the most effective therapy for severe obesity, which improves several comorbidities (such as diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, among others) and results in marked weight loss. Despite these consensual beneficial effects, sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (the two main bariatric techniques) have also been associated with changes in bone metabolism and progressive bone loss. The objective of this literature review is to examine the impact of bariatric surgery on bone and its main metabolic links, and to analyze the latest findings regarding the risk of fracture among patients submitted to bariatric surgery.
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Cirurgia Bariátrica , Derivação Gástrica , Laparoscopia , Obesidade Mórbida , Cirurgia Bariátrica/métodos , Densidade Óssea , Gastrectomia/efeitos adversos , Gastrectomia/métodos , Derivação Gástrica/efeitos adversos , Derivação Gástrica/métodos , Humanos , Laparoscopia/métodos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
We developed a novel method for the synthesis of bis-naphthoquinones (BNQ), which are hybrids of lawsone (2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) and 3-hydroxy-juglone (3,5-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone). The anticancer activity of three synthesized compounds, named 4 (RC10), 5 (RCDFC), and 6 (RCDOH) was evaluated in vitro against two metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines, DU145 and PC3, using MTT assays. We found that 4 (RC10) and 5 (RCDFC) induced cytotoxicity against DU145 and PC3 cells. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that these two compounds promoted cell cycle arrest in G1/S and G2/M phases, increased Sub-G1 peak and induced inhibition in cell viability. We also showed that these effects are cell-type context dependent and more selective for these tested PCa cells than for HUVEC non-tumor cells. The two BNQ compounds 4 (RC10) and 5 (RCDFC) displayed promising anticancer activity against the two tested metastatic PCa cell lines, DU145 and PC3. Their effects are mainly associated with inhibition of cell viability, possibly through apoptotic cell death, besides altering the SubG1, G1/S and G2/M phases of cell cycle. 5 (RCDFC) compound was found to be more selective than 4 (RC10), when comparing their cytotoxic effects in relation to HUVEC non-tumoral cells. Future work should also test these compounds in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs to evaluate their effects on further sensitizing drug-resistant metastatic PCa cells.
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Antineoplásicos , Naftoquinonas , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Pontos de Checagem do Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Humanos , Masculino , Naftoquinonas/síntese química , Naftoquinonas/farmacologia , Células PC-3 , Neoplasias da Próstata/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
This study describes the experimental design and optimization of application TiO2 catalysts doped with 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2.0% of Fe. The catalysts were prepared using the impregnation method applied in Paraquat herbicide degradation. The catalysts were characterized by the following techniques: specific surface area and volume, mean pore diameter (BET method), scanning electron microscopy and photoacoustic spectroscopy. The characterization presented results indicating that both calcination temperature and the increase nominal metallic load affected by the structure of catalysts, changing the textural properties, as well as the band gap. The catalyst that presented the best herbicide removal percentage was TiO2 calcined at 773 K with removal of 90.2%. However, according to the experimental design and optimization, both variables (calcination temperature and Fe percentage) are significant in the process. In addition, a positive effect was found in the interaction between the two variables. The values show that a third order kinetic model better described the Paraquat photocatalytic degradation.
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Herbicidas/química , Ferro/efeitos da radiação , Paraquat/química , Titânio/efeitos da radiação , Raios Ultravioleta , Catálise , Ferro/química , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Fotólise , Temperatura , Titânio/químicaRESUMO
The medicinal uses of Calotropis procera are diverse, yet some of them are based on effects that still lack scientific support. Control of diabetes is one of them. Recently, latex proteins from C. procera latex (LP) have been shown to promote in vivo glycemic control by the inhibition of hepatic glucose production via AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Glycemic control has been attributed to an isolated fraction of LP (CpPII), which is composed of cysteine peptidases (95%) and osmotin (5%) isoforms. Those proteins are extensively characterized in terms of chemistry, biochemistry and structural aspects. Furthermore, we evaluated some aspects of the mitochondrial function and cellular mechanisms involved in CpPII activity. The effect of CpPII on glycemic control was evaluated in fasting mice by glycemic curve and glucose and pyruvate tolerance tests. HepG2 cells was treated with CpPII, and cell viability, oxygen consumption, PPAR activity, production of lactate and reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial density and protein and gene expression were analyzed. CpPII reduced fasting glycemia, improved glucose tolerance and inhibited hepatic glucose production in control animals. Additionally, CpPII increased the consumption of ATP-linked oxygen and mitochondrial uncoupling, reduced lactate concentration, increased protein expression of mitochondrial complexes I, III and V, and activity of peroxisome-proliferator-responsive elements (PPRE), reduced the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased mitochondrial density in HepG2 cells by activation of AMPK/PPAR. Our findings strongly support the medicinal use of the plant and suggest that CpPII is a potential therapy for prevention and/or treatment of type-2 diabetes. A common epitope sequence shared among the proteases and osmotin is possibly the responsible for the beneficial effects of CpPII.
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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Bariatric surgery leads to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remission, but recurrence can ensue afterwards. However, literature provides heterogenous remission/recurrence criteria and there is no consensus on long-term T2DM management after surgery. We aim to assess T2DM remission/recurrence rates using standardized criteria and to identify relapse predictors. We also intend to analyze the management of residual T2DM and the impact of maintaining/withdrawing metformin in avoiding future relapse. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We investigated a cohort of 110 obese patients with T2DM who underwent bariatric surgery and were followed for 5 years (Y0-Y5). Patients who ever attained remission were accounted for cumulate remission, while prevalent remission was considered for individuals who were on remission in a specific visit. RESULTS: A complete prevalent remission of 47.3% was reached at Y1 and it remained stable till Y5 (46.4-48.2%). Complete cumulative rate was of 57.3% at Y5. Five-year T2DM recurrence rate was 15.9% and it was associated with higher pre-operative HbA1c levels (ß = 1.06; p < 0.05) and a milder excess body weight loss (EBWL) (ß = 0.49; p < 0.05). Glucose-lowering agents were fully stopped in 51.4% of the patients till Y1 and in 16.2% of them afterwards. Medication withdrawal was mainly attempted in patients with a lower baseline HbA1c (ß = 0.54; p < 0.01) and higher first-year EBWL (ß = 1.04; p < 0.01). Patients that kept metformin after reaching a HbA1c in the complete remission range (<6.0%) did not have greater odds of avoiding relapse in the next visit (OR = 0.33; p = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS: Baseline HbA1c and EBWL were the main variables driving both T2DM relapse after bariatric surgery and the attempt to withdrawal anti-diabetic medication. In our population keeping metformin once an HbA1c < 6.0% is achieved did not seem to diminish relapse but further studies on this matter are needed.
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Cirurgia Bariátrica , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Obesidade , Adulto , Peso Corporal/fisiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/análise , Humanos , Hipoglicemiantes/administração & dosagem , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Metformina/administração & dosagem , Metformina/uso terapêutico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/complicações , Obesidade/cirurgia , Indução de Remissão , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do Tratamento , Redução de Peso/fisiologiaRESUMO
Thyroid function has an important role on body weight regulation. However, the impact of thyroid function on weight loss after bariatric surgery is still largely unknown. We evaluated the association between preoperative thyroid function and the excess weight loss 1 year after surgery, in 641 patients with morbid obesity who underwent bariatric surgery. Patients with a history of thyroid disease, treatment with thyroid hormone or antithyroid drugs and those with preoperative evaluation consistent with overt hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism were excluded. The preoperative levels of TSH and FT4 were not associated with weight loss after bariatric surgery. The variation of FT3 within the reference range was also not associated with weight loss. In contrast, the subgroup with FT3 above the reference range (12.3% of patients) had a significantly higher excess weight loss than patients with normal FT3. This difference remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, type of surgery, TSH and FT4. In conclusion, we observed an association between high FT3 and a greater weight loss after bariatric surgery, highlighting a group of patients with an increased benefit from this intervention. Our results also suggest a novel hypothesis: the pharmacological modulation of thyroid function may be a potential therapeutic target in patients undergoing bariatric surgery.
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Cirurgia Bariátrica/estatística & dados numéricos , Obesidade Mórbida/cirurgia , Hormônios Tireóideos/sangue , Redução de Peso/fisiologia , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Período Pré-Operatório , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
In 2015, Brazil faced a Zika virus epidemic that spread to other countries in the world. As a result, recommendations regarding reporting criteria for congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) were issued in the form of protocols. The frequent changes in these recommendations may have affected clinical management and the access to post-diagnostic support by children who were affected by CZS, but who ended up not being identified. In the present study, 39 cases of CZS reported in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, from 2015 to 2016 were re-classified in terms of diagnosis using the current protocol, which is different from the protocol used in 2015. According to this re-classification, only eight out of 36 cases would be confirmed, based on the criterion of two or more signs or symptoms of CZS with or without microcephaly plus positive serologic results. Also, considering the decrease in the head circumference cut-off point defining microcephaly, 17 cases would no longer meet the definition for this condition. Even though the current protocol does not rely on head circumference alone for CZS reporting and confirmation, it should be noted that this is still the main sign considered by health care teams, and therefore the decrease in the cut-off point might have compromised early CZS detection. A review of "ruled out" cases would be advisable in moments of protocol transition to determine whether these cases have been correctly classified.
En el 2015, Brasil enfrentó una epidemia de infección por el virus del Zika que se propagó por varios países del mundo. Posteriormente, se divulgaron recomendaciones acerca de los criterios de notificación de casos del síndrome congénito por el virus del Zika (SCZ) por medio de protocolos. Los cambios frecuentes de esas recomendaciones podrían haber afectado el manejo clínico y el acceso al apoyo posterior al diagnóstico de los niños afectados, pero no identificados. En el presente estudio, se reclasificó el diagnóstico de 39 casos del SCZ notificados en el estado de Espírito Santo en el período 2015-2016, de acuerdo con el protocolo vigente en la actualidad, que es distinto del que regía en el 2015. Por causa de la reclasificación, se confirmaron únicamente ocho de los 36 casos, con observancia del criterio de dos o más signos o síntomas del SCZ acompañados o no de microcefalia y con confirmación serológica. Además, por la disminución del perímetro cefálico que define la microcefalia, 17 casos no correspondieron a esa afección. A pesar de que en el protocolo vigente no se utiliza solamente el perímetro cefálico como criterio para la notificación y confirmación del SCZ, cabe resaltar que este hallazgo es, con todo, la mayor señal para los equipos de salud, puesto que indica un riesgo de falta de detección temprana del SCZ. Convendría examinar los casos "descartados" en el momento de la transición entre protocolos, con el fin de determinar si se clasificaron correctamente.
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OBJECTIVE: Describe the sociodemographic profile of mothers of children with congenital Zika syndrome. METHODS: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional, quantitative study. The 39 mothers of live born babies among the cases notified in 2015 and 2016 with confirmed diagnosis of congenital Zika syndrome in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, were invited to participate. Of these, 25 mothers were enrolled. Data were collected using a socioeconomic questionnaire and a field diary. RESULTS: Skin color was self-reported as non-white by 19/25 mothers (74.0%), and 16 (64.0%) reported having a partner. Regarding schooling, 12 (48.0%) had completed high school. Per capita income varied from no income to US$ 1 111.11, and ranged from none to US$ 61.72 for 12 women (48.0%). Seventeen women (68.0%) lived in underprivileged periphery areas with poor living conditions. Of the 25 women, 16 (64.0%) had a job prior to the pregnancy; and of these, 12 (75.0%) were fired or quit after the baby was born. CONCLUSIONS: The profile of mothers shows that the Zika epidemics was not equanimous and preferentially affected women with low income and lower social class. In this sense, we believe that congenital Zika syndrome may be determined by social inequalities in Brazil. The data described in the present study may be useful for the planning of effective actions to ensure a social protection network for children with congenital Zika syndrome and their families.
OBJETIVO: Describir el perfil sociodemográfico de las madres de niños con síndrome congénito por el virus del Zika. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, de abordaje cuantitativo. Se invitó a participar en el estudio a 39 madres de niños nacidos vivos pertenecientes al grupo de casos notificados entre 2015 y 2016 con diagnóstico confirmado de síndrome congénito por el virus del Zika en el estado de Espírito Santo. De las 39 mujeres, 25 aceptaron participar. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó un formulario para identificar el perfil sociodemográfico y un diario de campo. RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 107 estudios. Al final del proceso de clasificación se incluyeron 18 artículos que presentaban datos sobre la asociación entre el péptido C y el riesgo cardiovascular. Cinco estudios proporcionaron datos sobre la relación entre el péptido C y la mortalidad cardiovascular y general. El péptido C presentó una asociación positiva con el índice de masa corporal en población china, y una asociación inversa con el colesterol HDL en muestras poblacionales de Asia, Oriente Medio y Estados Unidos. Sin embargo, no fue posible realizar un metanálisis para los componentes de riesgo cardiovascular. Por otro lado, el péptido C se asoció con la mortalidad cardiovascular (RR = 1,62, IC95%: 0,99 a 2,66) y general (RR = 1,39, IC95%: 1,04 a 1,84). CONCLUSIONES: De las 25 madres, 19 (74,0%) manifestaron no ser blancas y 16 (64,0%) tener una pareja. En cuanto a la escolaridad, 12 (48,0%) poseían eduación media completa. El ingreso domiciliario per cápita varió desde ningún ingreso hasta US$ 1 111,11; 12 mujeres (48,0%) reportaron desde no tener ingresos hasta un ingreso de US$ 61,72. En cuanto a la vivienda, 17 (68,0%) vivían en zonas periféricas con condiciones precarias. De las 25 mujeres, 16 (64,0%) presentaban vínculo laboral antes de la gestación, y de estas 12 (75,0%) fueron despedidas o renunciaron después del nacimiento del niño. Conclusiones. El perfil de las madres reveló que la epidemia no fue equitativa y alcanzó mayormente a mujeres de bajos ingresos y de estratos sociales desfavorecidos. En ese sentido, la enfermedad podría ser determinada por las desigualdades sociales de salud presentes en el país. Los datos encontrados son útiles para planificar acciones efectivas enfocadas a garantizar una red de protección social para niños con síndrome congénito por el virus del Zika y sus familias.
RESUMO
Adult-onset, chronic, genetic diseases like transthyretin-related familial amyloid polyneuropathy Val30Met (TTR-FAP Val30Met), have a major psychosocial impact not only on patients, but also on families. Genetic risk may therefore be an increased factor in psychosocial impact of the disease on these families' functioning. To evaluate impact of genetic risk, a study was conducted to perceive the impact of the illness on families' functioning. Groups of TTR-FAP Val30Met patients, pre-symptomatic carriers, partners and patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), a non-hereditary disease, were studied. Sample included 190 adults: 87 patients and 28 pre-symptomatic carriers for TTR-FAP Val30Met, 41 partners and 34 patients with MS. Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale IV (FACES IV) and a social-demographic questionnaire were applied. No significant differences were observed between patients and pre-symptomatic carriers and both these and their partners regarding cohesion and flexibility. MS patients scored significantly higher in median scores for balanced scales. Satisfaction and communication levels were also lower in patients with TTR-FAP Val30Met than with MS. Family functioning was perceived as balanced by most TTR-FAP Val30Met patients and pre-symptomatic carriers. These families may be considered as mostly healthy. Difficulties in family communication should be taken into account when caring for these families.
Assuntos
Substituição de Aminoácidos , Neuropatias Amiloides Familiares/diagnóstico , Neuropatias Amiloides Familiares/genética , Mutação , Pré-Albumina/genética , Adulto , Idoso , Alelos , Feminino , Estudos de Associação Genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fenótipo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Antiretroviral therapy dramatically reduced HIV-related morbidity and mortality, prolonging the lifespan of HIV-infected patients. Greater duration of infection and exposure to antiretroviral therapy makes these patients susceptible to traditional cardio-metabolic risk factors and pathologies. The optimal diagnostic protocol for Diabetes Mellitus in these patients is still controversial. Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) has been shown to underestimate glycaemia levels and the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) has been shown to reveal cases of glucose metabolism disturbances in patients with normal fasting glucose. Thus, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes in a population of HIV-infected patients undergoing combined antiretroviral therapy, using three different diagnostic methods (fasting glucose, OGTT and HbA1c), to determine the agreement between the different methods and the characteristics associated with each one. METHODS: This study analyzed 220 HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy. Patient characteristics were collected using a standardized protocol. Disturbances of glucose homeostasis were defined by the ADA 2017 criteria. Patients were characterized according to the presence or absence of clinical lipodystrophy, and distributed into four different categories, according to the presence, or absence of either clinical lipoatrophy, or abdominal prominence. Insulin resistance was assessed by HOMA-IR and QUICKI indexes. Agreement between the diagnostic methods was assessed by Cohen's kappa coefficient. RESULTS: There were no patients diagnosed with diabetes with HbA1c. 5.9% prevalence was obtained when OGTT was used, and 3.2% prevalence when fasting glucose was used. Prediabetes had a prevalence of 14.1% when using HbA1c, 24.1% when using OGTT, and 20% when using fasting glucose. In all three methods, glucose homeostasis disturbances were associated with older age and higher resistance to insulin. Regarding other characteristics, associations varied between the three methods. The agreement between them was fair, or slight. CONCLUSIONS: We observed that HbA1c was the method that diagnosed the least amount of cases and that OGTT was the one that diagnosed the most cases. Accordingly, our results indicate that HbA1c underestimated glycaemia levels in this population and that the use of OGTT might allow an earlier diagnosis of glucose homeostasis disturbances, potentially making it possible to avoid severe complications of DM.
Assuntos
Glicemia/análise , Diabetes Mellitus/diagnóstico , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus/virologia , Diagnóstico Precoce , Jejum , Feminino , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/análise , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Resistência à Insulina , Lipodistrofia/epidemiologia , Lipodistrofia/etiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Portugal/epidemiologia , Estado Pré-Diabético/diagnóstico , Estado Pré-Diabético/epidemiologia , Estado Pré-Diabético/virologia , Prevalência , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) in HIV-infected patients has been associated with lipodystrophy, metabolic abnormalities, and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Ultrasound measures of carotid artery intima-media thickness (cIMT) have been used as a valid measure of subclinical atherosclerosis and as a tool to predict the risk of cardiovascular events. Our aim was to evaluate the progression of cIMT in HIV-infected patients subjected to cART, with and without lipodystrophy, over a one-year period. METHODS: We performed a one-year prospective cohort study to compare changes in cIMT, metabolic and inflammation markers in HIV-infected patients undergoing cART. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and abdominal computed tomography (CT). Levels of blood pressure, lipids and inflammatory markers were evaluated, as well as ultrasound measures of cIMT. Lipodystrophy defined by Fat Mass Ratio (L-FMR) is measured as the ratio of the percentage of trunk fat mass to the percentage of lower limb fat mass by DXA. Categorical variables were compared, using the chi-square or Fisher's exact test. Wilcoxon ranks tests and the McNemar chi-square tests were used to compare results of selected variables, from the first to the second year of evaluation. Means of cIMT, adjusted for age, glucose, triglycerides levels, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and waist to hip ratio were calculated, using generalised linear models for repeated measures. RESULTS: L-FMR was present in 44.3% of patients, and the mean of cIMT increased significantly in this group [0.82 (0.26) vs 0.92 (0.33); p = 0.037], as well as in patients without lipodystrophy [0.73 (0.20) vs 0.84 (0.30); p = 0.012]. In the overall sample, the progression of cIMT was statistically significant after the adjustment for age, glucose, triglycerides, and SBP, but the significance of the progression ceased after the adjustment for waist/hip ratio [0.770 (0.737-0.803) vs 0.874 (0.815-0.933); p = 0.514]. CONCLUSIONS: Carotid IMT progressed significantly in both groups of this HIV-infected cohort, however no association between the progression of cIMT and the presence of lipodystrophy defined by FMR was found. Visceral adipose tissue had an impact on the increment of cIMT, both in patients with, and without lipodystrophy defined by FMR.
Assuntos
Espessura Intima-Media Carotídea , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/fisiopatologia , Gordura Intra-Abdominal/efeitos dos fármacos , Absorciometria de Fóton , Adulto , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Aterosclerose/etiologia , Biomarcadores/análise , Composição Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Composição Corporal/fisiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Lipodistrofia/etiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Triglicerídeos/sangueRESUMO
In HIV-infected patients, combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) is associated to adipose tissue redistribution known as lipodystrophy and associated cardiometabolic risk. This study aimed to evaluate the evolution of body composition in HIV-infected patients, with and without lipodystrophy, over 2 yr. We evaluated anthropometric parameters and body composition by whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in 144 HIV-infected patients on cART. We defined lipodystrophy by fat mass ratio. Lipodystrophy was present in 45.77% of the patients. These patients presented higher HIV infection duration, cART duration, and CD4+ cell count, with no differences regarding gender, age, body mass index, and viral load. Patients with lipodystrophy showed an increase in total fat mass (9.9%) and upper-limbs fat mass (17.6%), with a decrease in total, trunk, and lower-limbs fat-free mass (2.2%; 2.2%, and 3.9%, respectively), over 2 yr. In patients without lipodystrophy, the trunk fat-free mass decreased 1.9% over time, and no changes were observed in the other studied parameters. In patients with lipodystrophy, there was predominantly a central fat mass gain, with no changes in lower limbs, suggesting that peripheral adipocytes lose their regenerative capacity.
Assuntos
Adiposidade , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Síndrome de Lipodistrofia Associada ao HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Síndrome de Lipodistrofia Associada ao HIV/fisiopatologia , Absorciometria de Fóton , Adulto , Índice de Massa Corporal , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Síndrome de Lipodistrofia Associada ao HIV/imunologia , Humanos , Gordura Intra-Abdominal/diagnóstico por imagem , Estudos Longitudinais , Extremidade Inferior , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gordura Subcutânea/diagnóstico por imagem , Tronco , Extremidade Superior , Circunferência da Cintura , Relação Cintura-QuadrilRESUMO
AIM: We aimed to evaluate the impact of bariatric surgery (BS) on maternal and fetal outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective, descriptive, observational study of 39 pregnant women who underwent BS in our institution between 2010 and 2014 was carried out. A sample of women who became pregnant after BS was evaluated, based on data concerning pregnancy, childbirth, and newborns. RESULTS: Of the 1182 patients who underwent BS at our institution during the study period, 1016 (85.9%) were women. Thirty-nine of these women (with an average age of 31 ± 4.8 years) became pregnant (one twin pregnancy) and 29 of the 39 had undergone a gastric bypass. The mean time interval between BS and pregnancy was 16.6 ± 4.8 months; however, 16 (41%) women became pregnant less than a year after BS. The pre-BS body mass index (BMI) of the 39 women was 44.5 ± 6.2 kg/m2 . The women had a mean BMI of 30.2 ± 3.8 kg/m2 when they got pregnant and they gained 13.2 ± 7.3 kg during pregnancy. Iron deficiency was observed in 18 (46.1%) women, 16 (45.7%) had vitamin B12 deficiency, 12 (66.8%) had zinc deficiency, and 20 (60.6%) had vitamin D deficiency. Three women developed gestational diabetes mellitus. Premature rupture of membranes occurred in two pregnancies, preterm delivery in five, and there was one spontaneous abortion. Cesarean section was performed in seven cases. The average newborn weight was 3002 ± 587 g, five were small for gestational age, and one had macrosomia. Three infants had to be admitted to an intensive care unit. CONCLUSION: Although pregnancy after BS is safe and well tolerated, close monitoring by a multidisciplinary team is required to evaluate complications resulting from BS, especially a deficit of micronutrients.