Prevention of nostril lacerations in endonasal drilling procedures by use of a conventional protective ear speculum.

PURPOSE: Injuries of the nasal vestibular skin caused by the rotating burr shafts can represent a tedious complication following endonasal drilling and is experienced sooner or later by every rhino-surgeon. MATERIAL AND METHODS: To protect the nasal entrance from laceration by the free rotating drill shaft we position an otology speculum in the nasal entrance. The speculum is held in place by the scrub nurse during the critical phase of bone drilling. RESULTS: Following the introduction of the ear speculum protection, we successfully treated our dacryocystostamia procedures (n = 27) and median maxillectomia procedures (n = 6) without any further soft tissue erosions. DISCUSSION: Preventive measures for injuries by endonasal drilling procedures are not reported extensively in literature. This stands in contrast to the fact that these injuries are prone to cause significant suffering as amply described in the case of nostril laceration due to nasogastric intubation or nasogastric feeding tubes. CONCLUSION: The use of a readily available, reusable ear speculum in endonasal drill application eliminated the complication of nasal entrance lacerations throughout our institution, hitherto.

Taste Alteration in External Auditory Canal Cholesteatoma: Indicator of Impending N VII Affection.

INTRODUCTION: External auditory canal cholesteatoma (EACC) is a rare disease, with an estimated incidence of approximately 1:1,000 adult and 1.6:1,000 pediatric otologic patients. Systematic studies of chronic ear disease and taste alteration prior to surgery are rare; in fact, there are no such studies for EACCs. Therefore, we describe chorda tympani nerve (CTN) dysfunction and the related clinical consequences in EACC patients. METHODS/STUDY DESIGN: Between 1992 and 2021, we retrospectively analyzed the symptoms, signs, and radiological and intraoperative descriptions of CTN involvement in 73 patients. Liquid taste tests and, since 2009, Taste StripsTM as well as an olfactory screening test (Smell DiskettesTM) have been performed for all symptomatic patients and, when feasible, all other EACC patients. RESULTS: Ten of 73 patients complained subjectively of dysfunction, and 8 showed abnormal taste test results. Four patients complained of olfactory dysfunction (3 cases with pathological taste tests). Gustatory dysfunction was most frequent in radiogenic EACC cases (n = 4), followed by postoperative EACC (n = 3). Two postoperative patients were asymptomatic despite abnormal test results. Rarely, patients with idiopathic (n = 2) and posttraumatic (n = 1) EACC showed acute taste dysfunction that was confirmed in each with abnormal test results. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: CTN dysfunction often developed asymptomatically in chronic ears, except for idiopathic and posttraumatic EACCs under previous healthy middle ear conditions. Taste disturbance is not a cardinal symptom of EACC, but objective testing suggests that up to one out of 10 EACC patients with advanced disease may experience regional gustatory dysfunction prior to surgery. Especially in context of a new and acute presentation, regional taste dysfunction may alert the clinician of potential progressive EACC invasion and danger to the facial nerve.

Gustatory function and taste perception in patients with oral lichen planus and tongue involvement.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to evaluate if patients with oral lichen planus (OLP) and tongue involvement have impaired taste function and if there is an association to the perception of pain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The test group included patients with OLP and involvement of the tongue without treatment (n = 20). Control subjects had no mucosal or systemic disease affecting taste function and were matched for age and gender (n = 20). Patients' intraoral pain and subjective perception of taste were recorded on a visual analog scale. Taste function was assessed by means of the "taste strips." RESULTS: Measured taste function was slightly but significantly decreased in OLP patients compared to control subjects (p = 0.01). Self-rated taste perception did not differ in both groups (p = 0.8). Post hoc analysis showed that particularly the taste quality "sour" was most affected by the OLP status (p = 0.01). There were no correlations between pain and subjective/objective taste perception. CONCLUSION: Untreated OLP subjects have lower gustatory function, which they are not aware of. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Impaired gustatory function in patients with OLP may affect patient's quality of life. Further studies on larger samples sizes are requested.

[Conservative and surgical management of chronic Rhinosinustitis]. / Konservative und operative Behandlung der chronischen Rhinosinusitis.

Chronic rhinosinusitis is a common complex medical condition associated with high therapy costs and quality of life impairment. The European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps (EPOS) 2012 delineates the current standard of management of the patient with chronic rhinosinusitis for both defined disease forms: with and without polyps. Medical history and endoscopic or CT findings are needed for the correct diagnosis. Therapy of chronic rhinosinusitis aims at achieving a local disease control and reducing patients' symptoms. The center point of conservative therapy of both forms is the topical application of steroids together with nasal saline irrigations. In case of persistence of symptoms or in severe chronic rhinosinusitis with polyps, different local application methods of steroids or short systemic steroid cures should be considered. In case of insufficient disease control with conservative treatment, functional endoscopic sinus surgery is the accepted as "gold standard". Purpose of the surgical management is opening of the sinus ostia in order to improve sinus ventilation and mucociliary clearance as well as to facilitate a wide distribution of topical drugs. Due to technical advances, endoscopic sinus has been reported to be a safe and effective procedure.

Rivalry of homeostatic and sensory-evoked emotions: Dehydration attenuates olfactory disgust and its neural correlates.

Neural correlates have been described for emotions evoked by states of homeostatic imbalance (e.g. thirst, hunger, and breathlessness) and for emotions induced by external sensory stimulation (such as fear and disgust). However, the neurobiological mechanisms of their interaction, when they are experienced simultaneously, are still unknown. We investigated the interaction on the neurobiological and the perceptional level using subjective ratings, serum parameters, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in a situation of emotional rivalry, when both a homeostatic and a sensory-evoked emotion were experienced at the same time. Twenty highly dehydrated male subjects rated a disgusting odor as significantly less repulsive when they were thirsty. On the neurobiological level, we found that this reduction in subjective disgust during thirst was accompanied by a significantly reduced neural activity in the insular cortex, a brain area known to be considerably involved in processing of disgust. Furthermore, during the experience of disgust in the satiated condition, we observed a significant functional connectivity between brain areas responding to the disgusting odor, which was absent during the stimulation in the thirsty condition. These results suggest interference of conflicting emotions: an acute homeostatic imbalance can attenuate the experience of another emotion evoked by the sensory perception of a potentially harmful external agent. This finding offers novel insights with regard to the behavioral relevance of biologically different types of emotions, indicating that some types of emotions are more imperative for behavior than others. As a general principle, this modulatory effect during the conflict of homeostatic and sensory-evoked emotions may function to safeguard survival.

Case report and review of the literature: rare fetus-in-fetu presenting as oropharyngeal epignathus.

An epignathus is caused by a continuous spectrum of masses of the oral cavity or oropharynx ranging in its entity from mature teratoma to the exceedingly rare fetus-in-fetu. Due to its location, regardless of the entity, the occurrence of an epignathus is frequently associated with life threatening airway obstruction. Here we demonstrate a case of a fetus-in-fetu presenting as an epignatus. We describe its successful management and review the available literature. Early diagnosis and knowledge of the preoperative workup are essential to enable a multidisciplinary management. Once the airway is secured, surgical excision is the treatment of choice often resulting in a good clinical outcome and prognosis.

Olfactory and Gustatory Function in Patients With Different Types of Maxillofacial Trauma.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To investigate olfactory and gustatory function in patients with maxillofacial trauma and associated fractures. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: Olfactory and gustatory function was assessed psychophysically in 124 patients who had sustained maxillofacial trauma with an associated fracture. Five groups were defined based on the fracture type: Le Fort, mandibular, nasal, orbital, and zygomatic. Olfaction was measured with Sniffin' Sticks (threshold, discrimination, identification [TDI] score) and gustation with the taste spray method. Patients self-rated olfactory and gustatory function on a visual analog scale prior to formal testing. RESULTS: Ten out of 124 patients were found to be anosmic (8%), with half of them found in the Le Fort (skull base) group. The Le Fort fracture group had significantly lower olfactory function than other fracture types (TDI score = 22.4 ± 10.7; P = .01; possible range = 1-48). The mean gustatory spray test score was 3.82 ± 0.4 (possible range = 0-4) without any intergroup differences. Self-rated olfactory function showed a correlation with the measured scores (r = 0.61, P < .001) across all groups. CONCLUSIONS: The present data show a significant effect of maxillofacial fracture type on the development of anosmia. Maxillofacial fractures involving the skull base, such as Le Fort fractures, are more likely to cause permanent smell loss, whereas the other fracture types are rarely associated with anosmia. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 131:E331-E337, 2021.

Impaired Taste Perception in Lichen Planus Patients with Tongue Involvement.

PURPOSE: To analyse the taste function in a pool of untreated patients with oral lichen planus (OLP) with tongue lesions (n = 35) and without tongue lesions (n = 36) and to compare it to healthy subjects (n = 36). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Firstly, the subjective overall taste ability and impairment of the sensations of 'sweet', 'sour', 'salty' and 'bitter' were recorded in all three groups. Secondly, taste function was tested in all included subjects using the standardised 'Taste Strips' test. RESULTS: Data showed a statistically statistically significant difference in overall taste perception between OLP patients with tongue lesions and control subjects (p = 0.027) for the tested taste function. The sensation of 'sour' showed the most pronounced difference (p = 0.08). The subjective taste perception and that of individual taste qualities did not differ statistically significantly between the three groups, and the correlation between subjective and objective taste perception was low. There was also a low correlation between taste scores and the presence of lesions on different areas of the tongue. CONCLUSION: For patients with OLP experiencing a loss in appetite, a formal taste examination and subsequent counselling should be considered.

High-resolution mapping of neuronal activity using the lipophilic thallium chelate complex TlDDC: protocol and validation of the method.

In neurons the rate of K(+)-uptake increases with increasing activity. K(+)-analogues like the heavy metal ion thallium (Tl(+)) can be used, therefore, as tracers for imaging neuronal activity. However, when water-soluble Tl(+)-salts are injected systemically only minute amounts of the tracer enter the brain and the Tl(+)-uptake patterns are influenced by regional differences in blood-brain barrier (BBB) K(+)-permeability. We here show that the BBB-related limitations in using Tl(+) for imaging neuronal activity are no longer present when the lipophilic Tl(+) chelate complex thallium diethyldithiocarbamate (TlDDC) is applied. We systemically injected rodents with TlDDC and mapped the Tl(+)-distribution in the brain using an autometallographic (AMG) technique, a histochemical method for detecting heavy metals. We find that Tl(+)-doses for optimum AMG staining could be substantially reduced, and regional differences attributable to differences in BBB K(+)-permeability were no longer detectable, indicating that TlDDC crosses the BBB. At the cellular level, however, the Tl(+)-distribution was essentially the same as after injection of water-soluble Tl(+)-salts, indicating Tl(+)-release from TlDDC prior to neuronal or glial uptake. Upon sensory stimulation or intracortical microstimulation neuronal Tl(+)-uptake increased after TlDDC injection, upon muscimol treatment neuronal Tl(+)-uptake decreased. We present a protocol for mapping neuronal activity with cellular resolution, which is based on intravenous TlDDC injections during ongoing activity in unrestrained behaving animals and short stimulation times of 5 min.

Challenges in topical therapy of chronic rhinosinusitis: The case of nasal drops application - A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common health issue associated with a significant life quality impairment. Intranasal glucocorticoid is the treatment of choice both as initial therapy as well as after surgery. In contrast to nasal spray, liquid glucocorticoids in form of nasal drops have the advantage of reaching the middle and upper meatus. The efficiency of the glucocorticoid nasal drops is nevertheless strictly dependent on the head position they are being applied in. Several head positions have been described in the literature but no clear recommendation towards the best suited position exist to date. METHODS: A systematic review was completed using the PubMed database. Journal articles assessing the effect of head position on intranasal drop fluid distribution, clinical effectiveness, or factors affecting patient compliance were included. RESULTS: In total 15 publications meeting the inclusion criteria have been found, out of which 9 cover the effect of head position as a primary outcome using quantitative measures. CONCLUSIONS: The positions Lying Head Back, Lateral Head Low, and variations of those can be recommended equally at the moment. Evidence speaks against the use of the classic Head Back position because of poor clinical outcome, and against the position Head Down and Forward as initial therapeutic approach because of high discomfort. For the olfactory cleft, a new head position has been described (Kaiteki), although no comparisons to other positions exist to date.

Multisensory environmental sensitivity in patients with chronic tinnitus.

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed at investigating the sensitivity to noise and chemosensory environmental stressors as well as the relation to perceived stress, depression and anxiety in subjects with chronic tinnitus as compared to subjects without tinnitus. METHODS: We included 75 subjects with chronic tinnitus and 75 age and sex-matched subjects without tinnitus. Standardized questionnaires assessing the level of distress and impairment of quality of life caused by tinnitus, perceived level of stress, anxiety and depression, environmental noise and chemosensory sensitivity were used. A subgroup of 27 subjects with chronic tinnitus and 20 age-matched subjects without tinnitus underwent testing of olfactory function with the Sniffin' Sticks test and testing of intranasal trigeminal function using CO2 thresholds. RESULTS: Our data confirmed the increased environmental noise sensitivity (NSS) in patients with tinnitus. Furthermore, we observed an increased environmental chemosensory sensitivity (CSS), but no difference in measured chemosensory function. Subjects with tinnitus showed also significant higher levels of perceived stress, anxiety and depression and those symptoms partially correlated to CSS and NSS. Predictors of both NSS and CSS results were the presence / absence of tinnitus and high anxiety levels while neither stress nor depression were found as predicting variables. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that chronic tinnitus is related to a multisensory environmental hypersensitivity. Anxiety seems to be a predictor of this environmental vulnerability.

Dizziness in the emergency department: an update on diagnosis.

This review aims to assist emergency physicians in finding the underlying aetiology when a patient presents with dizziness to the emergency department. After reading this review, the emergency physician will be able to consider the most relevant differential diagnoses and have an idea about dangerous aetiologies that require immediate action. The emergency physician will also know what diagnostic steps need to be taken at what time, such as the three-component HINTS Test (Head Impulse, Nystagmus, and Test-of-Skew), which helps with distinguishing central from peripheral causes of the acute vestibular syndrome. Furthermore, episodic vestibular syndromes and chronic vestibular syndromes are discussed in detail. The five most frequent categories of dizziness are vasovagal syncope / orthostatic hypotension (22.3%), vestibular causes (19.9%), fluid and electrolyte disorders (17.5%), circulatory/pulmonary causes (14.8%) and central vascular causes (6.4%). Given that it would neither be economical nor practical to send all patients to specialists from the start, we present general guidelines for the diagnostic workup of patients presenting with dizziness to the emergency department. This review will focus on epidemiology, aetiologies, differential diagnoses and diagnostics. Treatment is described in a separate article.

Treatment of dizziness: an interdisciplinary update.

This review provides an update on interdisciplinary treatment for dizziness. Dizziness can have various causes and the treatment offered should depend on the cause. After reading this article, the clinician will have an overview of current treatment recommendations. Recommendations are made for the most prevalent causes of dizziness including acute and chronic vestibular syndromes, vestibular neuritis, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, endolymphatic hydrops and Menière's disease, vestibular paroxysmia and vestibular migraine, cardiac causes, transient ischaemic attacks and strokes, episodic ataxia type 2, persistent postural-perceptual dizziness, bilateral vestibulopathy, degenerative, autoimmune and neoplastic diseases, upbeat- and downbeat nystagmus. Recommendations include clinical approaches (repositioning manoeuvres), medication (adding, removing or changing current medication depending on aetiology), vestibular physiotherapy, ergotherapy and rehabilitation, treatment of chest pain or stroke units and surgical interventions. If symptoms are acute and severe, medication with antivertigo agents is recommended as a first step, for a maximum period of 3 days. Following initial symptom control, treatment is tailored depending on aetiology. To assist the clinician in obtaining a useful overview, the level of evidence and number needed to treat are reported whenever possible based on study characteristics. In addition, warnings about possible arrhythmias due to medication are issued, and precautions to enable these to be avoided are discussed.

Rapidly fluctuating anosmia: A clinical sign for unilateral smell impairment.

Reports about fluctuating olfactory deficits are rare, as are reports of unilateral olfactory loss. We present a case of unilateral anosmia with contralateral normosmia, presenting as rapidly fluctuating anosmia. The olfactory fluctuation occurred in sync with the average nasal cycle duration. Examination after nasal decongestion, formal smell testing, and imaging revealed unilateral, left-sided anosmia of sinonasal cause, with right-sided normosmia. We hypothesize that the nasal cycle induced transient anosmia when blocking the normosmic side. Fluctuating olfactory deficits might hide a unilateral olfactory loss and require additional unilateral testing and thorough workup.

Lamb Temporal Bone as a Surgical Training Model of Round Window Cochlear Implant Electrode Insertion.

OBJECTIVE: The preservation of residual hearing in cochlear implantation opens the door for optimal functional results. This atraumatic surgical technique requires training; however, the traditional human cadaveric temporal bones have become less available or unattainable in some institutions. This study investigates the suitability of an alternative model, using cadaveric lamb temporal bone, for surgical training of atraumatic round window electrode insertion. INTERVENTION: A total of 14 lamb temporal bones were dissected for cochlear implantation by four surgeons. After mastoidectomy, visualization, and drilling of the round window niche, an atraumatic round window insertion of a Medel Flex24 electrode was performed. Electrode insertion depth and position were verified by computed tomography scans. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: All cochleas were successfully implanted using the atraumatic round window approach; however, surgical access through the mastoid was substantially different when compared human anatomy. The mean number of intracochlear electrode contacts was 6.5 (range, 4-11) and the mean insertion depth 10.4 mm (range, 4-20 mm), which corresponds to a mean angular perimodiolar insertion depth of 229 degrees (range 67-540°). Full insertion of the electrode was not possible because of the smaller size of the lamb cochlea in comparison to that of the human. CONCLUSION: The lamb temporal bone model is well suited as a training model for atraumatic cochlear implantation at the level of the round window. The minimally pneumatized mastoid as well as the smaller cochlea can help prepare a surgeon for difficult cochlear implantations. Because of substantial differences to human anatomy, it is not an adequate training model for other surgical techniques such as mastoidectomy and posterior tympanotomy as well as full electrode insertion.