Ionic Conductivity and Structure of Glasses Synthesized by Mechanical-Milling Methods in the x[Na2S]-(100 - x) [0.5GeS2-0.5Ga2S3] System.

Chalcogenide glasses in the Na2S-GeS2-Ga2S3 pseudoternary system were synthesized using a combination route of melt-quenching and mechanical-milling methods. First, a glass rich in germanium (90GeS2-10Ga2S3) is synthesized by melt-quenching synthesis in a silica tube sealed under vacuum. This glass is used as a precursor for the second step of mechanochemistry to explore the Na2S-GeS2-Ga2S3 pseudoternary system. By using this synthesis route, the glass-forming ability is improved as the vitreous domain is enlarged, especially for Na- and Ga-rich compositions. The as-obtained amorphous powders are characterized by Raman spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray total scattering, and pair distribution function (PDF) analysis. The evolution of the Raman features observed is reproduced using density functional theory calculations. Impedance spectroscopy was performed to determine the conductivity of the new glasses. The addition of germanium sulfide to the Na2S-Ga2S3 pseudobinary system enables one to increase the conductivity by 1 order of magnitude. The highest room-temperature ionic conductivity, as measured by impedance spectroscopy, is 1.8 × 10-5 S·cm-1.

Determining Local Magnetic Susceptibility Tensors in Paramagnetic Lanthanide Crystalline Powders from Solid-State NMR Chemical Shift Anisotropies.

Exploring magnetic properties at the molecular level is a challenge that has been met by developing many experimental and theoretical solutions, such as polarized neutron diffraction (PND), muon-spin rotation (µ-SR), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), SQUID-based magnetometry measurements, and advanced modeling on open-shell systems and relativistic calculations. These methods are powerful tools that shed light on the local magnetic response in specifically designed magnetic materials such as contrast agents, for MRI, molecular magnets, magnetic tags for biological NMR, etc. All of these methods have their advantages and disadvantages. In order to complement the possibilities offered by these methods, we propose a new tool that implements a new approach combining simulation and fitting for high-resolution solid-state NMR spectra of lanthanide-based paramagnetic species. This method relies on a rigorous acquisition thanks to short high-power adiabatic pulses (SHAP) of high-resolution solid-state NMR isotropic and anisotropic data on a powdered magnetic material. It is also based on an efficient modeling of this data thanks to a semiempirical model based on a parametrization of the local magnetism and the crystal structure provided by diffraction methods. The efficiency of the calculation relies on a thorough simplification of the electron-nucleus interactions (point-dipole interaction, no Fermi contact) which is validated by experimental analysis. By taking advantage of the efficient calculation possibilities offered by our method, we can compare a great number of simulated spectra to experimental data and find the best-matching local magnetic susceptibility tensor. This method was applied to a series of isostructural lanthanide oxalates which are used as a benchmark system for many analytical methods. We present the results of thorough solid-state NMR and extensive modeling of the hyperfine interaction (including up to 400 paramagnetic centers) that yield local magnetic susceptibility tensor measurements that are self-consistent as well as consistent with bulk susceptibility measurements.

Mechanochemical Synthesis and Study of the Local Structure of NaGaS2 Glass and Glass-Ceramics.

NaGaS2 is a newly discovered compound that has already shown great promise for a variety of applications because of its layered structure and ion exchange properties. In this work, crystalline NaGaS2 has been synthesized by an alternative method to what has been previously published, namely, by mechanochemistry, either by a direct one-step process or by a two-step process. In the one-step process, crystalline NaGaS2 is directly formed by milling sodium sulfide Na2S and gallium(III) sulfide Ga2S3. However, an amorphous material is present in majority together with the crystalline phase. In the two-step process, amorphous NaGaS2 is first obtained by mechanical milling and then heated above its glass transition temperature to obtain a glass-ceramic mainly composed of crystalline NaGaS2. For the two-step process, changes of the local atomic-level structure in amorphous NaGaS2 and after crystallization were analyzed by high-field solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy as well as by X-ray total scattering and pair distribution function (PDF) analysis. Based on quantitative analysis on the 23Na NMR spectra, modifying the annealing treatment can promote the formation of the crystalline phase up to a molar fraction of 83.8%.

Experimental and Theoretical Insights into the Structure of Tellurium Chloride Glasses.

The structure of the binary chalcohalide glasses Te1- xCl x (0.35 ≤ x ≤ 0.65) is considered by combining experimental and theoretical results. The structural network properties are influenced by a competition between ionic and covalent bonding in such glasses. At first, a focus is placed on the detailed information available by using the complementary high-energy X-ray and the neutron diffractions in both the reciprocal and real spaces. The main characteristic suggested by the structure factors S( Q) concerns the presence of three length scales in the intermediate range order. The total correlation function T( r) lets us also suppose that the structure of these glasses is more complicated than Te-chain fragments with terminal Cl as demonstrated in crystalline Te3Cl2. Molecular dynamics simulations were subsequently performed on Te3Cl2 and Te2Cl3, and coupled with the experimental data, a highly reticulated network of chalcogen atoms, with a fair amount of chlorine atoms bonded in a bridging mode, is proposed. The simulations clearly lead to a glass description that differs markedly from the simple structural model based on only Te atom chains and terminal Cl atoms. Solid-state NMR experiments and NMR parameters calculations allowed validation of the presence of Te highly coordinated with chlorine in these glasses.

Impact of 77Te on the structure and Se NMR spectra of Se-rich Ge-Te-Se glasses: a combined experimental and computational investigation.

Selenium-rich Ge-Te-Se glasses have been synthesized along the GeSe4-GeTe4 pseudo-composition line and acquired by (77)Se Hahn echo magic-angle spinning NMR. The comparison with the GeSe4 spectrum shows a drastic modification of the typical double-resonance lineshape even at low Te concentrations (<10%). In order to rationalize this feature and to understand the effect of Te on the structure of our glasses, first-principles molecular dynamics simulations and gauge including projector augmented wave NMR parameter calculations have been performed. The distribution of the tellurium atoms in the selenium phase was shown to be mainly responsible for the (77)Se lineshape changes. Another possible factor related to the perturbation of the δiso value due to Te proximity appears to be much more limited in the bulk, while the results obtained using molecular models suggest shifts of several hundreds of ppm.

Experimental and theoretical studies of quadrupolar oligothiophene-cored chromophores containing dimesitylboryl moieties as π-accepting end-groups: syntheses, structures, fluorescence, and one- and two-photon absorption.

Quadrupolar oligothiophene chromophores composed of four to five thiophene rings with two terminal (E)-dimesitylborylvinyl groups (4 V-5 V), and five thiophene rings with two terminal aryldimesitylboryl groups (5 B), as well as an analogue of 5 V with a central EDOT ring (5 VE), have been synthesized via Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions in high yields (66-89%). Crystal structures of 4 V, 5 B, bithiophene 2 V, and five thiophene-derived intermediates are reported. Chromophores 4 V, 5 V, 5 B and 5 VE have photoluminescence quantum yields of 0.26-0.29, which are higher than those of the shorter analogues 1 V-3 V (0.01-0.20), and short fluorescence lifetimes (0.50-1.05 ns). Two-photon absorption (TPA) spectra have been measured for 2 V-5 V, 5 B and 5 VE in the range 750-920 nm. The measured TPA cross-sections for the series 2 V-5 V increase steadily with length up to a maximum of 1930 GM. We compare the TPA properties of 2 V-5 V with the related compounds 5 B and 5 VE, giving insight into the structure-property relationship for this class of chromophore. DFT and TD-DFT results, including calculated TPA spectra, complement the experimental findings and contribute to their interpretation. A comparison to other related thiophene and dimesitylboryl compounds indicates that our design strategy is promising for the synthesis of efficient dyes for two-photon-excited fluorescence applications.

A pentanuclear lead(II) complex based on a strapped porphyrin with three different coordination modes.

We have previously described Pb(II) and Bi(III) bimetallic complexes with overhanging carboxylic acid strapped porphyrins in which one metal ion is bound to the N-core ("out-of-plane", OOP), whereas the second one is bound to the strap ("hanging-atop", HAT). In such complexes, the hemidirected coordination sphere of a HAT Pb(II) cation provides sufficient space for an additional binding of a neutral ligand (e.g., DMSO). Interestingly, investigations of the HAT metal coordination mode in a single strap porphyrin show that a HAT Pb(II) can also interact via intermolecular coordination bonds, allowing the self-assembly of two bimetallic complexes. In the pentanuclear Pb(II) complex we are describing in this Article, three different coordination modes were found. The OOP Pb(II) remains inert toward the supramolecular assembling process, whereas the HAT Pb(II) cation, in addition to its intramolecular carboxylate and regular exogenous acetate groups, coordinates an additional exogenous acetate. These two acetates are shared with a third lead(II) cation featuring a holo-directed coordination sphere, from which a centro-symmetric complex is assembled. Density functional theory calculations show some electron-density pockets in the vicinity of the hemidirected HAT Pb(II) atoms, which are associated with the presence of a stereochemically active lone pair of electrons. On the basis of the comparison with other HAT Pb(II) and Bi(III) systems, the "volume" of this lone pair correlates well with the bond distance distributions and the number of the proximal oxygen atoms tethered to the post-transition metal cation. It thus follows the order 6-coordinate Bi(III) > 6-coordinate Pb(II) > 5-coordinate Pb(II).

A combined 77Se NMR and molecular dynamics contribution to the structural understanding of the chalcogenide glasses.

Solid-state (77)Se NMR measurements, first-principles molecular dynamics and DFT calculations of NMR parameters were performed to gain insight into the structure of selenium-rich GexSe(1-x) glasses. We recorded the fully-relaxed NMR spectra on natural abundance and 100% isotopically enriched GeSe4 samples, which led us to reconsider the level of structural heterogeneity in this material. In this paper, we propose an alternative procedure to initialise molecular dynamics runs for the chalcogenide glasses. The (77)Se NMR spectra calculated on the basis of the structural models deduced from these simulations are consistent with the experimental spectrum.

Au-Au chemical bonding induced by UV irradiation of dinuclear gold(I) complexes: a computational study with experimental evidence.

Two luminescent dinuclear gold(I) species, namely diselenophosphinate [Au2{µ-Se2P((CH2)2Ph)2}2] and dithiophosphinate [Au2{µ-S2P((CH2)2Ph)2}2], exhibiting interesting structural, absorption and emission properties have been studied. In the solid state, both complexes exist in a dinuclear monomeric form, exhibiting no aurophilic interaction, and display similar photophysical properties. It is shown, using DFT computations, that Au-Au chemical bonding appears in the first excited state of these complexes, whereas such bonding does not exist in their ground state; Raman spectroscopy experiments, which bring to light the stretching of this new bond, confirm the theoretical results. Moreover, TDDFT computations permitted us to assign the observed absorption bands of the UV-visible spectra of the two species to LMCT transitions and to describe the emission.

Acid-base-controlled stereoselective metalation of overhanging carboxylic acid porphyrins: consequences for the formation of heterobimetallic complexes.

Overhanging carboxylic acid porphyrins have revealed promising ditopic ligands offering a new entry in the field of supramolecular coordination chemistry of porphyrinoids. Notably, the adjunction of a so-called hanging-atop (HAT) Pb(II) cation to regular Pb(II) porphyrin complexes allowed a stereoselective incorporation of the N-core bound cation, and an allosterically controlled Newton's cradle-like motion of the two Pb(II) ions also emerged from such bimetallic complexes. In this contribution, we have extended this work to other ligands and metal ions, aiming at understanding the parameters that control the HAT Pb(II) coordination. The nature of the N-core bound metal ion (Zn(II), Cd(II)), the influence of the deprotonation state of the overhanging COOH group and the presence of a neutral ligand on the opposite side (exogenous or intramolecular), have been examined through (1)H NMR spectroscopic experiments with the help of radiocrystallographic structures and DFT calculations. Single and bis-strap ligands have been considered. They all incorporate a COOH group hung over the N-core on one side. For the bis-strap ligands, either an ester or an amide group has been introduced on the other side. In the presence of a base, the mononuclear Zn(II) or Cd(II) complexes incorporate the carbonyl of the overhanging carboxylate as apical ligand, decreasing its availability for the binding of a HAT Pb(II). An allosteric effector (e.g., 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), in the case of a single-strap ligand) or an intramolecular ligand (e.g., an amide group), strong enough to compete with the carbonyl of the hung COO(-), is required to switch the N-core bound cation to the opposite side with concomitant release of the COO(-), thereby allowing HAT Pb(II) complexation. In the absence of a base, Zn(II) or Cd(II) binds preferentially the carbonyl of the intramolecular ester or amide groups in apical position rather than that of the COOH. This better preorganization, with the overhanging COOH fully available, is responsible for a stronger binding of the HAT Pb(II). Thus, either allosteric or acid-base control is achieved through stereoselective metalation of Zn(II) or Cd(II). In the latter case, according to the deprotonation state of the COOH group, the best electron-donating ligand is located on one or the other side of the porphyrin (COO(-)>CONHR>COOR>COOH): the lower affinity of COOH for Zn(II) and Cd(II), the higher for a HAT Pb(II). These insights provide new opportunities for the elaboration of innovative bimetallic molecular switches.

Anion encapsulation and geometric changes in hepta- and hexanuclear copper(I) dichalcogeno clusters: a theoretical and experimental investigation.

Whereas stable octanuclear clusters of the type M(I)8(E(∩)E)6 (M = Cu, Ag; E(∩)E = dithio or diseleno ligand) are known for being able to encapsulate a hydride or main-group anion under some circumstances, only the related hydride-containing heptanuclear [M(I)]7(H)(E(∩)E)6 and empty hexanuclear [M(I)]6(E(∩)E)6 species have been characterized so far. In this paper we investigate by the means of theoretical calculations and experiments the viability of empty and anion-centered clusters of the type [Cu(I)]7(X)(E(∩)E)6 and [Cu(I)]6(X)(E(∩)E)6 (X = vacancy, H or a main-group atom). The theoretical prediction for the existence of anion-containing heptanuclear species, the shape of which is modulated by the anion nature and size, have been fully confirmed by the synthesis and characterization of [Cu7(X){S2P(O(i)Pr)2}6] (X = H, Br). This consistency between experiment and theory allows us to predict the stability and shape-modulated structure of a whole series of [Cu(I)]7(X)(E(∩)E)6 (X = vacancy, H, O, S, halogen) and [Cu(I)]6(X)(E(∩)E)6 (X = H, halogen) clusters.

Shape modulation of octanuclear Cu(I) or Ag(I) dichalcogeno template clusters with respect to the nature of their encapsulated anions: a combined theoretical and experimental investigation.

M8L6 clusters (M = Cu(I), Ag(I); L = dichalcogeno ligand) are known for their ability to encapsulate various kinds of saturated atomic anions. Calculations on the models [M8(E2PH2)6](2+) (M = Cu(I), Ag(I); E = S, Se) and the ionic or neutral [M8(X)(E2PH2)6](q) (X = H, F, Cl, Br, O, S, Se, N, P, C) indicate that the cubic M8L6 cage adapts its shape for maximizing the host-guest bonding interaction. The interplay between size, covalent and ionic bonding favors either a cubic, tetracapped tetrahedral, or bicapped octahedral structure of the metal framework. Whereas the large third- and fourth-row main group anions maintain the cubic shape, a distortion toward a tetracapped tetrahedral arrangement of the metals occurs in the case of hydride, fluoride, and oxide. The distortion is strong in the case of hydride, weak in the case of fluoride, and intermediate in the case of oxide. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations predict a bicapped octahedral architecture in the case of nitride and carbide. These computational results are supported by X-ray structures, including those of new fluorine- and oxygen-containing compounds. It is suggested that other oxygen-containing as well as so far unknown nitride-containing clusters should be feasible. For the first time, the dynamical behavior of the encapsulated hydride has been investigated by metadynamics simulations. Our results clearly demonstrate that the interconversion mechanism between two identical tetracapped tetrahedral configurations occurs through a succession of M-H bonds breaking and forming which present very low activation energies and which involve a rather large number of intermediate structures. This mechanism is full in accordance with (109)Ag and (1)H state NMR measurements.

77Se solid-state NMR of As2Se3, As4Se4 and As4Se3 crystals: a combined experimental and computational study.

(77)Se NMR parameters for three prototypical crystalline compounds (As2Se3, As4Se4 and As4Se3) have been determined from solid-state NMR spectra in the framework of an investigation concerning AsxSe(1-x) glass structure understanding. Density functional NMR calculations using the gauge including projector augmented wave methodology have been performed on X-ray and optimized crystal structures for a set of selenium-based crystals. These theoretical results have been combined with the experimental data in order to achieve a precise assignment of the spectral lines. This work and the high sensitivity of solid-state NMR to local order show that the structure of As4Se3 should be reinvestigated using state-of-the-art diffraction techniques. Calculations performed on several molecules derived from the crystal structures have demonstrated the limited effect of interlayer or intermolecular interactions on the isotropic chemical shifts. These interactions are therefore not responsible for the unexpected large chemical shift difference observed between these three systems that could mostly be attributed to the presence of short rings.

Structure and spectroscopic properties of gold(I) diselenophosph(in)ate complexes: a joint experimental and theoretical study.

The structure and optical properties of several polynuclear gold(I) species, namely, diselenophosphate [Au{µ-Se(2)P(OR)(2)}](2) complexes (R = (i)Pr, Et, (n)Pr) respectively numbered 1, 2, and 3 and number 4 [Au{µ-Se(2)P(CH(2))(2)Ph)(2)}](2), exhibiting interesting structural, absorption, and emission properties have been studied. The synthesis, full characterization, and experimental spectroscopic study of 3 and 4 have first been carried out, 1 and 2 being previously studied. In the solid state, 3 gives polymers, like 1 and 2, whereas 4 exists under a dinuclear monomeric form. The absorption and phosphorescence properties of 4 have been rationalized using DFT and TDDFT computations. In particular, Au-Au bonding seems to appear in its first singlet and triplet states, whereas such a bond does not exist in the ground state. Then, the influence of polymerization through aurophilic bonding on the optical properties of 2 is investigated (1 and 3 behave as 2). It is shown using TDDFT computations that its observed UV-visible excitation spectrum in solution is due to high oligomers and not to monomers or low size oligomers. ESI-MS molecular weight measurements confirm the occurrence of such oligomers of 2 in solution. An assignment of the observed bands of 2 is proposed. The transition corresponding to the first excitation band, which is mainly a HOMO to LUMO one, exhibits metal-centered character, i.e., a gold 5d to 6p orbital transition, but concomitantly transfers significant electron density from gold to phosphorus atoms so that it is also a MLCT one.

VOPO4·H2O: a stacking faults structure studied by X-ray powder diffraction and DFT-D calculations.

The dehydration process of VOPO(4)·2H(2)O occurs in two steps corresponding to successive elimination of the two crystallographically distinct water molecules. The intermediate phase VOPO(4)·H(2)O has been stabilized for X-ray powder diffraction studies. The resulting data suggest a tetragonal cell (a = 6.2203(2) Å and c = 6.18867(7) Å), but an important anisotropy in the line broadening points out the necessity of considering a not perfectly organized structure. Because of the layered structure of this compound, density functional theory calculations including dispersion corrections have been carried out to evaluate the possible presence of stacking faults. The results of these calculations give information about the nature of the translations and their probabilities using a Boltzmann distribution. DIFFaX+ simulations of the X-ray powder diffraction pattern have been carried out using the results of the theoretical calculations and confirm the presence and nature of stacking faults.

Characterization of a six-coordinate ferrous high-spin heme with both intramolecular axial carboxylic acid and pyridine.

Synthesis of a bis-strapped porphyrin with a pyridyl residue on one side and a malonic acid on the other side gives after iron(II) insertion a six-coordinate complex in which both apical groups are the two axial ligands of the iron atom. Unexpectedly, this six-coordinate iron(II) complex proves to be high-spin, likely due to some stabilization of the axial metal-ligand antibonding orbitals.

Density functional theory calculations of 95Mo NMR parameters in solid-state compounds.

The application of periodic density functional theory-based methods to the calculation of (95)Mo electric field gradient (EFG) and chemical shift (CS) tensors in solid-state molybdenum compounds is presented. Calculations of EFG tensors are performed using the projector augmented-wave (PAW) method. Comparison of the results with those obtained using the augmented plane wave + local orbitals (APW+lo) method and with available experimental values shows the reliability of the approach for (95)Mo EFG tensor calculation. CS tensors are calculated using the recently developed gauge-including projector augmented-wave (GIPAW) method. This work is the first application of the GIPAW method to a 4d transition-metal nucleus. The effects of ultra-soft pseudo-potential parameters, exchange-correlation functionals and structural parameters are precisely examined. Comparison with experimental results allows the validation of this computational formalism.

On the sensitivity of f electrons to their chemical environment.

Density functional calculations have been carried out on three families of lanthanide complexes of D3 or C4 symmetry, namely [Ln(H2O)9]3+, [Ln(DPA)3]3-, and [Ln(DOTAM)]3+ (Ln = Y, La, Lu; DPA = pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate; DOTAM = 1,4,7,10-tetracarbamoylmethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane), to get some insights concerning the sensitivity of 4f electrons to the surrounding ligands. We show that the electron density accumulations found within 0.7 A of the metal center, that precisely give the opposite image of the coordination sphere as they are located trans with respect to the Ln-ligand bonds, are almost exclusively due the f electrons. This polarization of the 4f electrons in lanthanides complexes has therefore to be considered as a general feature that plays a crucial role in some experimentally observed phenomenons such as the dependency of quadratic hyperpolarizability to the number of f electrons in [Ln(DPA)3]3- complexes that we have evidenced.

DFT calculations of quadrupolar solid-state NMR properties: Some examples in solid-state inorganic chemistry.

This article presents results of first-principles calculations of quadrupolar parameters measured by solid-state nuclear magnetic measurement (NMR) spectroscopy. Different computational methods based on density functional theory were used to calculate the quadrupolar parameters. Through a series of illustrations from different areas of solid state inorganic chemistry, it is shown how quadrupolar solid-state NMR properties can be tackled by a theoretical approach and can yield structural information.