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1.
Science ; 244(4909): 1186-9, 1989 Jun 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2543079

RESUMO

Respondents in the 1988 General Social Survey (GSS) were asked to scan their acquaintance networks to identify all those who had been a victim of a homicide or had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Estimates of the sex, race, age, and regional breakdowns for homicides in the last year and for people with AIDS were compared with official statistics. The GSS estimates for the distribution of homicide victims replicate the official statistics quite well. The GSS estimates for AIDS cases suggest that the data provided to the Centers for Disease Control may underestimate by a substantial margin the prevalence of AIDS in the white population of higher socioeconomic status, overstate the relative prevalence of the disease in the minority populations, underestimate the prevalence of the disease in the Midwest, and overstate it for the East.


Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/epidemiologia , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. , Demografia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Vigilância da População , Estados Unidos
2.
Science ; 243(4889): 338-48, 1989 Jan 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2911744

RESUMO

The prevalence and patterns of same-gender sexual contact among men are key components of models of the spread of HIV infection and AIDS in the U.S. population. Previous estimates by Kinsey et al. from data collected between 1938 and 1948 have been widely criticized for inadequacies of sample design. New lower-bound estimates of prevalence developed from data from a national sample survey conducted in 1970 indicate that minimums of 20.3 percent of adult men in the United States in 1970 had sexual contact to orgasm with another man at some time in life; 6.7 percent had such contact after age 19; and between 1.6 and 2.0 percent had such contact within the previous year. Although these estimates incorporate adjustments for missing data, the likelihood of underreporting suggests that these estimates might be lower bounds on the prevalence of same-gender sex among men. Two sets of alternative estimates are derived to assess the sensitivity of these estimates to the assumptions made in imputing values to missing data. Detailed estimates are presented by frequency of contact, age, education, and marital status; and supporting estimates are derived from a 1988 national survey. Data from both the 1970 and 1988 surveys indicate that never-married men are more likely than other men to have had same-gender sexual contacts within the last year. The 1970 survey also indicates, however, that approximately half the men estimated to have such contacts are found among the more numerous population of currently or previously married men.


Assuntos
Homossexualidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Idoso , Escolaridade , Humanos , Masculino , Casamento , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inquéritos e Questionários , Estados Unidos
3.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3225745

RESUMO

The onset of the AIDS epidemic has made evident how scanty our knowledge is about sexuality, not only in the developing world where behavioral science resources are limited, but in the developed world as well. That the findings of the Kinsey group of nearly half a century ago remain relevant to current scientific discussion is an important measure of the lack of a well-developed and active research tradition in the area of sexuality. As a result of a lack of support for sex research, except in a number of very limited areas, when the epidemic began, there was a lack of baseline data, accessible and tested research techniques, and trained personnel. There is evidence that some of these problems are being addressed as new research initiatives are being undertaken both nationally and internationally that are relevant to both AIDS and sexuality. At the same time, a majority of this research has been driven by a concern for the disease and has not taken into account the larger role of sexuality in the life of individuals in specific cultures and societies. Much of the research that has been undertaken is examining sexuality from the perspective of AIDS rather than AIDS in the perspective of sexuality. Perhaps it is well to understand that long after the AIDS epidemic is history, sexuality will remain with us as a source of pleasure and difficulty.


Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Comportamento Sexual , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/psicologia , Europa (Continente) , Feminino , Educação em Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Pesquisa , Projetos de Pesquisa , Sexo , Estados Unidos
4.
J Nucl Med ; 41(11): 1851-8, 2000 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11079494

RESUMO

UNLABELLED: Early detection of breast cancer is crucial for efficient and effective treatment. We have developed an instrument for positron emission mammography (PEM) called PEM-I that performs high-resolution metabolic imaging of breast cancer. Images of glucose metabolism are obtained after injection of 75 MBq FDG. The PEM detectors are integrated into a conventional mammography system, allowing acquisition of the emission images immediately after the mammogram, without subject repositioning, and accurate coregistration of images from the 2 modalities. In this article, we present the results of the first clinical pilot study with the instrument. METHODS: Sixteen subjects (age range, 34-76 y) were studied. All subjects were nondiabetic, nonpregnant, and without a history of cancer. They had recently been found to have suggestive mammography findings or a palpable breast mass and underwent lumpectomy or mastectomy within 2 wk of the study. Results from the PEM study were compared with those from mammography and pathology. A PEM test was classified positive (indicating the presence of cancer) if significant focal uptake was seen in the image or if the counting rate in the breast with suggestive findings was significantly higher than in the contralateral breast. RESULTS: Of the 16 subjects studied, 14 were evaluable. Ten cancerous tumors and 4 benign tumors were confirmed by pathologic examination after complete removal of the tumor. PEM correctly detected the presence of disease in 8 of 10 subjects. Findings were false-negative in 2 instances and false-positive in none, giving the instrument 80% sensitivity, 100% specificity, and 86% accuracy. CONCLUSION: Our preliminary results suggest that PEM can offer a noninvasive method for the diagnosis of breast cancer. Metabolic images from PEM contain unique information not available from conventional morphologic imaging techniques and aid in expeditiously establishing the diagnosis of cancer. In all subjects, the PEM images were of diagnostic quality, with an imaging time of 2-5 min.


Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico por imagem , Mama/diagnóstico por imagem , Fluordesoxiglucose F18 , Glucose/metabolismo , Compostos Radiofarmacêuticos , Tomografia Computadorizada de Emissão/instrumentação , Adulto , Idoso , Mama/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Mamografia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Projetos Piloto , Sensibilidade e Especificidade
6.
J Health Soc Behav ; 34(1): 7-22, 1993 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8463636

RESUMO

This paper replicates and extends an earlier attempt to use data from the General Social Survey (GSS) to track the distribution of AIDS across demographic subgroups. (The GSS asks respondents whether they know a person with AIDS [PWA].) The gender, racial, age, and regional composition of the set of PWAs reported by GSS respondents is compared with that of the official AIDS cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). In an attempt to assess the accuracy of the GSS estimates, a similar analysis is performed in which GSS respondents are asked whether they know a homicide victim. Data from four consecutive GSS samples (1988, 1989, 1990, and 1991) are used, permitting a more detailed exploration of potential biases and problems with the network technique. In addition, time series data from the National Health Interview Survey on the percentage of people who know at least one PWA are used to validate the GSS data. Our earlier findings, that the GSS identifies proportionately more White and midwestern cases than are reported to the CDC, are corroborated by the additional data. Possible explanations for these discrepancies are given, and suggestions are made for improving the utility of the approach.


Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/epidemiologia , Vigilância da População , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/prevenção & controle , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Feminino , Soroprevalência de HIV/tendências , Homicídio/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos de Amostragem , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia
9.
Arch Sex Behav ; 14(5): 451-66, 1985 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-4062541

RESUMO

As part of a larger study of parental roles in sex education, a stratified probability sample of 1482 parents of three- to eleven-year-old children were interviewed about their knowledge, attitudes, and practices with reference to "masturbation" on the part of their children. A large majority of parents accepted the fact that children did masturbate, a smaller majority agreed that masturbation among children was alright, but less than half wanted their children as adolescents to have a positive attitude toward masturbation. Identified events of masturbation were reported to be more common among boys than girls, with mothers reporting higher incidences for both boys and girls than fathers reported. Parents with higher levels of education and liberal sexual attitudes were more positive on most attitudinal items about masturbation and reported a higher incidence of such conduct among their children. Parents who attended church more frequently were less likely to report positive views and conduct. Parents who reported they had masturbated as children were most likely to report positive views and a high incidence of masturbation on the part of their children. In general mothers played a more important role than fathers in transmitting knowledge and were more liberal in their attitudes. Negative information and attitudes toward masturbation remains a common response of parents when they are confronted with children's masturbation.


Assuntos
Atitude , Comportamento Infantil , Masturbação , Pais/psicologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Escolaridade , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Religião e Sexo , Fatores Sexuais
10.
Arch Sex Behav ; 4(2): 111-41, 1975 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1091236

RESUMO

The history of scientific sex research which emerged at the turn of the century with the exemplary work of Sigmund Freud and Havelock Ellis has been complexly interactive with changing general social conditions, specific trends in sexual conduct, the content of sexual ideologies, and the developing techniques of scientific inquiry. The earliest sex researchers, although serving to bring sexuality out of the Victorian cold and into the center of human development based their views of sexuality on control-repression and drive models. The Freudian tradition was especially influential in general intellectual matters and was probably the most important in the development of twentieth-century sexual ideologies. Beginning in the 1920s and culminating in the work of Kinsey in the 1940s and 1950s, a tradiition of social bookkeeping began focusing on the sexual behavior of relatively normal persons. Methodologically such studies moved away from the case history and from populations who were defined as criminal or neurotic. At the same time, general social changes were occurring that were directly affecting the rates and directions of sexual conduct in the society. The work of Alfred Kinsey charted these changes and in turn influenced public attitudes, public policy, and research interests during the 1950s and 1960s. The work of other researchers began to fill in the picture of sexual conduct in the society from a survey point of view, and some workers began studies in sexual deviance that focused anew on homosexuality and prostitution. The work of William Masters and Virginia Johnson served to open the door to studies of sexual anatomy and physiology by applying well-known techniques to the laboratory study of the sexual. While the biological tradition is still strong in the discussion of the sexual, new emphases are being placed on a cognitive-social learning persepctive that emphasizes the nonbiological factors in sexual development. Major changes have occurred in the sexual backdrop of the society in the 1960s, and while changes in sexual conduct have been less than revolutionary, they have occurred in a number of areas (contraception, abortion) that have directly influenced societal practices. Sex research and the sex researcher have played an important role in providing benchmarks for sexual practices, illuminating general understanding, and providing the content for ideiolicaal debates about the right and wrong of sexuality in the society. In few areas of research have researchers had such an important role in the debate over the measning and significance of the behavior they have studied.


Assuntos
Pesquisa , Mudança Social , Atitude , Cultura , Inglaterra , Europa (Continente) , Feminino , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Homossexualidade , Humanos , Masculino , Psicologia/história , Desenvolvimento Psicossexual , Pesquisa/história , Pesquisa/normas , Projetos de Pesquisa , Sexo , Trabalho Sexual , Comportamento Sexual , Estados Unidos
11.
Arch Sex Behav ; 16(1): 1-25, 1987 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3579554

RESUMO

There is evidence from a number of sources that contemporary cultural scenarios for sexual conduct are often very approving of oral genital sex. Two surveys of sexual conduct are analyzed to examine the changes in interpersonal sexual scripts for oral genital sex for cohorts of white and college-educated young people who entered young adulthood between 1928 and 1943 and 1963 to 1967. Males in the earlier cohort had an excess of fellatio during the premarital period from erotic contacts with prostitutes and transient partners. In contacts with potential marital partners and in marriage men and women had equivalent rates of oral sex indicating a greater sexual reciprocity in these affectional relationships. In the latter cohort male and female rates of oral sex before marriage are substantially greater than for the earlier period but are equivalent for the two genders. In both periods oral sex is most common among the coitally experienced and is initiated by males. Evidence is found for an increased amount of sexual activity unlinked to marriage, what might be labeled pre-premarital sex. Male participation in oral sex seems responsive to opportunity, lowered moral inhibition, and emotional commitment while females' participation seems more linked to features of the ongoing relationship. In a review of studies in the 1970s and 1980s a further major increase in the incidence of oral sex in the period before marriage can be found. From these data it appears that oral sex has become, over the last 50 years, part of the sexual scripts of many young people and is a common, though not necessarily a frequent, component of sexual relations in contemporary marriage.


Assuntos
Comportamento Sexual , Mudança Social , Adolescente , Adulto , Coito , Cultura , Escolaridade , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Casamento , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Motivação , Fatores Sexuais
12.
Health Educ Monogr ; 5 suppl 1: 42-52, 1977.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-858672

RESUMO

A two-stage process of gaming-simulation design was conducted: the first stage of design concerned national planning for hemophilia care; the second stage of design was for gaming-simulation concerning the problems of hemophilia patients and health care providers. The planning design was intended to be adaptable to large-scale planning for a variety of health care problems. The educational game was designed using data developed in designing the planning game. A broad range of policy-makers participated in the planning game.


Assuntos
Teoria dos Jogos , Jogos Experimentais , Educação em Saúde , Planejamento em Saúde , Hemofilia A , Humanos , Modelos Teóricos , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde , Desempenho de Papéis
13.
Arch Sex Behav ; 15(2): 97-120, 1986 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3718206

RESUMO

A general introduction to scripting theory is offered, attempting to provide links between macrolevel considerations of sociocultural development and general theories of individual development. The scripting of behavior is examined on three distinct levels: cultural scenarios (instruction in collective meanings), interpersonal scripts (the application of specific cultural scenarios by a specific individual in a specific social context), and intrapsychic scripts (the management of desires as experienced by the individual). These concepts of the scripting of behavior are then applied to sexual behavior. Interpersonal scripts are seen as the ordering of representations of self and other that facilitate the occurrence of a sexual act; intrapsychic scripts represent the ordering of images and desires that elicit and sustain sexual arousal. Issues of stability and change in sexual scripts are then examined in terms of the changing circumstances and requirements associated with movement through the life cycle.


Assuntos
Desenvolvimento Psicossexual , Comportamento Sexual , Valores Sociais , Fatores Etários , Características Culturais , Literatura Erótica , Teoria Freudiana , Identidade de Gênero , Humanos , Libido , Meio Social
14.
Radiology ; 121(3 Pt. 1): 631-4, 1976 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-981658

RESUMO

Pedal lymphography was performed for 63 patients with clinical findings (chiefly unexplained pyrexia or splenomegaly) suggestive of lymphoma involving the retroperitoneal nodes. The lymphogram was abnormal in 17 cases. Lymphoma was found in 5, metastatic carcinoma in 3, malignant histiocytes in 1, and benign hyperplasia or fibrolipomatous nodal changes in 4 (histiological tests were not obtained in the other 4). An abnormal lymphogram of the retroperitoneal nodes constitutes an indication for laparotomy; the lymphographic appearance of lymphoma is nonspecific, and histologic confirmation should be sought.


Assuntos
Linfoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Linfografia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos
15.
J Can Assoc Radiol ; 30(1): 60-1, 1979 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-429444

RESUMO

Osteoid osteoma in cancellous bone lacks the usual osteoblastic reaction that accompanies the classical cortical or juxtacortical osteoid osteoma. Familiarity with this type of presentation should instigate the appropriate diagnostic steps, including nuclear medicine studies using pin-hole collimation, and thin tomographic cuts.


Assuntos
Neoplasias Ósseas/diagnóstico por imagem , Ossos do Carpo/diagnóstico por imagem , Osteoma Osteoide/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Radiografia
16.
J Sex Marital Ther ; 8(1): 44-56, 1982.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7097786

RESUMO

The formulation and treatment of sexual dysfunction are conceptualized within a framework of sexual scripts. This approach places particular emphasis on the cognitive and interpersonal dimensions of sexual interaction and provides greater continuity in our understanding of the development of sexual conduct in general. Clinical assessment of sexual scripts begins with a comparison of performative and cognitive scripts, which are then elaborated in terms of key script attributes such as complexity, rigidity, conventionality and satisfaction. Sex therapy is viewed as a process of script modification, in which particular attention is payed to the integration of covert and overt aspects of the script. Two case illustrations are provided. The discussion contrast the present use of script analysis with the way the term is used in transactional analysis and research in artificial intelligence.


Assuntos
Cognição , Psicoterapia/métodos , Disfunções Sexuais Psicogênicas/terapia , Adulto , Fantasia , Feminino , Identidade de Gênero , Humanos , Masculino , Desenvolvimento Psicossexual , Disfunções Sexuais Psicogênicas/psicologia
17.
J Youth Adolesc ; 1(3): 203-22, 1972 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12333042

RESUMO

PIP: The social bookkeeping approach, the counting of virgins, is used to document the relatively stable rates of early and premarital coitus since the Kinsey report of 1953. Data used are based on a 1972 study of 14 to 18 year olds and a 1967 study of college students. When appropriate controls for educational attainment and age are used, it is revealed that when compared to the change in rates at the beginning of the century, the rates since the 1940's have increased only 1/4 as much. Furthermore, coital behavior is shown to be strongly related to traditional patters of restraint and facilitation. The traditional factors, such as relationships with parents and religious attendance, are shown to restrain sexual intercourse before age 18. Factors related to the courtship process such as dating frequency facilitated this early behavior. For college youth both restraining and facilitating factors were operating, but levels of coital behavior generally remained low. Rates of frequent coitus rarely reached 40% among women college seniors and the proportion of this group with 3 or more partners never reached 20%. The factors which encourage sexual activity during college are the courtship factors, those of dating behavior and "being in love."y In terms of 1st sexual relationship, women overwhelmingly indicated that they were "in love" with their partner. Given the relative stability of rates of early and premarital coitus and continuity of the role of the courtship factors in facilitating this behavior, popular discussions of the contemporary sexual revolution do not have a basis in reality. Furthermore, such discussions possibly create anxiety among young people not experiencing "the sexual revolution."^ieng


Assuntos
Homens , Comportamento Sexual , Estudantes , Mulheres , Fatores Etários , Comportamento , Educação , Religião
18.
J Youth Adolesc ; 1(1): 13-34, 1972 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24415202

RESUMO

The present article focuses upon the much-neglected topic of white working class youth - the children of "another other America." Based upon the available literature as well as upon a recent program of ethnographic research, the institutional settings - community, family, school - within which working class youth grow up are examined with particular emphasis on their climate and values. Attention is paid to the heterogeneity contained within this segment of the population pointing to four distinct types: collegians, greasers, hippies, and those encapsulated in family life. The article points to factors that promote a potential increase in residential social class homogeneity that, in turn, promotes class values, social and personal expectations, and modal relationships that increasingly diverge from the norms of an urban-industrial middle class society and that in considerable measure either contribute to a growing conservative alienation from the larger society or make adjustments to that society more problematic for its youth. The emergent picture of white working youth in part resembles that of youth in general, but in a more significant measure is much different from that found in either higher or lower social strata.

19.
AIDS Care ; 1(1): 67-75, 1989.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2488583

RESUMO

This paper describes current efforts to construct a set of innovative educational and skill building materials targetted at groups of persons with HIV infection, those at risk for HIV, their families and friends, and health professionals. The ENCOUNTERS family of interactive simulations is designed to provide participants with the necessary communication and behavioral skills to deepen their understanding of HIV, to improve their interaction with others in their interpersonal environment, and to more effectively manage stress generated by HIV concerns The ENCOUNTERS family of simulations are built on the principles of role play, but adds to them principles of simulation gaming. The former technique is strengthened by offering active participation for all group members, increased structure, and the opportunity for participants to take different perspectives on an issue of concern in a supportive small group environment.


Assuntos
Aconselhamento/métodos , Família/psicologia , Soropositividade para HIV/psicologia , Hemofilia A/psicologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/psicologia , Comunicação , Feminino , Educação em Saúde , Humanos , Relações Interpessoais , Masculino , Desempenho de Papéis
20.
Can J Surg ; 34(3): 287-9, 1991 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2054762

RESUMO

The use of needle localization to aid excisional biopsy of nonpalpable breast lesions is now common, and the literature suggests that 13% to 33% of such lesions are malignant. During the 4 years from 1984 to 1988, all women who underwent fine-needle localization in preparation for biopsy were studied to identify factors that might facilitate the selection of those more likely to harbour a cancer, thus sparing patients with benign disease operative intervention. In all, 124 biopsies were performed on nonpalpable lesions that were suspicious on mammography; 51 lesions were malignant and 73 benign. The average age of the patients was 56 years (55 years for those with benign lesions and 61 for those with malignant lesions). The family history, history of breast disease, symptoms and calcification seen on mammography were not significantly different between the two groups. Only 25% of the malignant lesions were noninvasive. In 10% of the patients who had invasive lesions there was lymph-node involvement. The rate of malignancy in this patient population (41%) was slightly better than that reported in the literature, and a larger proportion of patients had noninvasive disease. The authors conclude that none of the above-mentioned risk factors could be used in the preoperative selection of patients for open biopsy.


Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico , Mamografia/métodos , Biópsia , Biópsia por Agulha , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Agulhas , Estudos Retrospectivos
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