Thermal phenotypic plasticity of pre- and post-copulatory male harm buffers sexual conflict in wild Drosophila melanogaster.

Strong sexual selection frequently leads to sexual conflict and ensuing male harm, whereby males increase their reproductive success at the expense of harming females. Male harm is a widespread evolutionary phenomenon with a strong bearing on population viability. Thus, understanding how it unfolds in the wild is a current priority. Here, we sampled a wild Drosophila melanogaster population and studied male harm across the normal range of temperatures under which it reproduces optimally in nature by comparing female lifetime reproductive success and underlying male harm mechanisms under monogamy (i.e. low male competition/harm) vs. polyandry (i.e. high male competition/harm). While females had equal lifetime reproductive success across temperatures under monogamy, polyandry resulted in a maximum decrease of female fitness at 24°C (35%), reducing its impact at both 20°C (22%), and 28°C (10%). Furthermore, female fitness components and pre- (i.e. harassment) and post-copulatory (i.e. ejaculate toxicity) mechanisms of male harm were asymmetrically affected by temperature. At 20°C, male harassment of females was reduced, and polyandry accelerated female actuarial aging. In contrast, the effect of mating on female receptivity (a component of ejaculate toxicity) was affected at 28°C, where the mating costs for females decreased and polyandry mostly resulted in accelerated reproductive aging. We thus show that, across a natural thermal range, sexual conflict processes and their effects on female fitness components are plastic and complex. As a result, the net effect of male harm on overall population viability is likely to be lower than previously surmised. We discuss how such plasticity may affect selection, adaptation and, ultimately, evolutionary rescue under a warming climate.

No evidence that relatedness or familiarity modulates male harm in Drosophila melanogaster flies from a wild population.

Sexual selection frequently promotes the evolution of aggressive behaviors that help males compete against their rivals, but which may harm females and hamper their fitness. Kin selection theory predicts that optimal male-male competition levels can be reduced when competitors are more genetically related to each other than to the population average, contributing to resolve this sexual conflict. Work in Drosophila melanogaster has spearheaded empirical tests of this idea, but studies so far have been conducted in laboratory-adapted populations in homogeneous rearing environments that may hamper kin recognition, and used highly skewed sex ratios that may fail to reflect average natural conditions. Here, we performed a fully factorial design with the aim of exploring how rearing environment (i.e., familiarity) and relatedness affect male-male aggression, male harassment, and overall male harm levels in flies from a wild population of Drosophila melanogaster, under more natural conditions. Namely, we (a) manipulated relatedness and familiarity so that larvae reared apart were raised in different environments, as is common in the wild, and (b) studied the effects of relatedness and familiarity under average levels of male-male competition in the field. We show that, contrary to previous findings, groups of unrelated-unfamiliar males were as likely to fight with each other and harass females than related-familiar males and that overall levels of male harm to females were similar across treatments. Our results suggest that the role of kin selection in modulating sexual conflict is yet unclear in Drosophila melanogaster, and call for further studies that focus on natural populations and realistic socio-sexual and ecological environments.

Onicomadesis en paciente adulto inmunocompetente / Onychomadesis in an immunocompetent adult patient

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Seroma de Morel-Lavallée: a propósito de un caso / Morel-Lavallée seroma: presentation of a case

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Productividad laboral en pacientes con artritis reumatoidea: Instituto Guatemalteco de Seguridad Social, 2013 / Labor productivity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Guatemalan Institute of Social Security, 2013

Introducción: La artritis reumatoide está asociadacon un significativa pérdida en la productividad enel trabajo (ausentismo y presentismo). Objetivo: Determinar la productividad laboral en pacientes conartritis reumatoide que asisten a la consulta externade reumatología de la policlínica zona 1, periféricasde zona 5 y zona 11, y Autonomía, dependencias pertenecientes al Instituto Guatemalteco de Seguridad Social, ciudad de Guatemala, durante los meses de julio y agosto del año 2013. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal, donde se realizó una revisión sistemática de expedientes y valoración clínica de 142 pacientes con diagnóstico de artritis reumatoide según criterios del Colegio Americano de Reumatología del año 1987. Además se aplicaron test estandarizados para valorar calidad devida (RAQoL), estado general de salud (HAQ) yel grado de actividad de la enfermedad (DAS28) ysu correlación con el impedimento de actividadesy productividad laboral (WPAI-RA). Resultados: El 84.51% de los pacientes fue de sexo femenino, el promedio de edad de 47.5 ± 11.06 años. Ciento nueve pacientes laboraban (76.76%), se obtuvosegún WPAI-RA una media 3.20 horas laborales perdidas debido a AR por paciente, en los últimos7 días. El porcentaje de ausentismo y presentismo laboral fue de 6.21% y 42.11%, respectivamente.Se obtuvo una correlación positiva débil entre elgrado de afectación de la productividad laboral y elgrado de actividad de la enfermedad (DAS28) r de Spearman de 0.347; correlación positiva moderada a fuerte con el estado general de salud (HAQ)r de Spearman de 0.602; y correlación positiva moderada a fuerte con la calidad de vida (RAQoL) r de Spearman de 0.621...

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is associated withsignificant losses in work productivity (absenteeismand presenteeism). Objective: To determine thework productivity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who attend at peripheral rheumatologic out-patient clinics in zone 5 and zone 11, Policlinic zone 1, and Autonomía, Guatemalan Institute of Social Security, Guatemala city, during July and August,2013. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carryout by performing a systematic review of medical records and clinical evaluation of 142 patients diagnosed with Rheumatoid Arthritis who met the American College of Rheumatology 1987 revised criteria. Standar dized tests were applied to assessquality of life (RAQoL), functional disability, Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), Disease Activity Score (DAS28) and their correlations with the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment (WPAI-RA). Results: 84.51% were women, age average: 47.5+/- 11.06 years. One hundred nine patients wereworking (76.76%) and according to WPAI-RA, 3.20 hours were lost because of RA per patient in the last 7 days. The percentage of absenteeism and presenteeism was 6.21% and 42.11%, respectively. A slight positive correlation was found between the work productivity impairment and the degree of the disease activity (DAS28) r of Spearman 0.347; positive correlation from moderate to strong with the functional disability (HAQ) and quality of life (RAQoL), r of Spearman of 0.602 and 0.621, respectively...

Avaliação dos resultados clínicos após cirurgia descompressiva em cães com doença de disco intervertebral

Clinical results after decompressive surgery were evaluated in 45 dogs with cervical or thoracolumbar intervertebral disk disease. After surgery, 35 dogs recovered totally, eight (17.8%) partially, and two (4.4%) did not present any change in clinical findings. Eight dogs with paraplegy and loss of deep pain perception showed improvement, with total recovering in 62.5% of cases. Surgery was effective in four dogs with tetraparesy. Decompressive surgery (cervical slot or hemilaminectomy), with removal of disk material from inside the vertebral canal, was an effective form to produce functional improvement in dogs with this disease.

Avaliaram-se os resultados clínicos após realização de cirurgia descompressiva em 45 cães com doença do disco intervertebral cervical ou toracolombar. Após a cirurgia, 35 cães (77,8%) recuperaram-se totalmente, oito (17,8%) parcialmente e dois (4,4%) não apresentaram alteração do quadro inicial. Em oito cães com paraplegia e perda da sensibilidade dolorosa profunda houve completa melhora do quadro clínico, com recuperação total em 62,5% dos casos. Em quatro cães com tetraparesia, a cirurgia foi eficaz. A cirurgia descompressiva (slot cervical e hemilaminectomia toracolombar), com a retirada do material do disco do interior do canal vertebral, foi uma forma efetiva de gerar melhora do quadro funcional.