Incidence and progression of erosive tooth wear according to tooth type in schoolchildren of Mexico City.

This study aimed to estimate the cumulative incidence and the progression of erosive tooth wear (ETW) according to tooth type over a follow-up period of 18 months in adolescents living in Mexico City. We examined 10,776 teeth from 424 participants and used the Basic Erosive Wear Examination index (BEWE) to assess ETW. Our results showed that the overall cumulative incidence rate of ETW was 5.9% (587 from 9933 teeth), and the progression of ETW was 10% (85 from 843 teeth). Notably, the cumulative incidence of initial texture loss (BEWE = 1) was 29.1% for maxillary central incisors, and 30.4% of mandibular first molars progressed to loss of hard tissues (BEWE ≥2).

Prevalence and factors associated with the depressive symptoms in rural and urban Mexican older adults: evidence from the Mexican Health and Aging Study 2018.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and factors related to depressive symptoms in older Mexican adults in urban and rural areas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study. We examined older adults from a sample taken from the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS-2018). 14 230 older Mexicans were screened for self-reported depressive symptoms. RESULTS: The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 29.8% (33.4% rural vs. 28.9% urban). In the rural and urban population, the probability of a high prevalence of depressive symptoms was higher in older adults with multimorbidity ≥3, severe pain, and fair/poor SRH. Only in the urban population the prevalence of depressive symptoms increased with lower schooling. CONCLUSION: Identification of the factors related to depressive symptoms may help healthcare professionals provide better treatment for specific groups in the population.

Caries experience in adolescents 13-14 years with and without erosive tooth wear: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Erosive tooth wear (ETW) and dental caries have common etiological factors, such as unhealthy eating habits, and reduced salivary flow rate. AIM: To analyze the association between caries experience (CE) and ETW in adolescents 13-14 years. STUDY DESIGNS: Ninety-seven cases with distinctive ETW were identified and then sex-matched with a group of 97 controls and a group of 97 cases with initial ETW. The variables included were CE, presence of debris/dental calculus, salivary parameters, food and beverage consumption, chewable vitamin C tablet consumption, gastroesophageal reflux, frequent vomiting, and tooth brushing. Multinomial logistic regression models were adjusted. RESULTS: An association was found between cases with a distinctive ETW defect and CE (OR = 1.09 (95% CI: 1.01-1.17); p = 0.020), sweet carbonated drinks consumption (OR = 1.16 (95% CI: 1.03-1.31); p = 0.012), and frequent vomiting (OR = 3.19 (95% CI: 1.02-10.01); p = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS: The preventive management of both ETW and dental caries should aim to reduce exposure to foods and beverages with high acid and sugar content. Given the association between ETW and acid attack by gastric juice, this would be an indicator of the need for referral to a specialist for treatment.

Electromyographic Changes in the Masseter and Temporalis Muscles Before and After Orthognathic Surgery in Patients With Mandibular Prognathism.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the electromyographic changes in the Masseter (MM) and Temporalis (TM) muscles during voluntary clenching of the teeth both before and after orthognathic surgery in patients aged 18 years and older and diagnosed with mandibular prognathism. METHODS: Eleven patients with prognathism were included in the study, in all of whom the initial phase of orthodontic treatment had been completed. The orthognathic procedure to reduce prognathism comprised intraoral oblique sliding (or subsigmoid) osteotomy, after which intermaxillary fixation with ligaments in the maxilla and mandible was undertaken in all patients for 6 weeks post-surgery. Electromyographic activity was recorded during the baseline maximum voluntary contraction of the teeth, with the same measurement taken 3 and then 6 months after orthognathic surgery. RESULTS: Significant differences were found in the mean amplitude (17.0 vs 14.7, P = 0.020) and peak-to-peak amplitude (left [761.6 vs 457.0, P = 0.003] and right [676.9 vs 357.4, P = 0.007]) for the MM between the baseline score and 6 months after surgery. Likewise, significant differences were found in the mean amplitude (18.2 vs 25.6, P = 0.009) and peak-to-peak amplitude (left [856.4 vs 1594.2, P = 0.004] and right [804.4 vs 1813.4, P = 0.004]) for the TM between the baseline score and that taken 6 months post-surgery. Only 18.2% (2/11) presented orthodontic appliances problem in the 3 months post-surgery. CONCLUSION: Electromyographic activity was restored 6 months after the orthognathic surgery. From a clinical perspective, the results obtained confirm that orthognathic surgery has not only an esthetic but also a functional objective in terms of achieving equilibrium and occlusal harmony.

Impact of caries and dental fluorosis on oral health-related quality of life: a cross-sectional study in schoolchildren receiving water naturally fluoridated at above-optimal levels.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of caries and fluorosis on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among schoolchildren living in areas with high concentrations of fluoride in water. METHODS: Five hundred and twenty-four schoolchildren (8-12 year olds) residing in rural communities in central Mexico were examined for oral hygiene, caries (International Caries Detection and Assessment System, ICDAS II), and fluorosis (Thylstrup and Fejerskov Index, TFI). OHRQoL was evaluated with the Child Perceptions Questionnaire for two age groups (CPQ8-10 and CPQ11-14). Generalized structural equation models were constructed for data analysis. RESULTS: Overall prevalence of caries was 88.5% and fluorosis 46.9%. In the group of 8-10 year olds, 48% of the children had advanced carious lesions in primary or permanent teeth (ICDAS ≥4), 22.6% had moderate/severe fluorosis, and 59.9% of children had an impact on OHRQoL. Schoolchildren with ICDAS ≥4 were more likely [OR = 1.75, (95% CI 1.34-2.28)] to suffer a negative impact on OHRQoL. In the group of 11-12 year olds, 19.9% of children had advanced carious lesions and 23.2% showed moderate/severe fluorosis; 67.3% of children reported had an impact on OHRQoL. Children 11-12 year olds with fluorosis (TFI ≥4) [OR = 2.39 (95% CI 2.12-2.69)], caries (ICDAS ≥4) [OR = 2.18 (95% CI 2.13-2.24)], and low brushing frequency [OR = 2.04 (95% CI 1.21-3.44)] were more likely to have deterioration on OHRQoL. CONCLUSION: A negative impact on OHRQoL was observed in children with caries and fluorosis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Deterioration on OHRQoL found in children as a sequel of caries and fluorosis should be considered when designing health policies leading to prevention and effective health promotion programs and incorporated to clinical guidelines for timely dental treatment.

Relationship Between Low Education and Poor Periodontal Status among Mexican Adults Aged ≥50 Years.

PURPOSE: To examine the association between educational level and the presence of periodontal disease in adults ages ≥ 50 years in Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 2098 Mexican adults, using data from the annual reports of the Epidemiological Monitoring System for Oral Pathologies from 2019-2022. Data were collected on sociodemographic characteristics such as gender, age, educational level, oral hygiene, and diabetes. Periodontal status was evaluated using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and was classified into: CPI = 0 (healthy); CPI = 1 (bleeding on probing); CPI = 2 (calculus); and CPI = 3 or 4 (pocket depth ≥ 4 mm). A multinomial regression model was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and the 95% confidence intervals (CI), using periodontal status as the result. RESULTS: 39.9% of subjects presented periodontal pockets of ≥ 4 mm, 20.8% presented calculus, and 12.8% presented bleeding, while only 26.4% were classified as healthy. A low level of education (≤ 9 years) (OR = 4.84; p 0.001), age ≥ 65 years (OR = 1.33; p = 0.025), poor oral hygiene (OR = 6.86; p 0.001), smoking (OR = 1.51; p = 0.025), and diabetes (OR = 1.73; p 0.001) were statistically significantly associated with the presence of periodontal pockets ≥ 4 mm. CONCLUSIONS: A low level of education is associated with worse periodontal status in adults aged 50 years or more. These findings reiterate the importance of implementing effective strategies and the incorporation of interventions for improving the access to and quality of services targeted at aging communities.

An inverse relationship between dental fluorosis and Molar Incisor Hypomineralization in Mexican schoolchildren in an area with a high concentration of fluoride in drinking water: A cross-sectional study.

AIM: To evaluate the association between the frequency and severity of dental fluorosis and Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) in 8-12-year-old schoolchildren living in an area with a high concentration of fluoride in the drinking water. METHODS: The present cross­sectional study was conducted on Mexican children (n = 573) selected from one community presenting a drinking water fluoride concentration of 1.39 ppm/F. The prevalence of dental fluorosis was ascertained using the Thylstrup and Fejerskov Index (TFI). The presence and severity of MIH was evaluated using the European Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (EAPD) criteria. A multinomial regression model was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and the 95% confidence intervals (CI), using the severity of MIH as the result. RESULTS: The prevalence of MIH was 37.7% and, by severity, was 16.1% mild, 14.3% moderate, and 7.3% severe. The prevalence of dental fluorosis in permanent dentition was 70.9% (TFI ≥1) and, by severity, was 29.2% (TFI = 0), 45.6% (TFI 1-3) and 25.3% (TFI ≥4), while 54.5% of subjects were found to have poor oral hygiene. Schoolchildren with fluorosis (TFI ≥4) were 49% less likely [OR = 0.51; p = 0.025] to present mild MIH than children with fluorosis (TFI <4). Similarly, children with fluorosis (TFI ≥4) were 53% [OR = 0.47; p = 0.019] and 62% [OR = 0.38; p = 0.036] less likely to present moderate and severe MIH than children with fluorosis (TFI <4). CONCLUSION: An inverse relationship between the presence of fluorosis and MIH was found. The results obtained by the present study may contribute to both the early identification of disorders affecting the enamel and the creation and implementation of long-term oral health prevention, promotion, and intervention programs in the affected population.

Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization Is Associated with the Prevalence of Thinness among Schoolchildren in Communities with Different Fluoride Levels in the Drinking Water.

Objective: To examine the association between molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) and the prevalence of thinness among Mexican schoolchildren in communities with different fluoride levels in the drinking water. Methods: A cross-sectional study on Mexican children (n = 488) selected from two communities presenting different concentrations of fluoride in the drinking water (1.0-1.40 ppm/F). The World Health Organization (WHO) growth standards were used to calculate BMI-for-age z-scores, with BMI z-score cutoff points of <-2.0, >+1.0, >+2.0 recommended for defining thinness, being overweight, and obesity. The presence and severity of MIH were evaluated using the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (EAPD) criteria. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association, adjusting for confounders. Results: The proportion of children presenting thinness, being overweight, and obesity was 8.2%, 23.6%, and 28.7%, respectively, while 21.5% of the schoolchildren had MIH, classified, by severity, as 9.6% mild, 6.4% moderate, and 5.5% severe. Of those schoolchildren presenting thinness, 16.2% had MIH, and only 6.0% did not (p < 0.001). Finally, schoolchildren presenting thinness were more likely to present MIH (OR = 2.76 (CI 95% 1.33-5.73); p=0.006) than children with a normal BMI. Conclusion: The present study found a relationship between thinness and the presence of MIH in schoolchildren, indicating the need for strategies and interventions aimed at preventing and controlling micronutrient deficiencies in the child population.

Association Between Self-Reported Health and Education with Past-year Dental Visits among Older Mexican Adults: Results of the Mexican Health and Aging Study 2018.

PURPOSE: To explore the relationship between of self-reported health (SRH) and educational attainment with pastyear dental visits in older adults in México. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For this cross-sectional study, data were derived from the Mexican Health and Aging Study 2018 (MHAS-2018), which used a nationally-representative sample of older adults (50 years or older) in Mexico (n = 14,085). Variables taken from the MHAS questionnaire included residence (rural/urban), years of education, SRH, multimorbidity, pain severity, and past-year dental visits. A logistic regression model was used to identify the association between the variables and past-year dental visits. RESULTS: While the percentage of past-year dental visits reported was 39.8%, this number declined with age [OR=0.76, p < 0.001], with older adults living in rural areas 34% less likely to report past-year dental visits than older adults living in urban areas. Older adults with no formal education were 73% less likely (OR=0.27; p < 0.001) to report past-year dental visits than older adults ≥10 years education. Older adults with poor SRH were 32% less likely (OR=0.68; p < 0.001) to report past-year dental visits than older adults with good/very good/excellent SRH. Sex, degree of multimorbidity, and pain level ([OR=1.37; p < 0.001] [OR=1.37; p < 0.001] and [OR=1.17; p < 0.001]) were all found to be positively associated with past-year dental visits in the study population. CONCLUSION: The present study highlights the association between poor SRH, a low level of educational attainment, and less frequent past-year dental visits, as well as the finding that past-year dental visits declined with age in the older adults sampled.

[Association between occupational stress and nicotine dependence in in health workers]. / Asociación entre estrés laboral y dependencia nicotínica en trabajadores de la salud.

Background: Stress is the result of the imbalance between the demands and pressures that the individual faces. Stress tests the individual's ability to cope with her activity, and this is a health problem for the worker. Objective: To explore the association between occupational stress and nicotine dependence in healthcare workers from the Family Medicine Unit No. 92 of the IMSS. Material and methods: Cross-sectional study that included 180 active smoking workers, occupational stress was evaluated with the Psychosomatic Problems for Occupational Stress questionnaire adapted by IMSS and nicotine dependence with the Fagerström questionnaire. Student's t tests and Fisher's Exact test were used. The statistical analysis was performed with the Stata 15 program. Results: The prevalence of occupational stress was 72.2% (42.8% mild, 20.6% moderate and 8.9% severe). Women presented greater work stress compared to men (76.1% vs. 56.0%; p = 0.008). Nicotine dependence was 49.4% mild, 35.6% moderate and 15.0% severe, the average of the Fagerström test was higher in women compared to men (3.75 vs. 2.83; p = 0.025), in addition an association was found between the work stress and nicotine dependence (p = 0.011). Conclusions: 72% of the workers presented work stress, in the same way the association between work stress and nicotine dependence was found. Identifying the main causes of work stress, together with the support of smoking cessation programs, would help in the well-being of health personnel in FMUs.

Introducción: el estrés es el resultado del desequilibrio entre las exigencias y presiones a las que se enfrenta el individuo. El estrés pone a prueba la capacidad del individuo para afrontar su actividad y esto supone un problema de salud para el trabajador. Objetivo: explorar la asociación entre el estrés laboral y la dependencia a la nicotina en una población de trabajadores de la salud de la Unidad de Medicina Familiar No. 92 del IMSS. Material y métodos: estudio transversal que incluyó a 180 trabajadores fumadores activos, el estrés laboral fue evaluado con el cuestionario de Problemas Psicosomáticos para Estrés Ocupacional adaptado por el IMSS y la dependencia a la nicotina con el cuestionario de Fagerström. Se utilizaron pruebas de t de Student y prueba exacta de Fisher, el análisis estadístico fue realizado con el programa Stata 15. Resultados: la prevalencia de estrés laboral fue de 72.2% (leve, 42.8%; moderada, 20.6%, y severa, 8.9%). Las mujeres presentaron mayor estrés laboral en comparación con los hombres (76.1% frente a 56.0%; p = 0.008). La dependencia a la nicotina fue leve, 49.4%; moderada, 35.6%, y severa, 15.0%. El promedio de la prueba de Fagerström fue mayor en mujeres en comparación con hombres (3.75 frente a 2.83; p = 0.025), además se encontró una asociación entre el estrés laboral y la dependencia a la nicotina (p = 0.011). Conclusiones: el 72% de los trabajadores presentaron estrés laboral, de igual modo se encontró la asociación entre el estrés laboral y la dependencia a la nicotina. Identificar las principales causas de estrés laboral junto con el apoyo de programas para dejar de fumar, ayudarían en el bienestar del personal de salud en las UMF.

Oral health-related quality-of-life scores differ by socioeconomic status, mother's level of education, dental visits and severity of malocclusion in mixed dentition of eight-to-ten-year-old schoolchildren.

OBJECTIVE: To determinate the association among socioeconomic status subject's mother's level of educational attainment, dental visits, and malocclusion in mixed dentition with on the OHRQoL of eight-to-ten-year-old children. METHODS: A cross-sectional study conducted, in 2019, on Mexican children from households of different socioeconomic status (SES). The prevalence of malocclusion was evaluated using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI), while the SES of the participants' households was evaluated using the three categories (corresponding to a high, middle, or low-income household) stipulated by the Consejo Nacional de Población (CONAPO or National Population Council). Oral Health-related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) was evaluated using the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ8-10). Poisson regression models were performed for the analysis of the data obtained. RESULTS: A total of 79.4% of the subjects presented some type of malocclusion in mixed dentition, which was, by severity, as follows: definite (31.3%); severe (25.6%); and, very severe (22.5%). The Poisson regression model revealed a greater negative impact on the following four CPQ8-10domains for children with severe/very severe malocclusion [RR]: oral symptoms [2.78]; functional limitations [2.72]; emotional well-being [2.59]; and, social well-being [3.99]. A greater impact on the four CPQ8-10domains was found for children from a low-income household than for children from a high-income (p < 0.001) household. Furthermore, poor oral hygiene, lack of dental visits, and the mother's level of educational attainment (<9 years) were found to have a negative impact on OHRQoL. CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study demonstrated that the severity of malocclusion was associated with a greater negative impact on the OHRQoL of children, while those children who face greater health inequalities are likely to report a greater negative impact on their OHRQoL.

Stem Cells as a Model of Study of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

BACKGROUND: The SARS-CoV-2 virus is the cause of the latest pandemic of the 21st century; it is responsible for the development of COVID-19. Within the multiple study models for both the biology and the treatment of SARS-CoV-2, the use of stem cells has been proposed because of their ability to increase the immune response and to repair tissue. Therefore, the objective of this review is to evaluate the role of stem cells against SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 in order to identify their potential as a study model and as a possible therapeutic source against tissue damage caused by this virus. Therefore, the following research question was established: What is the role of stem cells in the study of SARS-CoV-2 and the treatment of COVID-19? MATERIALS AND METHODS: A search was carried out in the electronic databases of PUBMED, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. The following keywords were used: "SARS-CoV-2," "COVID-19," and "STEM CELL," plus independent search strategies with the Boolean operators "OR" and "AND." The identified reports were those whose main objective was the study of stem cells in relation to SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19. For the development of this study, the following inclusion criteria were taken into account: studies whose main objective was the study of stem cells in relation to SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 and clinical case studies, case reports, clinical trials, pilot studies, in vitro, or in vivo studies. For assessment of the risk of bias for in vitro studies, the SciRAP tool was used. The data collected for each type of study, clinical or in vitro, were analyzed with descriptive statistics using the SPSS V.22 program. RESULTS: Of the total of studies included (n = 39), 22 corresponded to in vitro investigations and 17 to human studies (clinical cases (n = 9), case series (n = 2), pilot clinical trials (n = 5), clinical trials (n = 1)). In vitro studies that induced pluripotent stem cells were the most used (n = 12), and in clinical studies, the umbilical stem cells derived were the most reported (n = 11). The mean age of the study subjects was 58.3 years. After the application of stem cell therapy, the follow-up period was 8 days minimum and 90 days maximum. Discussion. The mechanism by which the virus enters the cell is through protein "S," located on the surface of the membrane, by recognizing the ACE2 receptor located on the target cell. The evidence that the expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in stem cells indicates that stem cells from bone marrow and amniotic fluid have very little expression. This shows that stem cell has a low risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2. CONCLUSION: The use of stem cells is a highly relevant therapeutic option. It has been shown in both in vitro studies and clinical trials that it counteracts the excessive secretion of cytokines. There are even more studies that focus on long-term follow-up; thus, the potential for major side effects can be analyzed more clearly. Finally, the ethical use of stem cells from fetal or infant origin needs to be regulated. The study was registered in PROSPERO (no. CRD42021229038). The limitations of the study were because of the methodology employed, the sample was not very large, and the follow-up period of the clinical studies was relatively short.

Association between sociodemographic factors and noncavitated and cavitated caries lesions in 8- to 12-year-old Mexican schoolchildren.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between sociodemographic factors and noncavitated and cavitated caries lesions in Mexican schoolchildren.This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2020 on 8-to-12-year-old schoolchildren of different socioeconomic status (SES). The caries was evaluated using ICDAS II, SES was evaluated using three categories---a high, middle, or low-income level---of the CONAPO. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed in order to ascertain the associations between socioeconomic factors and noncavitated and cavitated caries lesions.The prevalence of noncavitated lesions was 38.0% and cavitated lesions was 43.4% in permanent dentition. In all the samples, 50.6% of schoolchildren had poor oral hygiene. About 52.5% of the mothers and 64.7% of the fathers had less than 9 years of education. Schoolchildren with a low-income level have more cavitated lesions (ICDAS II 4-6) than schoolchildren with high-income level (56.3% vs 15.8%, P = .009). The multinomial logistic regression models showed that mother's level of education <9 years and low-income level were significantly associated with cavitated caries lesions (ICDAS II 4-6), [odds ratio = 1.79 (1.17 - 2.75); P = .007], [OR = 2.21 (1.23 - 3.97); P = .008], respectively. The socioeconomic level was not associated with noncavitated caries lesions (ICDAS II 1-3).An association was found between the presence of cavitated caries lesions and the subject's mother's level of education and a low-income level. Socioeconomic factors were found to be associated with inequalities in caries distribution in the age group studied.

Prevalence, Incidence, and Progression of Erosive Tooth Wear and Their Respective Risk Factors Among Schoolchildren in Mexico City.

Purpose: To evaluate the cumulative incidence and progression of erosive tooth wear (ETW) and identify risk factors over 18 months in a cohort of 11- to 14-year-old schoolchildren in Mexico. Methods: The study was conducted in public schools located in northern Mexico City. Permanent teeth of 424 schoolchildren were examined using the basic erosive wear examination. The possible risk factors were included in the logistic models: the consumption of acidic food and beverages; habits related to the consumption of beverages; medication; gastroesophageal reflux; frequent vomiting; and characteristics of the saliva. Results: The prevalence of ETW was 62.5 percent (265 out of 424). The cumulative incidence was 35.2 percent (56 out of 159) and the progression was 72.8 percent (193 out of 265). The consumption of acidic beverages increased the relative risk (RR) of both the cumulative incidence (RR equals 1.09; 95 percent confidence interval [95% CI] 1.02 to 1.18; P=0.005) and the progression (RR equals 1.16; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.34; P=0.003). Conclusions: This population has a high risk of the development and progression of ETW, found in approximately one-third and approximately two-thirds of the schoolchildren, respectively. The most important risk factor was the consumption of acidic beverages.

Relationship between the Normative Need for Orthodontic Treatment and Oral Health in Mexican Adolescents Aged 13-15 Years Old.

This cross-sectional study aimed to establish a relationship between the Normative Need for Orthodontic Treatment (NNOT) and oral health among Mexican adolescents aged 13-15 years old. A convenience sample of 424 subjects in Mexico City participated in the study. The dependent variable used was NNOT, which was determined via the dental health component (grades 4 and 5) of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). The variables for oral health were as follows: caries experience, oral hygiene, self-reported temporomandibular joint pain, and self-reported bruxism. Logistic regression models were fitted to determine the association between NNOT and oral health. The prevalence of NNOT was 66.0% (280/424), and the crowding was the most prevalent occlusal anomaly with 36.1% (n = 135). Multivariate models showed that subjects with NNOT were more than twice as likely to present poor hygiene (OR = 2.56; p = 0.001) as subjects presenting crowding (>4 mm) (OR = 1.99; p = 0.004) and increased overjet (>6 mm) (OR = 1.74; p = 0.046). Those schoolchildren who presented anterior guidance were 72% less likely to present NNOT (OR = 0.28; p < 0.001). In conclusion, the risk of presenting NNOT in Mexican adolescents is high, with a prevalence of over 50% of which the most prevalent occlusal anomaly was crowding. On the other hand, poor oral hygiene was associated with crowding and increased overjet.

Relationship between severe early childhood caries, mother's oral health and mutans streptococci in a low-income group: changes from 1996 to 2007.

UNLABELLED: The relationship between dental caries and mutans streptococci (ms) in children and their mothers is a key factor in the prevention of early childhood caries. Changes in early childhood caries over time in Mexican children have not been well documented. OBJECTIVE: To compare the dental caries indices and presence of ms in 3- to 5-year-old children and their mothers in two surveys, the first one carried out in 1996 and the second one in 2007. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. RESULTS: The first survey included 102 mother-child dyads and the second 103. Dental caries index dmfs was 7.17 (+/- 10.9) and 4.58 (+/- 7.1) in the first and second survey, respectively (p < 0.05). Ms levels were higher in 1996 than in 2007 (p < 0.001). The prevalence of Severe Early Childhood Caries (SECC) was 42.2% and 34.95% in first and second surveys, respectively, (p > 0.05). Children with SECC showed higher counts of ms than children without this condition. A high caries index in mothers was associated with higher caries experience in their children. CONCLUSION: The compassions of the surveys indicated a decline in dental caries indices over an 11-year period. High caries experience in the mother had a negative impact on the oral condition of the child.

Relationship between Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) severity and cavitated carious lesions in schoolchildren.

The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) severity and cavitated carious lesions in schoolchildren. This crosssectional study included 506 schoolchildren selected from public schools. The prevalence and severity of MIH was evaluated using the European Academy of Pediatric Dentistry criteria (EAPD), while the prevalence and severity of caries was evaluated by applying the ICDAS (International Caries Detection and Assessment System). The prevalence of MIH was 42.4%, with a severity of 21.7% mild, 7.7% moderate, and 13.0% severe. Prevalence was 61.6% for incipient lesions and 34.0% for cavitated lesions. The prevalence of ICDAS II ≥4 lesions was higher in schoolchildren with MIH than in those without MIH (55.8% vs. 44.2%, p<0.001). In the multinomial model, children with MIH in the moderate/ severe category were more likely (OR=3.28; CI95% 1.01 - 10.6, p<0.048) to present cavitated lesions. The presence of MIH at mild levels was not associated with cavitated carious lesions. A high prevalence of MIH was observed. Moderate and severe levels of MIH were associated with cavitated carious lesions. To prevent dental caries, it is important to identify MIH in children, particularly in the moderate and severe categories.

El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar la asociación entre la severidad de la Hipomineralización IncisivoMolar (HIM) y las lesiones cavitadas de caries en escolares. Estudio transversal que incluyó a 506 escolares seleccionados de escuelas públicas. La prevalencia y la severidad de HIM se evaluó utilizando los criterios de la European Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (EAPD), mientras que la prevalencia y severidad de caries se evaluó mediante los criterios del ICDAS (International Caries Detection and Assessment System). La prevalencia de HIM fue del 42.4%, por severidad: 21.7% leve; 7.7% moderado y 13.0% severo. La prevalencia de lesiones incipientes fue de 61.6% y 34.0% para lesiones cavitadas de caries. La prevalencia de ICDAS II ≥4 lesiones fue mayor en escolares con HIM que en aquellos sin HIM (55.8% vs 44.2%, p<0.001). En el modelo multinomial, los niños con HIM en la categoría moderada / severa tienen mayor probabilidad (RM = 3.28; IC95% 1.0110.6, p<0.048) de presentar lesiones cavitadas de caries. La presencia de HIM en niveles leves no se asoció con la presencia de lesiones cavitadas de caries. Se observó una alta prevalencia de HIM. Los niveles moderados y severos de HIM se asociaron con lesiones cavitadas de caries. Para prevenir la caries dental, es importante identificar la HIM en los niños, particularmente en las categorías moderada y severa.

Asociación entre estrés laboral y dependencia nicotínica en trabajadores de la salud / Association between occupational stress and nicotine dependence in in health workers

Introducción: el estrés es el resultado del desequilibrio entre las exigencias y presiones a las que se enfrenta el individuo. El estrés pone a prueba la capacidad del individuo para afrontar su actividad y esto supone un problema de salud para el trabajador. Objetivo: explorar la asociación entre el estrés laboral y la dependencia a la nicotina en una población de trabajadores de la salud de la Unidad de Medicina Familiar No. 92 del IMSS. Material y métodos: estudio transversal que incluyó a 180 trabajadores fumadores activos, el estrés laboral fue evaluado con el cuestionario de Problemas Psicosomáticos para Estrés Ocupacional adaptado por el IMSS y la dependencia a la nicotina con el cuestionario de Fagerström. Se utilizaron pruebas de t de Student y prueba exacta de Fisher, el análisis estadístico fue realizado con el programa Stata 15. Resultados: la prevalencia de estrés laboral fue de 72.2% (leve, 42.8%; moderada, 20.6%, y severa, 8.9%). Las mujeres presentaron mayor estrés laboral en comparación con los hombres (76.1% frente a 56.0%; p = 0.008). La dependencia a la nicotina fue leve, 49.4%; moderada, 35.6%, y severa, 15.0%. El promedio de la prueba de Fagerström fue mayor en mujeres en comparación con hombres (3.75 frente a 2.83; p = 0.025), además se encontró una asociación entre el estrés laboral y la dependencia a la nicotina (p = 0.011). Conclusiones: el 72% de los trabajadores presentaron estrés laboral, de igual modo se encontró la asociación entre el estrés laboral y la dependencia a la nicotina. Identificar las principales causas de estrés laboral junto con el apoyo de programas para dejar de fumar, ayudarían en el bienestar del personal de salud en las UMF.

Background: Stress is the result of the imbalance between the demands and pressures that the individual faces. Stress tests the individual's ability to cope with her activity, and this is a health problem for the worker. Objective: To explore the association between occupational stress and nicotine dependence in healthcare workers from the Family Medicine Unit No. 92 of the IMSS. Material and methods: Cross-sectional study that included 180 active smoking workers, occupational stress was evaluated with the Psychosomatic Problems for Occupational Stress questionnaire adapted by IMSS and nicotine dependence with the Fagerström questionnaire. Student's t tests and Fisher's Exact test were used. The statistical analysis was performed with the Stata 15 program. Results: The prevalence of occupational stress was 72.2% (42.8% mild, 20.6% moderate and 8.9% severe). Women presented greater work stress compared to men (76.1% vs. 56.0%; p = 0.008). Nicotine dependence was 49.4% mild, 35.6% moderate and 15.0% severe, the average of the Fagerström test was higher in women compared to men (3.75 vs. 2.83; p = 0.025), in addition an association was found between the work stress and nicotine dependence (p = 0.011). Conclusions: 72% of the workers presented work stress, in the same way the association between work stress and nicotine dependence was found. Identifying the main causes of work stress, together with the support of smoking cessation programs, would help in the well-being of health personnel in FMUs.

Self-report of gingival problems and periodontitis in indigenous and non-indigenous populations in Chiapas, Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of self-reported gingival and periodontal conditions and their association with smoking, oral hygiene, indigenous origin, diabetes and location (urban or rural) in indigenous and non-indigenous adults in Chiapas, Mexico. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 1,749 persons, ≥20 years of age, living in four rural and four urban marginal localities in Comitán (Chiapas, México). The variables investigated were: age; sex; indigenous origin; oral hygiene; halitosis; chewing ability; gingival conditions; periodontitis; smoking; alcoholism; diabetes; and location. Bivariate analysis and a logistic regression model were used to identify the association of periodontitis with the independent variables. RESULTS: In total, 762 (43.6%) indigenous and 987 (56.4%) non-indigenous persons were interviewed. Their mean age was 41 ± 14 years, 66.7% were women and 43.8% lived in rural locations. Gingival problems were reported by 68.5% and periodontitis by 8.7%. In total, 17.9% had used dental services during the previous year, 28.7% wore a removable partial or a complete dental prosthesis, 63.7% had lost at least one tooth, the prevalence of diabetes was 9.2% and the prevalence of smoking was 12.2%. The logistic regression model showed that age, diabetes and the interaction between rural location and indigenous origin were associated with the presence of periodontitis. CONCLUSIONS: Indigenous people living in rural areas are more likely to have periodontitis. It is necessary to promote oral health practices in indigenous and marginalised populations with a focus on community-oriented primary care.