Gut resistome linked to sexual preference and HIV infection.

BACKGROUND: People living with HIV (PLWH) are at increased risk of acquisition of multidrug resistant organisms due to higher rates of predisposing factors. The gut microbiome is the main reservoir of the collection of antimicrobial resistance determinants known as the gut resistome. In PLWH, changes in gut microbiome have been linked to immune activation and HIV-1 associated complications. Specifically, gut dysbiosis defined by low microbial gene richness has been linked to low Nadir CD4 + T-cell counts. Additionally, sexual preference has been shown to strongly influence gut microbiome composition in PLWH resulting in different Prevotella or Bacteroides enriched enterotypes, in MSM (men-who-have-sex-with-men) or no-MSM, respectively. To date, little is known about gut resistome composition in PLWH due to the scarcity of studies using shotgun metagenomics. The present study aimed to detect associations between different microbiome features linked to HIV-1 infection and gut resistome composition. RESULTS: Using shotgun metagenomics we characterized the gut resistome composition of 129 HIV-1 infected subjects showing different HIV clinical profiles and 27 HIV-1 negative controls from a cross-sectional observational study conducted in Barcelona, Spain. Most no-MSM showed a Bacteroides-enriched enterotype and low microbial gene richness microbiomes. We did not identify differences in resistome diversity and composition according to HIV-1 infection or immune status. However, gut resistome was more diverse in MSM group, Prevotella-enriched enterotype and gut micorbiomes with high microbial gene richness compared to no-MSM group, Bacteroides-enriched enterotype and gut microbiomes with low microbial gene richness. Additionally, gut resistome beta-diversity was different according to the defined groups and we identified a set of differentially abundant antimicrobial resistance determinants based on the established categories. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings reveal a significant correlation between gut resistome composition and various host variables commonly associated with gut microbiome, including microbiome enterotype, microbial gene richness, and sexual preference. These host variables have been previously linked to immune activation and lower Nadir CD4 + T-Cell counts, which are prognostic factors of HIV-related comorbidities. This study provides new insights into the relationship between antibiotic resistance and clinical characteristics of PLWH.

Donor-Dependent Variations in Systemic Oxidative Stress and Their Association with One-Year Graft Outcomes in Kidney Transplantation.

INTRODUCTION: Oxidative stress has been implicated in complications after kidney transplantation (KT), including delayed graft function (DGF) and rejection. However, its role in long-term posttransplant outcomes remains unclear. METHODS: We investigated oxidative damage and antioxidant defense dynamics, and their impact on the graft outcomes, in 41 KT recipients categorized by type of donation over 12 months. Oxidative status was determined using OxyScore and AntioxyScore indexes, which comprise several circulating biomarkers of oxidative damage and antioxidant defense. Donor types included donation after brain death (DBD [61.0%]), donation after circulatory death (DCD [26.8%]), and living donation (LD [12.1%]). RESULTS: There was an overall increase in oxidative damage early after transplantation, which was significantly higher in DCD as compared to DBD and LD recipients. The multivariate adjustment confirmed the independent association of OxyScore and type of deceased donation with DGF, donor kidney function, and induction therapy with antithymocyte globulin. There were no differences in terms of antioxidant defense. Lower oxidative damage at day 7 predicted better graft function at 1-year posttransplant only in DBD recipients. CONCLUSION: DCD induced greater short-term oxidative damage after KT, whereas the early levels of oxidative damage were predictive of the graft function 1 year after KT among DBD recipients.

Surgery and pain relief: A closer look at opioid prescription trends.

BACKGROUND: Published guidelines to reduce the use and misuse of opioids in pediatrics are limited. After the implementation of an opioid stewardship program, we aimed to investigate the prescribing patterns in pediatric surgery. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of pediatric patients who underwent general pediatric surgery procedures at a single institution between July 2021 and July 2023 was conducted. Demographics, procedure details, and opioid prescriptions at discharge were collected. The Texas Prescription Monitoring Program was cross-referenced for prescription-filled data. Descriptive statistics were performed. RESULTS: Of the 4,323 patients included, 9% (391) received an opioid prescription at the time of discharge. Among these, 82% were for burns, 7% for trauma, and 4% for pectus excavatum. Appendectomy, inguinal hernia repair, umbilical hernia repair, and circumcision did not receive any opioid prescriptions. In those who received a prescription, the median age was 4.2 years (interquartile range (IQR) 1.6, 10.4), with 58.6% being male. A total of 82.6% of patients also received prescriptions for nonopioid analgesics. The median number of prescribed doses was 13 (IQR 7, 15) for burns, 12 (IQR 9, 15) for trauma, and 12 (IQR 10, 12) for pectus excavatum. In total, 87% of prescriptions were filled. CONCLUSION: A small proportion of pediatric patients who underwent general surgery received opioid prescriptions at the time of discharge and were limited to a few conditions. Common pediatric operations received no opioid prescriptions in the 2-year study period. A total of 13% of the written prescriptions were unfilled. Future studies are needed to optimize the target pediatric patient population for opioid prescribing.

Survey of Emotional Themes Used in Marketing of Commercial Baby Foods in the UK-Implications for Nutrition Promotion in Early Childhood.

Claims used in the marketing of commercial baby foods are often misleading, and there are concerns that they exploit parental anxieties. We adapted a hierarchical consumer emotions model to explore the emotional themes used in the marketing of commercial baby foods sold in the UK market. A survey administered in three large UK supermarkets collected in-store data on commercial baby food characteristics and the marketing claims used on commercial baby food packaging. The keywords found in these claims were entered in N-Vivo and allocated to four preexisting emotional themes: contentment, happiness, love, and pride. The prevalence of each theme was compared by age suitability (4+, 6+, 9+, and 12+ months) and taste (sweet/savoury) profile. A total of 1666 marketing claims (median 5, IQR 3) and 1003 emotional keywords (median 3, IQR 3) were identified on the packaging of 341 commercial baby foods. Foods suitable for infants aged 6+ months displayed more claims (50%, p < 0.05) and emotional keywords (56%, p = 0.07). Savoury foods displayed more emotional keywords (63%, p < 0.001). The keywords "little", "encourage", "love(ly)", and "tiny" were the most frequently used words under the theme of love (36% total contribution). The emotional connotations of the keywords under the theme "love" are extensively used in the marketing claims on commercial baby food packaging. These might exploit parental vulnerabilities and influence their purchasing of commercial baby foods.

Fungal microbiota in newborn infants with and without respiratory distress syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Pneumocytis jirovecii infection in preterm newborns has recently been associated with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Changes in the bacterial microbiota of the airways have also been described in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. However, until now there has been no information on the airway mycobiota in newborns. The purpose of this study was to describe the airway mycobiota in term and preterm newborns and its possible association with respiratory distress syndrome. METHODS: Twenty-six matched preterm newborns with and without respiratory distress syndrome were studied, as well as 13 term babies. The identification of the fungal microbiota was carried out using molecular procedures in aspirated nasal samples at birth. RESULTS: The ascomycota phylum was identified in 89.7% of newborns, while the basidiomycota phylum was found in 33.3%. Cladosporium was the predominant genus in both term and preterm infants 38.4% vs. 73% without statistical differences. Candida sake and Pneumocystis jirovecii were only found in preterm infants, suggesting a potential relationship with the risk of prematurity. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report to describe the fungal microbiota of the airways in term and preterm infants with and without respiratory distress syndrome. Although no differences have been observed, the number of cases analyzed could be small to obtain conclusive results, and more studies are needed to understand the role of the fungal microbiota of the airways in neonatal respiratory pathology.

Reducing Postoperative CT Imaging for Children With Complicated Appendicitis: A Pediatric Surgical Quality Collaborative Quality Improvement Project.

BACKGROUND: Despite widespread initiatives to reduce ionizing radiation for appendicitis diagnosis, computed tomography (CT) scanning postoperatively remains common. The Pediatric Surgery Quality Collaborative (PSQC) aimed to identify differences between children's hospitals with high and low postoperative CT usage for complicated appendicitis. METHODS: Using National Surgery Quality Improvement Program Pediatric data from PSQC children's hospitals, we compared postoperative CT imaging for complicated appendicitis (April 2020-March 2021). Key stakeholders from 11 hospitals (5 low CT utilization, 6 high CT utilization) participated in semi-structured interviews regarding postoperative imaging. Qualitative analysis of transcripts was performed deductively and inductively based on the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). RESULTS: Five of twelve TDF domains were most prominent in influencing CT use: skills, beliefs about capabilities, intentions/goals, memory and decision processes, and environment. Children's hospitals with lower rates of postoperative CT use tended to: trust and educate the ultrasound technicians; believe US strengths outweigh weaknesses; image no sooner than 7 days postoperatively; have access to sufficient quality improvement resources; maintain trusting relationships between specialties; and prioritize radiation stewardship. CONCLUSION: Hospitals at extremes of postoperative CT use for complicated appendicitis reveal strategies for improvement, which include imaging protocol development and adherence, quality improvement resource availability, interdisciplinary collaboration, and promoting radiation stewardship. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V.

Effects of vaccination against COVID-19 on overactive bladder symptoms on young population.

Introduction: The vaccines developed against COVID-19 have different modes of action, with a primary focus on the spike protein of the virus. Adverse effects following vaccination have been reported, including local and systemic symptoms. Understanding the potential side effects on the urinary tract after vaccination is of importance. Actively investigating and comprehending the potential impact on the urinary tract, we can enhance public health strategies and pave the way for safer and more effective vaccination programs. Methodology: The study was based on an online survey that included the Spanish Version of the Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS-S); 2,362 men and women replied to the survey. After the application of the exclusion criteria, 1,563 participants were insured. In the context of COVID-19, individuals were questioned regarding several key factors related to their vaccination status and medical history. These factors included the number of vaccine doses received, the specific type of vaccine administered, whether they had previously contracted COVID-19, and the frequency of prior infections, if applicable. Results: A total of 1,563 (74.7% women and 27.3% men) subjects between the ages of 18 and 45 completed the survey and were included in the final analyses. The most frequently administered vaccine type was Pfizer-BioNTech (42.2%), and most subjects received three doses. The proportion of females who received the AstraZeneca vaccine and do not require to urinate during the night is significantly higher compared to males (59.1% vs. 33.3%; p<0.05). The proportion of individuals who urinate five or more times during the night is higher in those who have received a single vaccine dose than in those who have received three doses (2.2% vs. 0.1%; p<0.05). Conclusion: COVID-19 vaccination has been found to impact the lower urinary tract (LUT) and overactive bladder (OAB). Initially, LUT symptoms worsened, and OABSS-S scores increased after the first vaccine dose in individuals under 45 years old. However, symptoms improved after receiving the third and fourth doses. Gender differences were observed in the vaccination effects. Men vaccinated with AstraZeneca reported a higher number of nighttime voids, while women vaccinated with Moderna reported more daytime voids.

Albumin Redox Modifications Promote Cell Calcification Reflecting the Impact of Oxidative Status on Aortic Valve Disease and Atherosclerosis.

Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) and coronary artery disease (CAD) are related cardiovascular diseases in which common mechanisms lead to tissue calcification. Oxidative stress plays a key role in these diseases and there is also evidence that the redox state of serum albumin exerts a significant influence on these conditions. To further explore this issue, we used multimarker scores (OxyScore and AntioxyScore) to assess the global oxidative status in patients with CAVD, with and without CAD, also evaluating their plasma thiol levels. In addition, valvular interstitial cells were treated with reduced, oxidized, and native albumin to study how this protein and its modifications affect cell calcification. The differences we found suggest that oxidative status is distinct in CAVD and CAD, with differences in redox markers and thiol levels. Importantly, the in vitro interstitial cell model revealed that modified albumin affects cell calcification, accelerating this process. Hence, we show here the importance of the redox system in the development of CAVD, emphasizing the relevance of multimarker scores, while also offering evidence of how the redox state of albumin influences vascular calcification. These data highlight the relevance of understanding the overall redox processes involved in these diseases, opening the door to new studies on antioxidants as potential therapies for these patients.

In vitro antibacterial activity of antiretroviral drugs on key commensal bacteria from the human microbiota.

Introduction: Antiretroviral therapy has improved life expectancy in HIV-infected patients. However, people living with HIV under antiretroviral therapy are at higher risks of developing chronic complications and acquiring multidrug resistant bacteria than healthy population. These factors have been associated with shifts in gut microbiome composition and immune activation. It is unclear how antiretroviral drugs affect gut microbiota composition, but it has been observed that antiretroviral treatment is not able to fully restore gut health after HIV infection. Additionally, some antiretroviral drugs have shown antibacterial activity suggesting that these drugs could have a direct impact on the human microbiome composition. Methods: We determined the in vitro antibacterial activity of 16 antiretroviral drugs against a set of key clinically relevant and human commensal bacterial strains. Results: Our results demonstrate that 5 antiretroviral drugs have in vitro antibacterial activity against gut and vaginal human commensal bacteria. Zidovudine has antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Prevotella bivia, abacavir against Gardnerella vaginalis, efavirenz against G. vaginalis and P. bivia and bictegravir against Enterococcus spp. and G. vaginalis. Moreover, we describe for the first time that elvitegravir has antibacterial activity against G. vaginalis and P. bivia and, most importantly, against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains with MIC values of 4-16 and 4 µg/mL, respectively showing high level of effectiveness against the tested multidrug-resistant bacteria. Discussion: Our results underscore that some antiretroviral drugs may influence the human microbiota composition. In addition, we report the potential use of elvitegravir to treat multidrug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria warranting the need of clinical studies to repurpose this antiretroviral drug.

Aspergillosis by cryptic Aspergillus species: A case series and review of the literature

Background:The cryptic Aspegillus species are rare, these microorganisms are usually more resistant to common antifungal therapies. Therefore, a correct identification is important when evaluating the impact of such species in aspergillosis.Aims:We aimed to describe the frequency, clinical and microbiological characteristics, and the outcomes of those cases of aspergillosis caused by cryptic species in a tertiary hospital.Methods:We retrospectively identified all microbiologically documented cases of aspergillosis between January 2013 and December 2018. Definitive species identification of clinically significant isolates was achieved via sequencing methods. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products were sequenced, and the results obtained were compared to sequences deposited in GenBank. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed using the Sensititre® YeastOne® panel.Results:A total of 679 Aspergillus isolates were recovered from 489 patients, of which 109 were clinically relevant. Ten (9.2%) isolates were identified as cryptic species: Aspergillus arcoverdensis (2), Aspergillus lentulus (2), Aspergillus ellipticus (2), Aspergillus alliaceus (1), Aspergillus nomius (1), Aspergillus tubingensis (1) and Aspergillus montevidensis (1). Most patients already suffered some type of immunosuppression. Half of these patients had required intensive care before the infection showed up, and most of them had a pulmonary infection. Mortality at the 100-day follow-up was 40%. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed on three of the isolates (A. arcoverdensis, A. tubingensis and A. nomius), which showed high minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for azoles and amphotericin B.Conclusions:The frequency of cryptic species in our centre was 9.2%. Most patients had some degree of immunosuppression, and the mortality rate was 40%. (AU)

Antecedentes:Las especies crípticas dentro del género Aspergillus son poco habituales, pero suelen mostrar una mayor resistencia al tratamiento antifúngico convencional. Por tanto, una correcta identificación de la especie es necesaria para evaluar el impacto de estas especies crípticas en el desarrollo de la aspergilosis.Objetivos:El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las características clínicas, epidemiológicas y microbiológicas, así como la evolución clínica, de los casos de aspergilosis por especies crípticas en un hospital de tercer nivel.Métodos:Se analizaron de forma retrospectiva todos los casos documentados de aspergilosis con identificación microbiológica entre enero de 2013 y diciembre de 2018. La identificación definitiva de los aislamientos clínicos se realizó mediante métodos de secuenciación. Los productos de amplificación obtenidos por la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) fueron secuenciados, y los resultados se analizaron utilizando la base de datos del GenBank. Para el análisis de susceptibilidad a los antifúngicos de los aislamientos identificados se utilizó el panel Sensititre® YeastOne®.Resultados:Se identificaron un total de 679 aislamientos de Aspergillus de 489 pacientes, de los cuales un total de 109 eran clínicamente relevantes. Diez (9,2%) de los aislamientos correspondían a especies crípticas: Aspergillus arcoverdensis (2), Aspergillus lentulus (2), Aspergillus ellipticus (2), Aspergillus alliaceus (1), Aspergillus nomius (1), Aspergillus tubingensis (1) y Aspergillus montevidensis (1). La mayoría de los pacientes tenían algún tipo de inmunosupresión previa. La mitad de estos pacientes habían requerido de cuidados intensivos antes de la infección, y la mayoría sufría una infección pulmonar. La mortalidad a los 100 días de seguimiento fue del 40%. (AU)

Evolución del consumo de antibióticos a nivel extrahospitalario en Asturias, España (2005-2018) / Evolution of antibiotic consumption in pediatric outpatients of Asturias, Spain (2005-2018)

Introducción: El consumo de antibióticos en España es elevado y más del 90% de las prescripciones se realizan en ámbito extrahospitalario. La exposición a antibióticos en la edad infantil es alta. El objetivo de este estudio es describir la evolución del consumo extrahospitalario de antibióticos en la población pediátrica del Principado de Asturias entre 2005 y 2018.Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo del consumo de antibacterianos de uso sistémico (grupo J01 de la clasificación ATC, Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification) en ámbito extrahospitalario en la población pediátrica (0-13 años) del Principado de Asturias entre 2005 y 2018. Se compara el consumo, medido en número de dosis diarias definidas (DDD) por 1.000 habitantes y día (DHD), en 3 periodos de tiempo.Resultados: El consumo medio de antibacterianos en la población pediátrica asturiana (2005-2018) fue de 14 DHD (IC95% 13,4-14,6), con un aumento hasta 2009 (15,2 DHD) y descenso a partir de 2015 (11,9 DHD en 2018). A lo largo del estudio se detectó: 1) un aumento del consumo de amoxicilina (p=0,027), que supera al de amoxicilina-clavulánico desde el año 2011; 2) un consumo estable de macrólidos, con un aumento de azitromicina (p<0,001) y un descenso de claritromicina (p=0,001); 3) un descenso del consumo de cefalosporinas (p<0,001); 4) un aumento del consumo de quinolonas (p=0,002).Conclusiones: El consumo de antibióticos a nivel extrahospitalario en la población pediátrica del Principado de Asturias entre los años 2005 y 2018 ha experimentado un descenso mantenido en los últimos años y una mejora evolutiva del patrón de uso. (AU)

Introduction: Data about consumption of antibiotics in Spain are worrisome. They are mainly prescribed in the community sector and there is a high exposure to antibiotics in the pediatric population. The aim of this study is to describe the evolution of antibiotic consumption in the pediatric population of Asturias during 2005-2018 period.Material and methods: Retrospective and descriptive study using data about consumption of antibacterial agents for systemic use (J01 group of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification) in pediatric outpatients in Principado de Asturias between 2005 and 2018. Data, expressed as defined daily dose (DDD) per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID), in three periods were compared.Results: Mean antibiotic consumption in pediatric outpatients in Principado de Asturias (2005-2018) was 14 DID (CI95% 13.4-14.6). Consumption increased until 2009 (15.2 DID) and decreased from 2015 onwards (11.9 DID in 2018). Remarkable data along the study were: 1) increase in amoxicillin consumption (p=0.027), that have exceeded that of amoxicillin-clavulanate since 2011; 2) steady consumption of macrolides, with an increase in azithromycin (p<0.001) and a decrease in clarithromycin (p=0.001); 3) reduction of cephalosporins consumption (p<0.001); 4) increase in quinolones consumption (p=0.002).Conclusions: Global antibiotic consumption in pediatric outpatients in Principado de Asturias between 2005 and 2018 has experienced a constant decrease lately and an improvement in patterns of antibacterial use. (AU)

Sexual dimorphism in the electric knifefish, Gymnorhamphichthys rondoni (Rhamphichthyidae: Gymnotiformes)

Sexual dimorfism refers to morphological differences between males and females of a species. It may be a result of different selection pressures acting on either or both sexes and may occur in any sexually-reproducing dioecious species, including fishes. We analyzed 63 females and 63 adult males of Gymnorhamphichthys rondoni (Gymnotiformes) collected by us or deposited in museum collections. Sex was identified through abdominal dissection. We measured length from snout to posterior end of anal-fin, anal-fin length, distance from anus to anal-fin origin, distance from genital papilla to anal-fin origin, body width at beginning of anal-fin, and head length. Morphometric data submitted to a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) grouped males and females according to variables related to body size (along the first component) and to head length and body height along the second and third components. Females were larger than males, whereas males had proportionally larger heads and higher bodies than females. The urogenital papilla of males and females showed differences in shape, size and relative position on the body. The female papilla was elongated horizontally, larger than that of males, and was located on a vertical line below the eye, while the papilla of the males was vertically elongated and located on a vertical line below the operculum. To our knowledge, this is the first recorded case of sexual dimorphism in a species of Rhamphichthyidae, a condition that is now known in all the currently recognized families of Gymnotiformes. (AU)

Cambios evolutivos en las tasas y fenotipos de resistencia de Streptococcus pyogenes en una población pediátrica de Asturias, España (2005-2015) / Resistance rates and phenotypic characterization of Streptococcus pyogenes in a paediatric population in Northern Spain (2005-2015)

Introducción. Streptococcus pyogenes es uno de los principales microorganismos causantes de infecciones bacterianas en la edad pediátrica. El objetivo es analizar la evolución de las tasas y fenotipos de resistencia de S. pyogenes en una población pediátrica en el Norte de España en los últimos 11 años. Material y métodos. Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de los aislamientos de S. pyogenes en muestras de pacientes pediátricos recogidas entre 2005 y 2015 en el Área Sanitaria V del Principado de Asturias (España). Se compararon las tasas de resistencia bacteriana entre los periodos 2005-2009 y 2010-2015 y se analizó la evolución de los fenotipos de los aislamientos resistentes. Resultados. Se registraron 1.794 aislamientos (70% en el periodo 2005-2009). El 87,5% procedían de muestras de exudado faríngeo y el 0,2% de hemocultivos. Se observó una disminución de las tasas de resistencia a tetraciclina (8,8% a 4,3%, p=0,02), eritromicina (22% a 9,3%, p<0,01) y clindamicina (6% a 1,7%, p<0,01) entre los dos periodos de tiempo. La detección de S. pyogenes resistentes a eritromicina con fenotipo MLSB fue disminuyendo de manera progresiva a lo largo del periodo de estudio. Conclusiones. Se ha observado una importante disminución de las tasas de resistencia a eritromicina y clindamicina a lo largo del periodo de estudio y un cambio en la distribución de los fenotipos de los aislamientos resistentes (AU)

Background. Streptococcus pyogenes is a significant cause of bacterial infections in children. The aim of the study is to analyse resistance rates and phenotypes of S. pyogenes isolates in a paediatric population in Northern Spain over the last 11 years. Methods. Descriptive retrospective study of S. pyogenes isolates from paediatric patients between 2005 and 2015 in a region of Asturias (Spain). Resistance rates and changes in erythromycin resistance phenotypes in two time periods (2005-2009 and 2010-2015) were studied. Results. A total of 1,794 S. pyogenes isolates were registered (70% from 2005 to 2009). 87.5% were obtained from pharyngeal swabs and 0.2% from blood cultures. Resistance rates to tetracycline (8.8% to 4.3%, p=0.02), erythromycin (22% to 9.3%, p<0.01) and clindamycin (6% to 1.7%, p<0.01) decreased between the two study periods. A reduction in erythromycin-resistant isolates with the MLSB phenotype was observed. Conclusions. A decrease in S. pyogenes resistance rates to erythromycin and clindamycin and a change in the erythromycin resistance phenotype were observed along the study period (AU)

Métodos moleculares de diagnóstico de infecciones respiratorias. ¿Ha cambiado el esquema diagnóstico? / Molecular diagnostic methods of respiratory infections. Has the scheme diagnosis changed?

Las infecciones respiratorias bajas siguen siendo una de las causas más frecuentes de mortalidad en todo el mundo, de ahí que el diagnóstico precoz sea fundamental. Tradicionalmente, el diagnóstico microbiológico de este tipo de infecciones se ha basado en métodos convencionales que incluyen cultivos en medios artificiales para aislamiento de bacterias y hongos y cultivos celulares para virus, así como en la detección antigénica o de anticuerpos mediante reacciones antígeno-anticuerpo. El principal inconveniente de las metodologías anteriormente citadas es el tiempo necesario para obtener un diagnóstico etiológico de la infección. Las técnicas basadas en la biología molecular han irrumpido con fuerza en las últimas décadas como herramientas de diagnóstico rápido de las infecciones. Algunas de estas técnicas -sobre todo aquellas que pueden detectar diversos microorganismos en la misma reacción- acostumbran a ser caras, por lo que la cuestión que se plantea es si el gasto de tales ensayos se ve justificado por la información obtenida y por el impacto clínico que su implementación determina. En este artículo se pretende hacer una revisión de las diversas técnicas de biología molecular aplicadas al diagnóstico de las infecciones respiratorias, centrándose fundamentalmente en la neumonía, y analizar el impacto que pueden tener en el manejo del paciente con infección respiratoria aguda

Lower respiratory tract infections remain one of the most common causes of mortality worldwide, which is why early diagnosis is crucial. Traditionally the microbiological diagnosis of these infections has been based on conventional methods including culture on artificial media for isolation of bacteria and fungi and cell cultures for virus and antibody or antigen detection using antigen-antibody reactions. The main drawback of the above mentioned methods is the time needed for an etiological diagnosis of the infection. The techniques based on molecular biology have drawn much attention in recent decades as tools for rapid diagnosis of infections. Some techniques are very expensive, especially those that can detect various microorganisms in the same reaction, therefore the question that arises is whether the cost of such testing is justified by the information obtained and by the clinical impact that its implementation will determine. In this article we make a review of the various techniques of molecular biology applied to the diagnosis of pneumonia and focus primarily on analysing the impact they may have on the management of patients with acute respiratory tract infections

Cruising y e-citas: un nuevo contexto para los encuentros sexuales entre hombres jóvenes que tienen sexo con hombres / Cruising e e-compromissos: um novo contexto de encontros sexuais entre os jovens homens que fazem sexo com homens / Cruising and e-dates: a new context for sexual encounters among young men who have sex with men

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es el de explorar el papel que juega, en la actualidad, la irrupción de la mediación tecnológica de la información y la comunicación en la configuración de nuevos contextos para la relación sexual. En concreto, hemos explorado una práctica determinada, el cruising, entre hombres jóvenes que tienen sexo con hombres contactado a través de las e-citas. Se ha apostado por la metodología cualitativa con la intención de recopilar los discursos sobre sexualidad, riesgos y salud que se generan y construyen entre el grupo de iguales. Según extraemos de nuestro estudio, el nuevo marco que confiere esta tecnología estaría caracterizado por (a) una mayor accesibilidad a dichas prácticas, (b) una mayor difusión de estas, (c) una mayor inmediatez de acceso a las propuestas, (d) la anticipación de lo que será ofrecido en la cita, (e) acceso anónimo que permite propuestas más atrevidas y (f) una apertura mayor a la diversidad de usuarios. Todos estos elementos confluyen en un cuadro que nos lleva a considerar una organización social renovada de la práctica sexual.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é explorar o papel que a irrupção da mediação tecnológica da informação e da comunicação desempenha na definição de novos contextos para a relação sexual. Em particular, explora-se uma determinada prática, o cruising entre os homens jovens que fazem sexo com homens contatados via e- encontros. Nossa aposta foi pela metodologia qualitativa, com a intenção de recolher os discursos sobre a sexualidade, a saúde e os riscos que são gerados e construídos entre o grupo de pares. De acordo com o nosso estudo, o novo quadro que oferece essa tecnologia seria marcado por: (a) uma maior acessibilidade a essas práticas; (b) uma maior divulgação das mesmas, bem como (c) um maior imediatismo de acesso para as propostas; (d) a antecipação do que vai ser oferecido no encontro; (e) acesso anônimo que permite propostas mais ousadas; e (f) uma maior abertura para a diversidade de usuários. Todos esses elementos convergem em um contexto que leva-nos a considerar uma nova organização social da prática sexual.

Abstract This article addresses the rapidly growing use of information and communication technologies in mediating new settings for sexual relations. The specific focus is on cruising among young men who have sex with men via e-dating. The study used a qualitative methodology with peer group discussions on sexuality, health, and risk. The new framework provided by technology is marked by (a) increased access to these practices, (b) greater dissemination of them, (c) greater immediacy of encounters, (d) anticipation of what will be offered during dates, (e) anonymous access, allowing bolder proposals, and (f) openness to a wider range of users. These elements converge in a framework that indicates a new social organization of sexual practice.

Intolerancia a la histamina como causa de síntomas digestivos crónicos en pacientes pediátricos / Histamine intolerance as a cause of chronic digestive complaints in pediatric patients

Introducción: la intolerancia a la histamina (IH) es una patología poco descrita en gastroenterología y que puede tener una sintomatología digestiva predominante. Los objetivos de este estudio son describir los casos diagnosticados en una consulta de gastroenterología pediátrica. Material y métodos: estudio observacional y retrospectivo analizando los pacientes diagnosticados de IH desde septiembre de 2010 a diciembre de 2011 en la consulta de gastroenterología pediátrica de un hospital terciario. Se consideraron con diagnóstico de IH al presentar 2 o más síntomas digestivos característicos, determinación de diaminooxidasa disminuida y/o respuesta a la dieta baja en histamina con pruebas de alergia IgE-mediada a alimentos negativos. Resultados: se han diagnosticado 16 pacientes. Hubo un predominio de niños (11/5) frente a las niñas. La edad media al inicio de los síntomas fue de 4 años (6 meses vs. 13 años y 6 meses) y la edad media al diagnóstico fue de 6 años y 6 meses (17 meses vs. 13 años y 11 meses). Los síntomas predominantes fueron dolor abdominal difuso (16/16), diarrea intermitente (10/16), cefalea (5/16) y vómitos intermitentes (4/16). Conclusiones: la intolerancia a la histamina es una patología poco conocida pero con una incidencia que puede ser relevante. Los síntomas predominantes son dolor abdominal difuso, diarrea, cefalea y vómitos de aparición crónica e intermitente. El diagnóstico se realiza por sospecha clínica, determinación de diaminooxidasa plasmática y respuesta a dieta baja en histamina. Con el tratamiento de dieta baja en histamina presentan una mejoría inmediata (AU)

Introduction: histamine intolerance (HI) is a poorly described disease in gastroenterology that may present with predominant digestive complaints. The goals of this study include a report of two cases diagnosed in a pediatric gastroenterology clinic. Material and methods: observational, retrospective study of patients diagnosed with HI from September 2010 to December 2011 at the pediatric gastroenterology clinic of a tertiary hospital. They were deemed to have a diagnosis of HI in the presence of 2 or more characteristic digestive complaints, decreased diamino oxidase (DAO) levels and/or response to a low histamine diet with negative IgE-mediated food allergy tests. Results: sixteen patients were diagnosed. Males predominated versus females (11/5). Mean age at symptom onset was 4 years (6 months vs. 13 years and 6 months) and mean age at diagnosis was 6 years and 6 months (17 months vs. 13 years and 11 months), with an interval of 2 years and 1 month between symptom onset and diagnosis (5 months vs. 4 years). Predominant symptoms included diffuse abdominal pain (16/16), intermittent diarrhea (10/16), headache (5/16), intermittent vomiting (4/16), and skin rash (2/16). The diagnosis was established by measuring plasma diamino oxidase levels, which were below 10 kU/L (normal > 10 kU/L) in 14 cases, and symptom clearance on initiating a low histamine diet. In two patients DAO levels were above 10 kU/L but responded to diet. Treatment was based on a diet low in histamine-contaning food, and antihistamines H1 y H2 had to be added for two cases. Conclusions: histamine intolerance is a little known disease with a potentially relevant incidence. Predominant complaints include diffuse abdominal pain, diarrhea, headache, and chronic intermittent vomiting. Its diagnosis is based on clinical suspicion, plasma DAO measurement, and response to a low histamine diet. Management with the latter provides immediate improvement (AU)

A perspectiva da enfermagem comunitária na atenção básica em Portugal / The perspective of community health nursing in primary health care in Portugal / La perspectiva de la enfermería comunitaria en la Atención Básica en Portugal

Portugal, em 2005, iniciou uma reconfiguração dos centros de saúde que nomeou como reforma da atenção básica, com os objectivos de melhorar a acessibilidade, a eficiência, a qualidade e a continuidade dos cuidados e aumentar a satisfação dos profissionais e cidadãos. Foram reorganizados os agrupamentos de centros de saúde e criadas novas tipologias de unidades de cuidados. Paralelamente foi desenvolvido o processo de continuidade de cuidados e a rede nacional de cuidados continuados integrados. As intervenções de enfermagem nos cuidados a pessoas, famílias, grupos e comunidades, na atual reforma, são fundamentais para o seu êxito. Os primeiros relatórios apresentam ainda algumas ineficiências que a actual reforma se propõe melhorar de forma sistemática incidindo na qualidade das boas práticas, no bem estar dos usuarios e a satisfação dos profissionais.

Portugal, in 2005, initiated to reconfigure its health centers, an action referred to as the reform of primary health care, with the objective to improve accessibility, efficiency, quality and the continuity of care, and increase the satisfaction of the population and the professionals. The health center groups were reorganized and new types of units were created. Also, at the same time, the health care continuity process and the national network for integrated continuous care were developed. The nursing interventions in the care provided to individuals, families, groups and communities, in the current reform, are essential for success. The first reports still indicate a few inefficiencies that the current reform proposed to systematically improve, affecting the quality of good practices, users' well being, and workers' satisfaction.

En 2005, Portugal inició una reconfiguración de los centros de salud a la que llamó reforma de la atención básica, con los objetivos de mejorar la accesibilidad, eficiencia, calidad y continuidad de los cuidados y aumentar la satisfacción de los profesionales y ciudadanos. Fueron reorganizados los organigramas de centros de salud y se crearon nuevas tipologías de unidades de atención. Paralelamente, fue desarrollado el proceso de continuidad de atención y la red nacional de atención continuada integrada. Las intervenciones de enfermería en la atención a personas, familias, grupos y comunidades, según la actual reforma, son fundamentales para su éxito. Los primeros informes determinan aún algunas ineficiencias que la actual reforma se propone mejorar de forma sistemática, incidiendo en la calidad de las buenas prácticas, en el bienestar de los pacientes y en la satisfacción de los profesionales.

Epilepsia infantil, diez puntos básicos para el psiquiatra / Childhood epilepsy, ten basic points for the psychiatrist

This article discusses ten basic points of epilepsy in children that the psychiatrist should know in his medical practice. We mention the importance of the issue especially in children, since over 75% of patients start their epilepsy before 18 years, with a subsequent increase in the elderly. Epidemiological studies of the Epilepsy Priority Program have shown a prevalence of 15x1000, this is more than a million and half of patients with epilepsy in the country. The article describes the current definition and discusses a new definition proposal which mentioned that epilepsy is a brain disease characterized by a predisposition to present lasting and permanent seizures with their biological, cognitive and psychosocial consequences. It emphasizes the different types of seizures according to the international classification and lists some types of seizures that can be difficult to recognize. Record a brief description of non-epileptic paroxysmal events than can be confused with epilepsy. Describes the usefulness of the electroencephalogram and neuroimaging studies in epilepsy. It emphazises the importance of type of epilepsy, since different anticonvulsants are useful for specific seizures. It also mentions the most common behavioral and learning problems that children with epilepsy may present. The article clarifies some myths and provides recommendations for the long term follow up of these patients.

El presente artículo plantea diez puntos básicos de la epilepsia en los niños, que el psiquiatra debe de conocer para su práctica médica diaria. Menciona la importancia del tema sobre todo en la infancia, ya que más del 75% de los pacientes inicia su epilepsia antes de los 18 años de vida, con un incremento posterior en la llamada tercera edad. Estudios epidemiológicos del Programa Prioritario de Epilepsia han mostrado una prevalencia de 15x1000, esto es, más de millón y medio de pacientes con epilepsia en el país. Describe la definición vigente y analiza una nueva propuesta donde se indica que la epilepsia es una enfermedad cerebral caracterizada por una predisposición duradera y permanente para presentar crisis epilépticas con sus respectivas consecuencias biológicas, cognitivas y psicosociales. Hace énfasis en los diferentes tipos de crisis epilépticas de acuerdo con la clasificación internacional y menciona algunos tipos de crisis que pueden ser poco reconocidas. Se anota la descripción breve de los eventos paroxísticos no epilépticos más frecuentes que pueden confundirse con ella. Describe la utilidad real del electroencefalograma y de los estudios de neuroimagen. Para el manejo farmacológico se describe cómo para cada tipo de crisis se cuenta con medicamentos que han demostrado ser útiles, de ahí la importancia de reconocer el tipo de crisis ya que de este punto depende el medicamento a elegir. Menciona las alteraciones en la conducta y el aprendizaje que pueden tener los niños con epilepsia y los factores que pudieran llevarlos a presentar este tipo de problemas. Se tratan de aclarar algunos mitos en cuanto a las restricciones que con frecuencia se mencionan para el paciente con epilepsia y finalmente se dan algunos consejos de cómo vigilar a largo plazo a este grupo de pacientes.

Epidemiología y manejo integral de la discapacidad intelectual / Epidemiology and the overall management of the intellectual disability

Intellectual disability (ID) is a condition of limited intellectual and adaptive functioning that occurs before the age of 18 years. For varied reasons, ID is the most forgotten of public health programs. Exact prevalence is unknown, due to the absence of epidemiological research in children and adolescents, which is essential to know the needs of this population. Detection involves identifying children at risk for any type of atypical development with emphasis on language probes and dysmorphic searching, optimally combined with developmental screening tools with proven psychometric properties; training psychologists and health providers such as general practitioners or pediatricians in the first level of attention is needed. The goal of second-level intervention is to diagnose ID with an emphasis on accurate measurement of intellectural coeficcient (IC) and adaptive level, including expanded genetic medical evaluation and assessment of the personal, familiar, and community resources of children with suspected ID. We also recommend the use of existing classifications, employing the World Health Organization (WHO) International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, to identify individual and environmental barriers and facilitators and the application of appropriate tests. The overall treatment includes specific medical, psychological and educative & social interventions. Medical intervention also includes pharmacological treatments, especially psychotropic medication, including risperidone, methylphenidate and melatonin. Developing evidence for the use of this medication is provided for challenging behaviors such as aggression, hyperactivity, sleep problems and depression. Psychological help includes psychoeducation and techniques evidence based, such as those derived from applied behavior analysis and cognitive behavior. Its chronic use is discouraged and medication is recommended to be combined with proper behavior management. Early and appropriate education for ID is lacking; which also requires improving access to health services, limiting social exclusion. Enhancing advocacy and promoting the human rights for this population is also needed.

La discapacidad intelectual (DI) alude a una condición limitada del funcionamiento intelectual y adaptativo, que ocurre antes de los 18 años de edad. Por varias razones, la atención a la DI es uno de los programas de salud pública más olvidada. Se desconoce la prevalencia exacta debido a la ausencia de investigación epidemiológica de la discapacidad en niños y adolescentes, la cual es esencial para conocer las necesidades de esta población. La detección consiste en la identificación de niños en riesgo de algún tipo de desarrollo anormal, con énfasis en el sondeo del lenguaje y la búsqueda de dismorfias, combinado con herramientas como los instrumentos de tamizaje del desarrollo psicométricamente fiables. La meta de la intervención en el segundo nivel es diagnosticar la DI con énfasis en una medición precisa del coeficiente intelectual (CI) y el nivel adaptativo, incluyendo una evaluación genética extendida y una valoración personal, familiar y de recursos comunitarios del niño. También se recomienda el uso de las clasificaciones existentes, incluyendo la Clasificación Internacional del Funcionamiento, la Discapacidad y la Salud (CIF), por ser un sistema que identifica barreras y facilitadores individuales y ambientales. El tratamiento de la DI incluye intervenciones de tipo médico, psicológico, educativo y social. La intervención médica incluye el uso de psicofármacos que pueden ser de gran utilidad en el tratamiento de conductas problemáticas (agresión, hiperactividad, problemas de sueño, depresión). Se aconseja combinarlo con técnicas conductuales y desalentar el uso crónico de los mismos. La intervención psicológica incluye técnicas con base científica como las que derivan del análisis conductual aplicado y las de tipo cognitivo conductual. Las intervenciones de tipo educativo tales como la educación temprana y apropiada para niños con DI es un tema pendiente. También es necesario mejorar el acceso a los servicios de salud con el fin de limitar la exclusión social.

Las acciones afectivas y el distrés del niño ante la venopunción / No disponible

OBJETIVO: determinar si una intervención enfermera sistematizada de acciones afectivas produce una disminución en el distrés experimentado por los niños ante la venopunción. MÉTODO: estudio de intervención antes y después, realizado en el centro de salud de Almuñécar (Granada) con niños de 1 a 5 años que requerían venopunción para determinación analítica. Para determinar el distrés se utilizó la Children's and Infants' Postoperative Pain Scale (CHIPPS). La intervención consistió en un conjunto de acciones afectivas: contacto continuo con padres/tutores; uso de lenguaje apropiado a la edad; muestra y explicación del material de venopunción y proyección de audiovisual preferido. RESULTADOS: muestra compuesta por 100 sujetos, distribuidos al 50% por sexo y dos categorías de edad (1-3 años y > 3-5 años). En el conjunto de la muestra se obtuvo un cambio significativo en todas las variables (p< 0,05), excepto en el llanto (p= 0,057). En los niños se observó cambio significativo en todos los parámetros, menos el llanto; en las niñas, el cambio se produjo en la expresión facial y postura del tronco, pero no para el llanto, inquietud motora y postura de las piernas. En el grupo de 1-2 años encontramos un cambio significativo en todas las variables, mientras que en el grupo de 3-5 años no se produjo el cambio en la postura de las piernas y llanto.CONCLUSIONES: se evidencia que la inclusión de unas sencillas técnicas afectivas produce una disminución del distrés del niño durante la venopunción

OBJECTIVE: to determine whether a structured nursing intervention of affective actions will cause a reduction in the distress suffered by children when faced with venipuncture. METHOD: before-and-after intervention study, conducted at the health centre in Almuñécar (Granada) with 1 to 5-year-old children who required venipuncture for blood tests. In order to determine distress, the Children's and Infants' Postoperative Pain Scale (CHIPPS) was used. The intervention consisted of a set of affective actions: continuous contact with parents / guardians; use of language adequate for their age; showing and explaining the venipuncture materials, and projection of their preferred audiovisual aids. RESULTS: the sample included 100 subjects, allocated on a 50% by gender and two age categories (1 to 3-year-old and > 3 to 5-year-old). There was a significant change in all variables (p< 0.05) in the overall sample, except for crying (p= 0.057). A significant change was observed in all parameters for boys, except in crying; while in girls, there was a change in facial expression and chest posture, but not in crying, motor restlessness, and leg posture. We found a significant change in all variables in the 1-2-year-old group, while no change in leg posture and crying occurred in the 3 to 5-year-old group.CONCLUSIONS: there is evidence showing that the inclusion of some simple affective techniques will cause a reduction in children's distress during venipuncture