Milk yield and hair coat characteristics of Holstein cows in a hot environment.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of hair coat characteristics on thermophysiological variables and body surface temperatures (BST), measured with infrared thermography, as well as milk yield of Holstein cows in a hot environment. Physiological and milk yield variables were assessed using 103 pluriparous Holstein cows. Also, hair angle (HA), density of hair coat (D), diameter of hair (HD), hair length (HL), weight of hair coat (Wt), and coat thickness (CT) were recorded. Biplot analysis (principal components analysis) revealed that HL was closely associated with Wt, CT, and HD and all these variables had a positive association with rectal temperature. Both CT and HL were found to be negatively associated with shoulder and neck temperature; tympanic temperature showed no association with BTS. Cows with short hair coat (length < 17 mm) did not produce more milk in 305 days than cows with longer hair coat (9673 ± 1604 vs. 9277 ± 817; P = 0.12). On the other hand, milk fat percentage at the middle of lactation was higher (P < 0.01) in cows with longer hair relative to cows with coat hair < 17 mm (3.71 vs. 3.35%, respectively). In conclusion, physical characteristics of the coat of Holstein cows were not associated with the 305-day milk yield but cows with longer hair produced a greater milk fat percentage at the middle of lactation compared to cows with short hair.

Retiro de la ventilación mecánica / Weaning from mechanical ventilation / Retirada da ventilação mecânica

Resumen: La mayoría de los pacientes que requieren ventilación > 24 horas y mejoran pueden ser extubados tras la primera prueba de ventilación espontánea. El reto es mejorar la desconexión de los pacientes que fracasan. El retiro de la ventilación mecánica es un elemento esencial en el cuidado de los pacientes críticamente enfermos. Se revisa el proceso de liberar al paciente del soporte mecánico y de la cánula endotraqueal. El tiempo empleado en el proceso de destete representa de 40 a 50% de la duración total de la ventilación. Se recomienda: 1) Prever tres grupos en función de la dificultad y duración del destete, 2) Retiro lo más pronto posible, 3) Utilizar la prueba de ventilación espontánea para determinar si los pacientes pueden ser extubados con éxito, 4) La prueba inicial debe durar 30 minutos en respiración en tubo en T o con bajos niveles de soporte, 5) La presión de soporte y los modos de ventilación AC deben preferirse cuando han fracasado en la primera prueba, 6) Considerar ventilación no invasiva en pacientes seleccionados para acortar la duración de la intubación, pero no debe usarse de forma rutinaria como herramienta para el fracaso de la extubación.

Abstract: The majority of patients requiring ventilation> 24 hours and improving can be extubated after the first spontaneous ventilation test. The challenge is to improve the disconnection of patients who fail. The withdrawal of mechanical ventilation is an essential element in the care of critically ill patients. The process of releasing the patient from the mechanical support and the endotracheal cannula is reviewed. The time spent in the weaning process represents 40 to 50% of the total duration of ventilation. It is recommended: 1) Predict three groups depending on the difficulty and duration of weaning, 2) Removal as soon as possible, 3) Using the spontaneous ventilation test to determine if patients can be successfully extubated, 4) The initial test Should last 30 minutes in T-tube breathing or with low levels of support, 5) Support pressure and modes of AC ventilation should be preferred when they failed in the first test, 6) Consider non-invasive ventilation in selected patients to shorten The duration of intubation, but should not be routinely used as a tool for the failure of extubation.

Resumo: A maioria dos pacientes que necessitam de ventilação > 24 horas e melhoram podem ser extubados depois do primeiro teste de ventilação espontânea. O desafio é melhorar a desconexão dos pacientes que fracassam. A retirada da ventilação mecânica é um elemento essencial no tratamento dos pacientes em estado crítico. Revisamos o processo de retirada do paciente do suporte mecânico e do tubo endotraqueal. O tempo gasto no processo do desmame representa 40 a 50% da duração total da ventilação. Recomenda-se: 1) Prever três grupos, dependendo da dificuldade e duração do desmame, 2) remoção o mais rápido possível, 3) Utilização do teste de ventilação espontânea para determinar se os pacientes podem ser extubadas com êxito, 4) O teste inicial deve durar 30 minutos com respiração em tubo T ou com baixos níveis de suporte, 5) A pressão de suporte e os modos de ventilação AC deve ser eleitos quando existe uma falha no primeiro teste, 6) Considerar a ventilação não invasiva em pacientes selecionados para diminuir a duração da intubação, mas não deve ser usado rotineiramente como uma ferramenta para falha na extubação.