Usefulness of p16INK4a staining for managing histological high-grade squamous intraepithelial cervical lesions.

p16INK4a (p16) tumor-suppressor protein is a biomarker of human papillomavirus (HPV) oncogenic activity that has revealed a high rate of positivity in histological high-gade squamous intraepithelial lesion/cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 (HSIL/CIN2) lesions. However, there is a paucity of data regarding p16 status as a surrogate marker of HSIL/CIN2 evolution. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of HSIL/CIN2 patients followed up without treatment for 12 months according to p16 immunohistochemical staining. Patients diagnosed with HSIL/CIN2 colposcopy-directed biopsy, were recruited prospectively between December 2011 and October 2013. p16 staining was performed in all HSIL/CIN2 diagnostic biopsies. Follow-up was conducted every 4 months by cytology, colposcopy and biopsy if suspicion of progression and once the 12 months of follow-up completed. Complete regression, partial regression, persistence, and progression rates of HSIL/CIN2 were defined as a final outcome. A total of 96 patients were included in the analysis. The rate of spontaneous regression was 64%, while 28% had persistent disease, and 8% progressed at 12 months of follow-up. p16 was positive in 81 (84%) initial HSIL/CIN2 biopsies. Regression was observed in all 15 p16 negative cases and in 46 of 81 (57%) p16 positive cases (P=0.001). In conclusion, patients with p16 negative HSIL/CIN2 biopsy had a high rate of regression during first 12 months of follow-up. Status of p16 staining could be considered for HSIL/CIN2 management.

Four sisters compound heterozygotes for the pre- and full mutation in fragile X syndrome and a complete inactivation of X-functional chromosome: implications for genetic counseling.

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder and a leading monogenic form of cognitive impairment and autism. It is the most common form of inherited mental retardation in males and a significant cause of mental retardation in females. It is caused by the instability and subsequent expansion of the CGG repeat in the promoter region of the FMR1 (fragile X mental retardation 1) gene at Xq27.3. We describe a double consanguineous family with four sisters compound heterozygotes for the full and pre-mutation CGG repeat size. The index case shows clinical features of the affected males with profound mental retardation; the other three sisters also suffer from mental retardation, ranging from mild to severe. Molecular analysis reveals very similar ranges for the CGG expansions for both chromosomes in all four sisters. The phenotypic differences observed in the index case and her sisters are the total inactivation of X premutated chromosome and the total absence of FMRP (fragile X mental retardation protein). This family case raises important issues for genetic counseling in families with consanguinity and with cases of idiopathic mental retardation.

Predisposition to epilepsy in fragile X syndrome: does the Val66Met polymorphism in the BDNF gene play a role?

Epilepsy is detected in about 23% of patients with fragile X syndrome (FXS). Absence or reduced levels of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), a global regulator of translation in neurons and an important factor in synaptic plasticity, produce the observed epileptic patterns. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene is a specific regulator of synaptic plasticity, and disturbances in its function cause dendrite abnormalities similar to those observed in FXS. A putative reciprocal regulation of FMRP and BDNF has been hypothesized. The Val66Met polymorphism in the BDNF gene may be involved in the alteration of normal secretion of the mature peptide and may modulate the epileptic phenotype observed in some patients with FXS. We investigated the relationship of this Met66 allele to the prevalence of epilepsy in 77 patients with FXS. No association was observed between this polymorphism and epilepsy in our group of patients. Therefore, it should not be considered a biomarker for developing epilepsy in patients with FXS.

Plasma idebenone monitoring in Friedreich's ataxia patients during a long-term follow-up.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Despite the growing interest and the potential benefits of idebenone as a repurposed drug for different orphan conditions, data regarding its monitoring are scarce. Our main goal was to report plasma idebenone values in a cohort of Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) patients during a long-term follow-up. Taking advantage of this, we also assessed cardiological and neurological status together with idebenone values and genetic background. METHODS: Long-term follow-up retrospective study in 27 FRDA patients with a disease onset at the paediatric age treated with idebenone by compassionate use. Plasma idebenone was measured by HPLC with electrochemical detection. RESULTS: Median plasma idebenone values increased when doses were increased, but apparently linearity was lost in the highest dose group. Marked intraindividual and interindividual differences were observed among patients. We did not find a consistent positive effect after analysis of paired data at the beginning and the end of the study. We only found a correlation between some cardiological measures and the duration of idebenone therapy at high doses, but with uncertain significance. CONCLUSIONS: The large variations observed among the different individuals involved in this study should be considered for optimization of individual dosage regimens.

Human papillomavirus detection and p16INK4a expression in cervical lesions: a comparative study.

p16(INK4a) expression in dysplastic cervical lesions is related to high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection. The immunohistochemical expression of this protein in these lesions allows an increase in diagnostic reproducibility in biopsies and the introduction of prognostic factors in low-grade lesions. Here, we studied the immunohistochemical expression of p16 in 86 dysplastic cervical lesions, 54 cervical intraepithelial neoplasms-grade 1 (CIN-I), 23 CIN-II, and 9 CIN-III. In addition, we performed HPV detection and genotyping. We detected HR-HPV in 19/54 CIN-I, 21/23 CIN-II and 9/9 CIN-III cases. p16(INK4a) immunoreactivity was observed in 7/19 CIN-I HR-HPV-positive, 17/21 CIN-II HR-HPV-positive and all CIN-III cases. Immunoreactivity for p16(INK4a) was found in 7/54 CIN-I and in 17/23 CIN-II cases. In the follow-up, we detected 3 p16-positive high-grade squamous epithelial lesions (CIN-II and CIN-III) in the CIN-I/p16-negative group and 5 p16-positive high-grade squamous epithelial lesions cases in the CIN-II/p16-negative group. We conclude that p16 negativity in CIN-I and CIN-II biopsies does not always imply regression of the lesion and that the diagnosis of CIN-II should not be based solely on p16 results.

AGG interruptions and maternal age affect FMR1 CGG repeat allele stability during transmission.

BACKGROUND: The presence of AGG interruptions in the CGG repeat locus of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene decreases the instability of the allele during transmission from parent to child, and decreases the risk of expansion of a premutation allele to a full mutation allele (the predominant cause of fragile X syndrome) during maternal transmission. METHODS: To strengthen recent findings on the utility of AGG interruptions in predicting instability or expansion to a full mutation of FMR1 CGG repeat alleles, we assessed the outcomes of 108 intermediate (also named gray zone) and 710 premutation alleles that were transmitted from parent to child, and collected from four international clinical sites. We have used the results to revise our initial model that predicted the risk of a maternal premutation allele expanding to a full mutation during transmission and to test the effect of AGG interruptions on the magnitude of expanded allele instability of intermediate or premutation alleles that did not expand to a full mutation. RESULTS: Consistent with previous studies, the number of AGG triplets that interrupts the CGG repeat locus was found to influence the risk of allele instability, including expansion to a full mutation. The total length of the CGG repeat allele remains the best predictor of instability or expansion to a full mutation, but the number of AGG interruptions and, to a much lesser degree, maternal age are also factors when considering the risk of transmission of the premutation allele to a full mutation. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that a model with total CGG length, number of AGG interruptions, and maternal age is recommended for calculating the risk of expansion to a full mutation during maternal transmission. Taken together, the results of this study provide relevant information for the genetic counseling of female premutation carriers, and improve the current predictive models which calculate risk of expansion to a full mutation using only total CGG repeat length.

Screening for the presence of FMR1 premutation alleles in a Spanish population with fibromyalgia.

Fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) premutation carriers, who are at risk of having children with fragile X Syndrome, were initially considered as clinically unaffected. However, recent clinical and molecular studies have shifted this point of view. The incidence of premutation in the general population is substantial. Apart from the well-documented fragile X-associated tremor-ataxia and fragile X premature ovarian insufficiency, there is a broad constellation of symptoms including depression, anxiety, muscle pain, autoimmune and thyroid disease, chronic fatigue, and fibromyalgia that has been described, particularly in females with the premutation (55-200 repeats). Fibromyalgia (FM) is the most common cause of widespread pain and comprises a heterogeneous group of patients, affecting 2-3 % of the general population. We analyzed the FMR1 gene in a cohort of females diagnosed with fibromyalgia in order to assess the incidence of premutated alleles. CGG repeat size was determined in 353 females suffering from FM and results were compared with a control group. Four premutated carriers in the FM group were detected. The observed incidence is higher than that described for a normal female population (1/88 vs 1/250). The early detection of premutation carriers for the FMR1 gene among individuals diagnosed with fibromyalgia is important and would be helpful in correct genetic counseling of patients and their families, who may be at risk of having children with fragile X syndrome, the most common known cause of inherited intellectual disability and autism. Our data should be cautiously interpreted based on just this study; nevertheless, screening for the FMR1 gene in FM patients at least with presentations suggestive of FMR1 gene-related disease seems recommendable.