RESUMO
A norovirus was detected in harbor porpoises, a previously unknown host for norovirus. This norovirus had low similarity to any known norovirus. Viral RNA was detected primarily in intestinal tissue, and specific serum antibodies were detected in 8 (24%) of 34 harbor porpoises from the North Sea.
Assuntos
Infecções por Caliciviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Caliciviridae/veterinária , Genoma Viral , Norovirus/genética , Filogenia , Animais , Infecções por Caliciviridae/virologia , Intestinos/patologia , Intestinos/virologia , Norovirus/classificação , Mar do Norte/epidemiologia , Phocoena/virologia , RNA Polimerase Dependente de RNA/genética , Proteínas Virais/genéticaRESUMO
The ability of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) to infect small animal species may be restricted given the fact that mice, ferrets, and hamsters were shown to resist MERS-CoV infection. We inoculated rabbits with MERS-CoV. Although virus was detected in the lungs, neither significant histopathological changes nor clinical symptoms were observed. Infectious virus, however, was excreted from the upper respiratory tract, indicating a potential route of MERS-CoV transmission in some animal species.
Assuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus/patologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Coronavírus da Síndrome Respiratória do Oriente Médio/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Doenças Assintomáticas , Cricetinae , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Pulmão/patologia , Pulmão/virologia , Camundongos , Coronavírus da Síndrome Respiratória do Oriente Médio/isolamento & purificação , Coelhos , Sistema Respiratório/virologia , Eliminação de Partículas ViraisRESUMO
Primary simian varicella virus (SVV) infection in non-human primates causes varicella, after which the virus becomes latent in ganglionic neurons and reactivates to cause zoster. The host response in ganglia during establishment of latency is ill-defined. Ganglia from five African green monkeys (AGMs) obtained at 9, 13, and 20 days post-intratracheal SVV inoculation (dpi) were analyzed by ex vivo flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization. Ganglia at 13 and 20 dpi exhibited mild inflammation. Immune infiltrates consisted mostly of CD8(dim) and CD8(bright) memory T cells, some of which expressed granzyme B, and fewer CD11c(+) and CD68(+) cells. Chemoattractant CXCL10 transcripts were expressed in neurons and infiltrating inflammatory cells but did not co-localize with SVV open reading frame 63 (ORF63) RNA expression. Satellite glial cells expressed increased levels of activation markers CD68 and MHC class II at 13 and 20 dpi compared to those at 9 dpi. Overall, local immune responses emerged as viral DNA load in ganglia declined, suggesting that intra-ganglionic immunity contributes to restricting SVV replication.
Assuntos
Gânglios Sensitivos/imunologia , Herpesvirus Humano 3/imunologia , Doenças dos Primatas/imunologia , Células Receptoras Sensoriais/imunologia , Infecção pelo Vírus da Varicela-Zoster/veterinária , Ativação Viral , Latência Viral , Animais , Antígenos CD/genética , Antígenos CD/imunologia , Antígenos de Diferenciação Mielomonocítica/genética , Antígenos de Diferenciação Mielomonocítica/imunologia , Antígeno CD11c/genética , Antígeno CD11c/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/virologia , Quimiocina CXCL10/genética , Quimiocina CXCL10/imunologia , Chlorocebus aethiops , DNA Viral/genética , DNA Viral/imunologia , Gânglios Sensitivos/virologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/imunologia , Granzimas/genética , Granzimas/imunologia , Herpesvirus Humano 3/patogenicidade , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Proteínas Imediatamente Precoces/genética , Proteínas Imediatamente Precoces/imunologia , Memória Imunológica , Doenças dos Primatas/genética , Doenças dos Primatas/patologia , Células Receptoras Sensoriais/virologia , Infecção pelo Vírus da Varicela-Zoster/genética , Infecção pelo Vírus da Varicela-Zoster/imunologia , Infecção pelo Vírus da Varicela-Zoster/patologia , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/genética , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/imunologia , Carga Viral/genética , Carga Viral/imunologiaRESUMO
Herpesvirus infection causes disease of variable severity in many species, including cetaceans. However, little is known about herpesvirus infection in harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), despite being widespread in temperate coastal waters of the Northern Hemisphere. Therefore, we examined harbor porpoises that stranded alive in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany between 2000 and 2014 for herpesvirus infection and associated disease. Porpoises that died or had to be euthanized were autopsied, and samples were collected for virological and pathological analyses. We found one known herpesvirus (Phocoena phocoena herpesvirus type 1, PPHV-1)--a gammaherpesvirus--and two novel herpesviruses (PPHV-2 and PPHV-3)--both alphaherpesviruses--in these porpoises. A genital plaque, in which PPHV-1 was detected, occurred in 1% (1/117) of porpoises. The plaque was characterized by epithelial hyperplasia and intranuclear inclusion bodies that contained herpesvirus-like particles, and that stained positive by a PPHV-1-specific in situ hybridization test. PPHV-2 occurred in the brain of 2% (1/74) of porpoises. This infection was associated with lymphocytic encephalitis, characterized by neuronal necrosis and intranuclear inclusion bodies containing herpesvirus-like particles. PPHV-3 had a prevalence of 5% (4/74) in brain tissue, 5% (2/43) in blowhole swabs, and 2% (1/43) in genital swabs, but was not associated with disease. Phylogenetically, PPHV-1 was identical to a previously reported herpesvirus from a harbor porpoise, PPHV-2 showed closest identity with two herpesviruses from dolphins, and PPHV-3 showed closest identity with a cervid herpesvirus. In conclusion, harbor porpoises may be infected with at least three different herpesviruses, one of which can cause clinically severe neurological disease.
Assuntos
Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Central/veterinária , Doenças dos Genitais Femininos/veterinária , Doenças dos Genitais Masculinos/veterinária , Infecções por Herpesviridae/veterinária , Herpesviridae/fisiologia , Phocoena , Animais , Bélgica/epidemiologia , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Central/epidemiologia , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Central/virologia , Feminino , Doenças dos Genitais Femininos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Genitais Femininos/virologia , Doenças dos Genitais Masculinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Genitais Masculinos/virologia , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Herpesviridae/classificação , Herpesviridae/genética , Infecções por Herpesviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Herpesviridae/virologia , Masculino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Países Baixos/epidemiologia , Filogenia , Análise de Sequência de DNA/veterinária , Proteínas Virais/genética , Proteínas Virais/metabolismoRESUMO
Intraocular varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and HSV type 1 (HSV-1) infections cause sight-threatening uveitis. The disease is characterized by an intraocular inflammatory response involving herpesvirus-specific T cells. T cell reactivity to the noncausative human alphaherpesvirus (αHHV) is commonly detected in the affected eyes of herpetic uveitis patients, suggesting the role of cross-reactive T cells in the disease. This study aimed to identify and functionally characterize intraocular human alphaherpesvirus cross-reactive T cells. VZV protein immediate early 62 (IE62), which shares extensive homology with HSV ICP4, is a previously identified T cell target in VZV uveitis. Two VZV-specific CD4 T cell clones (TCC), recovered from the eye of a VZV uveitis patient, recognized the same IE62918-927 peptide using different TCR and HLA-DR alleles. The IE62918-927 peptide bound with high affinity to multiple HLA-DR alleles and was recognized by blood-derived T cells of 5 of 17 HSV-1/VZV-seropositive healthy adults but not in cord blood donors (n = 5). Despite complete conservation of the IE62 epitope in the orthologous protein ICP4 of HSV-1 and HSV-2, the TCC recognized VZV and HSV-1- but not HSV-2-infected B cells. This was not attributed to proximal epitope-flanking amino acid polymorphisms in HSV-2 ICP4. Notably, VZV/HSV-1 cross-reactive CD4 T cells controlled VZV but not HSV-1 infection of human primary retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. In conclusion, we report on the first VZV/HSV-1 cross-reactive CD4 T cell epitope, which is HLA-DR promiscuous and immunoprevalent in coinfected individuals. Moreover, ocular-derived peptide-specific CD4 TCC controlled VZV but not HSV-1 infection of RPE cells, suggesting that HSV-1 actively inhibits CD4 T cell activation by infected human RPE cells.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Reações Cruzadas/imunologia , Herpesvirus Humano 1/imunologia , Herpesvirus Humano 3/imunologia , Uveíte/imunologia , Uveíte/virologia , Alelos , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Antígenos Virais/química , Antígenos Virais/imunologia , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Linfócitos B/virologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Comunicação Celular/imunologia , Linhagem Celular , Sequência Conservada , Epitopos de Linfócito T/química , Epitopos de Linfócito T/imunologia , Antígenos HLA-DR/genética , Antígenos HLA-DR/imunologia , Herpesvirus Humano 2/imunologia , Humanos , Proteínas Imediatamente Precoces/química , Proteínas Imediatamente Precoces/imunologia , Memória Imunológica , Ativação Linfocitária/imunologia , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Peptídeos/imunologia , Ligação Proteica/imunologia , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/química , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/genética , Alinhamento de Sequência , Transativadores/química , Transativadores/imunologia , Uveíte/genética , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/química , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/imunologia , Replicação ViralRESUMO
A fox circovirus was identified in serum samples from foxes with unexplained neurologic signs by using viral metagenomics. Fox circovirus nucleic acid was localized in histological lesions of the cerebrum by in situ hybridization. Viruses from the family Circoviridae may have neurologic tropism more commonly than previously anticipated.
Assuntos
Infecções por Circoviridae/veterinária , Circovirus/isolamento & purificação , Raposas/virologia , Meningoencefalite/veterinária , Animais , Encéfalo/patologia , Encéfalo/virologia , Infecções por Circoviridae/diagnóstico , Infecções por Circoviridae/virologia , Circovirus/genética , Feminino , Masculino , Meningoencefalite/diagnóstico , Meningoencefalite/virologia , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Reino UnidoRESUMO
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes varicella, establishes a life-long latent infection of ganglia and reactivates to cause herpes zoster. The cell types that transport VZV from the respiratory tract to skin and ganglia during primary infection are unknown. Clinical, pathological, virological and immunological features of simian varicella virus (SVV) infection of non-human primates parallel those of primary VZV infection in humans. To identify the host cell types involved in virus dissemination and pathology, we infected African green monkeys intratracheally with recombinant SVV expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (SVV-EGFP) and with wild-type SVV (SVV-wt) as a control. The SVV-infected cell types and virus kinetics were determined by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry, and virus culture and SVV-specific real-time PCR, respectively. All monkeys developed fever and skin rash. Except for pneumonitis, pathology produced by SVV-EGFP was less compared to SVV-wt. In lungs, SVV infected alveolar myeloid cells and T-cells. During viremia the virus preferentially infected memory T-cells, initially central memory T-cells and subsequently effector memory T-cells. In early non-vesicular stages of varicella, SVV was seen mainly in perivascular skin infiltrates composed of macrophages, dendritic cells, dendrocytes and memory T-cells, implicating hematogenous spread. In ganglia, SVV was found primarily in neurons and occasionally in memory T-cells adjacent to neurons. In conclusion, the data suggest the role of memory T-cells in disseminating SVV to its target organs during primary infection of its natural and immunocompetent host.
Assuntos
Varicela/imunologia , Varicela/virologia , Chlorocebus aethiops , Linfócitos T/virologia , Animais , Varicela/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Citometria de Fluxo , Herpesvirus Humano 3 , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo RealRESUMO
Ganglia of monkeys with reactivated simian varicella virus (SVV) contained more CD8 than CD4 T cells around neurons. The abundance of CD8 T cells was greater less than 2 months after reactivation than that at later times and correlated with that of CXCL10 RNA but not with those of SVV protein or open reading frame 61 (ORF61) antisense RNA. CXCL10 RNA colocalized with T-cell clusters. After SVV reactivation, transient T-cell infiltration, possibly mediated by CXCL10, parallels varicella zoster virus (VZV) reactivation in humans.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Quimiocina CXCL10/metabolismo , Gânglios/imunologia , Infecções por Herpesviridae/imunologia , Infecções por Herpesviridae/virologia , Neurônios/imunologia , Varicellovirus/imunologia , Varicellovirus/metabolismo , Varicellovirus/fisiologia , Animais , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , DNA Viral/genética , Gânglios/metabolismo , Gânglios/virologia , Infecções por Herpesviridae/genética , Macaca fascicularis , Neurônios/virologia , Fases de Leitura Aberta , RNA Antissenso/biossíntese , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Varicellovirus/genética , Carga Viral , Ativação Viral , Latência Viral/genéticaRESUMO
Seroprevalence data of human herpesviruses (HHVs) are limited for sub-Saharan Africa. These are important to provide an indication of potential burden of HHV-related disease, in particular in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals who are known to be at increased risk of these conditions in the Western world. In this cross-sectional study among 405 HIV-infected and antiretroviral therapy naïve individuals in rural South Africa the seroprevalence of HHVs was: herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) (98%), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) (87%), varicella zoster virus (VZV) (89%), and 100% for both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV). Independent factors associated with VZV seropositivity were low educational status and having children. Lack of in-house access to drinking water was independently associated with positive HSV-1 serostatus, whereas Shangaan ethnicity was associated with HSV-2 seropositivity. Increasing age was associated with higher IgG titres to both EBV and CMV, whereas CD4 cell count was negatively associated with EBV and CMV IgG titres. Moreover, IgG titres of HSV-1 and 2, VZV and CMV, and CMV and EBV were positively correlated. The high HHV seroprevalence emphasises the importance of awareness of these viral infections in HIV-infected individuals in South Africa.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/sangue , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Atenção Primária à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , População Rural/estatística & dados numéricos , Simplexvirus/fisiologia , Adulto , Demografia , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Masculino , Fatores de Risco , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , África do Sul/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Using random PCR in combination with next-generation sequencing, a novel parvovirus was detected in the brain of a young harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) with chronic non-suppurative meningo-encephalitis that was rehabilitated at the Seal Rehabilitation and Research Centre (SRRC) in the Netherlands. In addition, two novel viruses belonging to the family Anelloviridae were detected in the lungs of this animal. Phylogenetic analysis of the coding sequence of the novel parvovirus, tentatively called Seal parvovirus, indicated that this virus belonged to the genus Erythrovirus, to which human parvovirus B19 also belongs. Although no other seals with similar signs were rehabilitated in SRRC in recent years, a prevalence study of tissues of seals from the same area collected in the period 2008-2012 indicated that the Seal parvovirus has circulated in the harbor seal population at least since 2008. The presence of the Seal parvovirus in the brain was confirmed by real-time PCR and in vitro replication. Using in situ hybridization, we showed for the first time that a parvovirus of the genus Erythrovirus was present in the Virchow-Robin space and in cerebral parenchyma adjacent to the meninges. These findings showed that a parvovirus of the genus Erythrovirus can be involved in central nervous system infection and inflammation, as has also been suspected but not proven for human parvovirus B19 infection.