RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is being explored to improve cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) therapy. However, it remains difficult to predict which ICI will be effective for individual patients. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop a co-culture method with patient-derived CCA organoids and immune cells, which could represent anti-cancer immunity in vitro. METHODS: CCA organoids were co-cultured with peripheral blood mononuclear cells or T cells. Flow cytometry, time-lapse confocal imaging for apoptosis, and quantification of cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA) release were applied to analyse organoid and immune cell behaviour. CCA organoids were also cultured in immune cell-conditioned media to analyse the effect of soluble factors. RESULTS: The co-culture system demonstrated an effective anti-tumour organoid immune response by a decrease in live organoid cells and an increase in apoptosis and CYFRA release. Interpatient heterogeneity was observed. The cytotoxic effects could be mediated by direct cell-cell contact and by release of soluble factors, although soluble factors only decreased viability in one organoid line. CONCLUSIONS: In this proof-of-concept study, a novel CCA organoid and immune cell co-culture method was established. This can be the first step towards personalised immunotherapy for CCA by predicting which ICIs are most effective for individual patients.
Assuntos
Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares , Colangiocarcinoma , Ductos Biliares Intra-Hepáticos/patologia , Humanos , Leucócitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Organoides , Linfócitos T/patologiaRESUMO
Introduction MCLA-128 is a bispecific monoclonal antibody targeting the HER2 and HER3 receptors. Pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of MCLA-128 have been evaluated in preclinical studies in cynomolgus monkeys and mice. The aim of this study was to characterize the PK and PD of MCLA-128 and to predict a safe starting dose and efficacious clinical dose for the First-In-Human study. Methods A PK-PD model was developed based on PK data from cynomolgus monkeys and tumor growth data from a mouse JIMT-1 xenograft model. Allometric scaling was used to scale PK parameters between species. Simulations were performed to predict the safe and efficacious clinical dose, based on AUCs, receptor occupancies and PK-PD model simulations. Results MCLA-128 PK in cynomolgus monkeys was described by a two-compartment model with parallel linear and nonlinear clearance. The xenograft tumor growth model consisted of a tumor compartment with a zero-order growth rate and a first-order dying rate, both affected by MCLA-128. Human doses of 10 to 480 mg q3wk were predicted to show a safety margin of >10-fold compared to the cynomolgus monkey AUC at the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL). Doses of ≥360 mg resulted in predicted receptor occupancies above 99% (Cmax and Cave). These doses showed anti-tumor efficacy in the PK-PD model. Conclusions This analysis predicts that a flat dose of 10 to 480 mg q3wk is suitable as starting dose for a First-in-Human study with MCLA-128. Flat doses ≥360 mg q3wk are expected to be efficacious in human, based on receptor occupancies and PK-PD model simulations.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Biespecíficos/farmacologia , Anticorpos Biespecíficos/farmacocinética , Anticorpos Monoclonais/farmacologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais/farmacocinética , Imunoglobulina G/farmacologia , Modelos Biológicos , Pesquisa Translacional Biomédica , Animais , Área Sob a Curva , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Simulação por Computador , Relação Dose-Resposta Imunológica , Feminino , Humanos , Macaca fascicularis , Camundongos , Camundongos SCID , Resultado do Tratamento , Carga Tumoral , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Therapeutic antibodies have broad indications across diverse disease states, such as oncology, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. New research continues to identify antibodies with therapeutic potential as well as methods to improve upon endogenous antibodies and to design antibodies de novo. On April 27-30, 2022, experts in antibody research across academia and industry met for the Keystone symposium "Antibodies as Drugs" to present the state-of-the-art in antibody therapeutics, repertoires and deep learning, bispecific antibodies, and engineering.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Biespecíficos , Humanos , Anticorpos Biespecíficos/uso terapêutico , ImunoterapiaRESUMO
NRG1 rearrangements are recurrent oncogenic drivers in solid tumors. NRG1 binds to HER3, leading to heterodimerization with other HER/ERBB kinases, increased downstream signaling, and tumorigenesis. Targeting ERBBs, therefore, represents a therapeutic strategy for these cancers. We investigated zenocutuzumab (Zeno; MCLA-128), an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity-enhanced anti-HER2xHER3 bispecific antibody, in NRG1 fusion-positive isogenic and patient-derived cell lines and xenograft models. Zeno inhibited HER3 and AKT phosphorylation, induced expression of apoptosis markers, and inhibited growth. Three patients with chemotherapy-resistant NRG1 fusion-positive metastatic cancer were treated with Zeno. Two patients with ATP1B1-NRG1-positive pancreatic cancer achieved rapid symptomatic, biomarker, and radiographic responses and remained on treatment for over 12 months. A patient with CD74-NRG1-positive non-small cell lung cancer who had progressed on six prior lines of systemic therapy, including afatinib, responded rapidly to treatment with a partial response. Targeting HER2 and HER3 simultaneously with Zeno is a novel therapeutic paradigm for patients with NRG1 fusion-positive cancers. SIGNIFICANCE: NRG1 rearrangements encode chimeric ligands that activate the ERBB receptor tyrosine kinase family. Here we show that targeting HER2 and HER3 simultaneously with the bispecific antibody Zeno leads to durable clinical responses in patients with NRG1 fusion-positive cancers and is thus an effective therapeutic strategy. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1171.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Anticorpos Biespecíficos , Carcinogênese/genética , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Rearranjo Gênico , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neuregulina-1/genética , Receptor ErbB-2 , Receptor ErbB-3/genética , Receptor ErbB-3/metabolismoRESUMO
Immune checkpoint inhibitors demonstrate clinical activity in many tumor types, however, only a fraction of patients benefit. Combining CD137 agonists with these inhibitors increases anti-tumor activity preclinically, but attempts to translate these observations to the clinic have been hampered by systemic toxicity. Here we describe a human CD137xPD-L1 bispecific antibody, MCLA-145, identified through functional screening of agonist- and immune checkpoint inhibitor arm combinations. MCLA-145 potently activates T cells at sub-nanomolar concentrations, even under suppressive conditions, and enhances T cell priming, differentiation and memory recall responses. In vivo, MCLA-145 anti-tumor activity is superior to immune checkpoint inhibitor comparators and linked to recruitment and intra-tumor expansion of CD8 + T cells. No graft-versus-host-disease is observed in contrast to other antibodies inhibiting the PD-1 and PD-L1 pathway. Non-human primates treated with 100 mg/kg/week of MCLA-145 show no adverse effects. The conditional activation of CD137 signaling by MCLA-145, triggered by neighboring cells expressing >5000 copies of PD-L1, may provide both safety and potency advantages.
Assuntos
Ligante 4-1BB/agonistas , Anticorpos Biespecíficos/farmacologia , Antígeno B7-H1/antagonistas & inibidores , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/farmacologia , Ligante 4-1BB/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Biespecíficos/imunologia , Antígeno B7-H1/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Epitopos , Humanos , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/imunologia , Tolerância Imunológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Memória Imunológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Imunoterapia , Ativação Linfocitária/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The discovery of novel target antigens for antibody-based immunotherapy is still a major challenge. Antibody phage display is one of the technologies that is widely applied for the identification of novel cell surface molecules on intact eukaryotic cells and many reports describe the isolation of phage-antibodies binding to restricted cell populations such as cells in a certain pathological condition. However, the transition from cell-specific phage antibodies to the identification of the target antigens is still a major hurdle. Herein a method is described for the identification of these cell surface molecules using two complementary technologies. A genomic approach based on expression cloning can be used when cDNA libraries and antigen-negative cells are available. Otherwise, a proteomic approach based on small scale immunoprecipitation followed by large scale purification and mass-spectrometry-based identification can be applied. Correct identification of the antigens is confirmed using technologies such as recombinant expression of the target antigen followed by immunoprecipitation or cDNA transfection and FACS analysis.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Genômica/métodos , Proteínas de Membrana/análise , Proteômica/métodos , Biotinilação , Linhagem Celular , Clonagem Molecular , Citometria de Fluxo , Biblioteca Gênica , Imunoprecipitação , Espectrometria de Massas , Proteínas de Membrana/imunologia , Biblioteca de Peptídeos , Plasmídeos , TransfecçãoRESUMO
HER2-driven cancers require phosphatidylinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling through HER3 to promote tumor growth and survival. The therapeutic benefit of HER2-targeting agents, which depend on PI3K/Akt inhibition, can be overcome by hyperactivation of the heregulin (HRG)/HER3 pathway. Here we describe an unbiased phenotypic combinatorial screening approach to identify a bispecific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) antibody against HER2 and HER3. In tumor models resistant to HER2-targeting agents, the bispecific IgG1 potently inhibits the HRG/HER3 pathway and downstream PI3K/Akt signaling via a "dock & block" mechanism. This bispecific IgG1 is a potentially effective therapy for breast cancer and other tumors with hyperactivated HRG/HER3 signaling.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Biespecíficos/administração & dosagem , Imunoglobulina G/administração & dosagem , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Receptor ErbB-2/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptor ErbB-3/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Anticorpos Biespecíficos/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/farmacologia , Células MCF-7 , Camundongos , Modelos Moleculares , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Receptor ErbB-2/química , Receptor ErbB-3/química , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
The integrin alpha6beta4 has been implicated in two apparently contrasting processes, i.e., the formation of stable adhesions, and cell migration and invasion. To study the dynamic properties of alpha6beta4 in live cells two different beta4-chimeras were stably expressed in beta4-deficient PA-JEB keratinocytes. One chimera consisted of full-length beta4 fused to EGFP at its carboxy terminus (beta4-EGFP). In a second chimera the extracellular part of beta4 was replaced by EGFP (EGFP-beta4), thereby rendering it incapable of associating with alpha6 and thus of binding to laminin-5. Both chimeras induce the formation of hemidesmosome-like structures, which contain plectin and often also BP180 and BP230. During cell migration and division, the beta4-EGFP and EGFP-beta4 hemidesmosomes disappear, and a proportion of the beta4-EGFP, but not of the EGFP-beta4 molecules, become part of retraction fibers, which are occasionally ripped from the cell membrane, thereby leaving "footprints" of the migrating cell. PA-JEB cells expressing beta4-EGFP migrate considerably more slowly than those that express EGFP-beta4. Studies with a beta4-EGFP mutant that is unable to interact with plectin and thus with the cytoskeleton (beta4(R1281W)-EGFP) suggest that the stabilization of the interaction between alpha6beta4 and LN-5, rather than the increased adhesion to LN-5, is responsible for the inhibition of migration. Consistent with this, photobleaching and recovery experiments revealed that the interaction of beta4 with plectin renders the bond between alpha6beta4 and laminin-5 more stable, i.e., beta4-EGFP is less dynamic than beta4(R1281W)-EGFP. On the other hand, when alpha6beta4 is bound to laminin-5, the binding dynamics of beta4 to plectin are increased, i.e., beta4-EGFP is more dynamic than EGFP-beta4. We suggest that the stability of the interaction between alpha6beta4 and laminin-5 is influenced by the clustering of alpha6beta4 through the deposition of laminin-5 underneath the cells. This clustering ultimately determines whether alpha6beta4 will inhibit cell migration or not.
Assuntos
Movimento Celular/fisiologia , Integrina alfa6beta4/química , Integrina alfa6beta4/metabolismo , Queratinócitos/metabolismo , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Recuperação de Fluorescência Após Fotodegradação , Hemidesmossomos/metabolismo , Humanos , Integrina alfa6beta4/genética , Queratinócitos/citologia , Laminina/metabolismo , Microscopia de Vídeo , Mitose/fisiologia , Ligação Proteica , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/metabolismoRESUMO
Seasonal epidemics of West Nile virus (WNV) infection now occur throughout North America, causing clinical symptoms ranging from fever to encephalitis. There are no specific treatment options or licensed vaccines. Several classically developed vaccine candidates are being evaluated in clinical trials. However, questions of safety and/or immunogenicity may limit their usefulness. Mapping of human and murine antibody repertoires against the WNV envelope protein after WNV infection have revealed important insights into the protective immune response against the virus. This review will give an overview of vaccines under development and summarize current data on E-protein antigenicity that could aid in the design of next generation WNV vaccines.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Mapeamento de Epitopos , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/imunologia , Febre do Nilo Ocidental/prevenção & controle , Vacinas contra o Vírus do Nilo Ocidental/uso terapêutico , Vírus do Nilo Ocidental/imunologia , Animais , Desenho de Fármacos , Humanos , Epitopos Imunodominantes , Camundongos , Vacinação/tendências , Febre do Nilo Ocidental/imunologia , Febre do Nilo Ocidental/terapia , Vacinas contra o Vírus do Nilo Ocidental/imunologiaRESUMO
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) neutralizing West Nile Virus (WNV) have been shown to protect against infection in animal models and have been identified as a correlate of protection in WNV vaccine studies. In the present study, antibody repertoires from three convalescent WNV-infected patients were cloned into an scFv phage library, and 138 human MAbs binding to WNV were identified. One hundred twenty-one MAbs specifically bound to the viral envelope (E) protein and four MAbs to the premembrane (prM) protein. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based competitive-binding assays with representative E protein-specific MAbs demonstrated that 24/51 (47%) bound to domain II while only 4/51 (8%) targeted domain III. In vitro neutralizing activity was demonstrated for 12 MAbs, and two of these, CR4374 and CR4353, protected mice from lethal WNV challenge at 50% protective doses of 12.9 and 357 mug/kg of body weight, respectively. Our data analyzing three infected individuals suggest that the human anti-WNV repertoire after natural infection is dominated by nonneutralizing or weakly neutralizing MAbs binding to domain II of the E protein, while domain III-binding MAbs able to potently neutralize WNV in vitro and in vivo are rare.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/imunologia , Febre do Nilo Ocidental/imunologia , Vírus do Nilo Ocidental/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/genética , Anticorpos Antivirais/genética , Especificidade de Anticorpos/genética , Especificidade de Anticorpos/imunologia , Sítios de Ligação de Anticorpos/genética , Sítios de Ligação de Anticorpos/imunologia , Clonagem Molecular , Humanos , Camundongos , Estrutura Terciária de ProteínaRESUMO
CD151 is a cell surface protein that belongs to the tetraspanin superfamily. It forms complexes with the laminin-binding integrins alpha3beta1, alpha6beta1 and alpha6beta4 and is codistributed with these integrins in many tissues at sites of cell-matrix interactions. In this study we show that CD151 can also form stable complexes with the laminin-binding integrin alpha7beta1. The strength of this interaction is comparable to that between CD151 and alpha3beta1. Complexes of alpha3beta1, alpha6beta1 and alpha7beta1 with CD151 are equally well formed with all splice variants of the alpha3, alpha6 and alpha7 subunits, and complex formation is not affected by mutations that prevent the cleavage of the integrin alpha6 subunit. Like the expression of alpha3beta1 and alpha6beta1, expression of alpha7beta1 in K562 cells results in increased levels of CD151 at its surface. Two non-integrin laminin receptors, dystroglycan and the polypeptide on which the Lutheran blood group antigens are expressed, are also often colocalized with CD151, but no association with CD151-alpha3beta1 complexes was found with biochemical analysis. The anti-CD151 antibody TS151R detects an epitope at a site at which CD151 interacts with integrins, and therefore it cannot react with CD151 when it is bound to an integrin. Comparison of the straining patterns produced by TS151R with that by of an anti-CD151 antibody recognizing an epitope outside the binding site (P48) revealed that most tissues expressing one or more laminin-binding integrins reacted with P48 but not with TS151R. However, smooth muscle cells that express alpha7beta1 and renal tubular epithelial cells that express alpha6beta1 were stained equally well by TS151R and P48. These results suggest that the interactions between CD151 and laminin-binding integrins are subject to cell-type-specific regulation.