RESUMO
Furanocoumarins are naturally occurring compounds in the plant world, characterized by low molecular weight, simple chemical structure, and high solubility in most organic solvents. Additionally, they have a broad spectrum of activity, and their properties depend on the location and type of attached substituents. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the anticancer activity of furanocoumarins (imperatorin, isoimperatorin, bergapten, and xanthotoxin) in relation to human glioblastoma multiforme (T98G) and anaplastic astrocytoma (MOGGCCM) cell lines. The tested compounds were used for the first time in combination with LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) and sorafenib (Raf inhibitor). Apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis were identified microscopically after straining with Hoechst 33342, acridine orange, and propidium iodide, respectively. The levels of caspase 3 and Beclin 1 were estimated by immunoblotting and for the blocking of Raf and PI3K kinases, the transfection with specific siRNA was used. The scratch test was used to assess the migration potential of glioma cells. Our studies showed that the anticancer activity of furanocoumarins strictly depended on the presence, type, and location of substituents. The obtained results suggest that achieving higher pro-apoptotic activity is determined by the presence of an isoprenyl moiety at the C8 position of the coumarin skeleton. In both anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma, imperatorin was the most effective in induction apoptosis. Furthermore, the usage of imperatorin, alone and in combination with sorafenib or LY294002, decreased the migratory potential of MOGGCCM and T98G cells.
Assuntos
Astrocitoma , Cromonas , Furocumarinas , Glioblastoma , Glioma , Morfolinas , Humanos , Sorafenibe/farmacologia , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases , Glioma/tratamento farmacológico , Furocumarinas/farmacologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Most nanoparticles (NPs) have a significant impact on the structure and function of the plant photosynthetic apparatus. However, their spectrum of action varies significantly, from beneficial stimulation to toxicity, depending on the type of NPs, the concentration used and plant genotypic diversity. Photosynthetic performance can be assessed through chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) measurements. These data allow to indirectly obtain detailed information about primary light reactions, thylakoid electron transport reactions, dark enzymatic stroma reactions, slow regulatory processes, processes at the pigment level. It makes possible, together with leaf reflectance performance, to evaluate photosynthesis sensitivity to stress stimuli. RESULTS: We investigated effects of different metal and metal(oid) oxide nanoparticles on photosynthesis of oakleaf lettuce seedlings by monitoring the chlorophyll a fluorescence light radiation and reflectance from the leaves. Observations of ChlF parameters and changes in leaf morphology were carried out for 9 days in two-day intervals. Spectrophotometric studies were performed at 9th day. Suspensions of NPs with the following concentrations were used: 6% TiO2, SiO2; 3% CeO2, SnO2, Fe2O3; 0.004% (40 ppm) Ag; 0.002% (20 ppm) Au. Nanoparticles were applied directly on the leaves which caused small symptoms of chlorosis, necrosis and leaf veins deformation, but the plants fully recovered to the initial morphological state at 9th day. Leaf reflectance analysis showed an increase in FRI for SiO2-NPs and CeO2-NPs treatments and ARI2 for Fe2O3, however, WBI and PRI coefficients for the latter nanoparticle were lower than in control. Chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters have changed due to NPs treatment. Fe2O3-NPs caused an increase in Fv/F0, PIABS, ET0/RC, DI0/RC, ABS/RC in different time points in comparison to control, also Ag, Au and SnO2 treatment caused an increase in Fv/F0, PIABS or ET0/RC, respectively. On the other hand, TiO2-NPs caused a decrease in Fv/Fm and Fv/F0 parameters, but an increase in DI0/RC value was observed. SnO2-NPs decreased PIABS, but increased ET0/RC than compared to control. Nanoparticles affected the shape of the O-J-I-P curve in slight manner, however, further analyses showed unfavourable changes within the PSII antenna, manifested by a slowdown in the transport of electrons between the Chl molecules of the light-harvesting complex II and the active center of PSII due to NPs application. CONCLUSION: Changes in ChlF parameters and leaf reflectance values clearly proved the significant influence of NPs on the functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus, especially right after NPs application. The nature of these changes was strictly depended on the type of nanoparticles and sometimes underwent very significant changes over time. The greatest changes in ChlF parameters were caused by Fe2O3 nanoparticles, followed by TiO2-NPs. After slight response of O-J-I-P curves to treatment of the plants with NPs the course of the light phase of photosynthesis stabilized and at 9th day were comparable to the control curve.
Assuntos
Clorofila , Nanopartículas , Clorofila A , Lactuca , Óxidos/farmacologia , Fluorescência , Dióxido de Silício/farmacologia , Complexo de Proteína do Fotossistema II , Folhas de Planta/fisiologiaRESUMO
The aim of the study was to investigate the anticancer potential of LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) and temozolomide using glioblastoma multiforme (T98G) and anaplastic astrocytoma (MOGGCCM) cells. Apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis, and granules in the cytoplasm were identified microscopically (fluorescence and electron microscopes). The mitochondrial membrane potential was studied by flow cytometry. The activity of caspases 3, 8, and 9 and Akt was evaluated fluorometrically, while the expression of Beclin 1, PI3K, Akt, mTOR, caspase 12, and Hsp27 was determined by immunoblotting. SiRNA was used to block Hsp27 and PI3K expression. Cell migration and localization of Hsp27 were tested with the wound healing assay and immunocytochemistry, respectively. LY294002 effectively diminished the migratory potential and increased programmed death of T98G and MOGGCCM. Autophagy was dominant in MOGGCCM, while apoptosis was dominant in T98G. LY294002 with temozolomide did not potentiate cell death but redirected autophagy toward apoptosis, which was correlated with ER stress. A similar effect was observed after blocking PI3K expression with siRNA. Transfection with Hsp27 siRNA significantly increased apoptosis related to ER stress. Our results indicate that inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway sensitizes glioma cells to apoptosis upon temozolomide treatment, which was correlated with ER stress. Hsp27 increases the resistance of glioma cells to cell death upon temozolomide treatment.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Cromonas/farmacologia , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Glioblastoma/tratamento farmacológico , Morfolinas/farmacologia , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Temozolomida/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos Alquilantes/farmacologia , Apoptose , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Proliferação de Células , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Glioblastoma/genética , Glioblastoma/metabolismo , Glioblastoma/patologia , Humanos , Potencial da Membrana Mitocondrial , Necrose , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/química , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/genética , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
Arnica montana L. is a medicinal plant with diverse biological activities commonly used in pharmacy and cosmetics. The attributes of A. montana are mainly related to the concentration and chemical composition of essential oils (EOs). Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize the chemical composition of EOs derived from A. montana rhizomes and roots taking into account the age of the plants and to investigate the effect of the analyzed EOs on induction of apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy in human glioblastoma multiforme T98G and anaplastic astrocytoma MOGGCCM cell lines. Rhizomes and roots of mountain arnica were harvested at the end of the third and fourth vegetation periods. The chemical composition of essential oils was determined with the GC-MS technique. Among the 37 components of the essential oil of A. montana, 2,5-dimethoxy-p-cymene (46.47%-60.31%), 2,6-diisopropylanisole (14.48%-23.10%), thymol methyl ether (5.31%-17.79%), p-methoxyheptanophenone (5.07%-9.65%), and α-isocomene (0.68%-2.87%), were detected in the rhizomes and roots of the three-year-old plants and in the rhizomes and roots of the four-year-old plants. The plant part (rhizome, root) and plant age can be determinants of the essential oil composition and, consequently, their biological activity. The induction of apoptosis (but not autophagy nor necrosis) at a level of 28.5%-32.3% is a promising result, for which 2,5-dimethoxy-p-cymene, 2,6-diisopropylanisole, thymol methyl ether, and p-methoxyheptanophenone are probably mainly responsible. The present study is the first report on the anticancer activities of essential oils from A. montana rhizomes and roots.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Arnica/química , Glioblastoma/tratamento farmacológico , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/química , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Glioblastoma/patologia , Humanos , Óleos Voláteis/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Raízes de Plantas/química , Rizoma/químicaRESUMO
Coumarins, which occur naturally in the plant kingdom, are diverse class of secondary metabolites. With their antiproliferative, chemopreventive and antiangiogenetic properties, they can be used in the treatment of cancer. Their therapeutic potential depends on the type and location of the attachment of substituents to the ring. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the effect of simple coumarins (osthole, umbelliferone, esculin, and 4-hydroxycoumarin) combined with sorafenib (specific inhibitor of Raf (Rapidly Accelerated Fibrosarcoma) kinase) in programmed death induction in human glioblastoma multiforme (T98G) and anaplastic astrocytoma (MOGGCCM) cells lines. Osthole and umbelliferone were isolated from fruits: Mutellina purpurea L. and Heracleum leskowii L., respectively, while esculin and 4-hydroxycoumarin were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis were identified microscopically after straining with specific fluorochromes. The level of caspase 3, Beclin 1, PI3K (Phosphoinositide 3-kinase), and Raf kinases were estimated by immunoblotting. Transfection with specific siRNA (small interfering RNA) was used to block Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2), Raf, and PI3K expression. Cell migration was tested with the wound healing assay. The present study has shown that all the coumarins eliminated the MOGGCCM and T98G tumor cells mainly via apoptosis and, to a lesser extent, via autophagy. Osthole, which has an isoprenyl moiety, was shown to be the most effective compound. Sorafenib did not change the proapoptotic activity of this coumarin; however, it reduced the level of autophagy. At the molecular level, the induction of apoptosis was associated with a decrease in the expression of PI3K and Raf kinases, whereas an increase in the level of Beclin 1 was observed in the case of autophagy. Inhibition of the expression of this protein by specific siRNA eliminated autophagy. Moreover, the blocking of the expression of Bcl-2 and PI3K significantly increased the level of apoptosis. Osthole and sorafenib successfully inhibited the migration of the MOGGCCM and T98G cells.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Cumarínicos/farmacologia , Glioblastoma/tratamento farmacológico , Magnoliopsida/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Sorafenibe/farmacologia , 4-Hidroxicumarinas/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/isolamento & purificação , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteína Beclina-1/genética , Proteína Beclina-1/metabolismo , Caspase 3/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Esculina/farmacologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Necrose/tratamento farmacológico , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/genética , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/metabolismo , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , Umbeliferonas/farmacologia , Quinases raf/metabolismoRESUMO
Mountain arnica Arnica montana L. is a source of several metabolite classes with diverse biological activities. The chemical composition of essential oil and its major volatile components in arnica may vary depending on the geographical region, environmental factors, and plant organ. The objective of this study was to characterize the chemical composition of essential oil derived from A. montana achenes and to investigate its effect on induction of apoptosis and autophagy in human anaplastic astrocytoma MOGGCCM and glioblastoma multiforme T98G cell lines. The chemical composition of essential oil extracted from the achenes was examined with the use of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry GC-MS. Only 16 components of the essential oil obtained from the achenes of 3-year-old plants and 18 components in the essential oil obtained from the achenes of 4-year-old plants constituted ca. 94.14% and 96.38% of the total EO content, respectively. The main components in the EO from the arnica achenes were 2,5-dimethoxy-p-cymene (39.54 and 44.65%), cumene (13.24 and 10.71%), thymol methyl ether (8.66 and 8.63%), 2,6-diisopropylanisole (8.55 and 8.41%), decanal (7.31 and 6.28%), and 1,2,2,3-tetramethylcyclopent-3-enol (4.33 and 2.94%) in the 3- and 4-year-old plants, respectively. The essential oils were found to exert an anticancer effect by induction of cell death in anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme cells. The induction of apoptosis at a level of 25.7-32.7% facilitates the use of this secondary metabolite in further studies focused on the development of glioma therapy in the future. Probably, this component plays a key role in the anticancer activity against the MOGGCCM and T98G cell lines. The present study is the first report on the composition and anticancer activities of essential oil from A. montana achenes, and further studies are required to explore its potential for future medicinal purposes.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/química , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Arnica/química , Óleos Voláteis/química , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Compostos Fitoquímicos/química , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Óleos de Plantas/química , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologiaRESUMO
The presented studies were aimed at exploring the role of neutral endopeptidase (NEP) in the function of colon cancer cell lines LS 180 and SW 620, derived from different grades and stages of tumor development. NEP silencing by siRNA resulted in decreased viability and proliferation accompanied by increased apoptosis in both cell lines. Additionally, cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase was observed, but only in LS 180 cells. Opposite to these results, serum-stimulated migration was increased in both cell lines. Furthermore, NEP silencing influenced the invasive activity of LS 180 and SW 620 cells in an opposite manner: while LS 180 cells showed an enhanced invasiveness, SW 620 cells exerted a reduced activity. An exploration of the activity of signaling molecules responsible for the function of tumor cells-Akt, PTEN, and FAK-after NEP silencing indicated that the endopeptidase is involved in their regulation. The increased phosphorylation level of Akt was accompanied by a decrease in PTEN in the presence of a high concentration of serum. A reduced concentration of serum did not change the phosphorylation status of Akt. Enhanced autophosphorylation of FAK was observed in LS 180 and SW 620 cells cultivated in a medium with a high concentration of serum. Taken together, these results confirm that NEP is implicated in the regulation of the survival, growth, and motile activity of colon cancer. This is also the first report which shows that NEP mediates cancer cell migration and invasiveness, but not growth and survival, through Akt/FAK signaling pathways.
Assuntos
Transformação Celular Neoplásica/metabolismo , Neoplasias do Colo/metabolismo , Neoplasias do Colo/patologia , Neprilisina/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Apoptose , Ciclo Celular/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular/genética , Proliferação de Células , Transformação Celular Neoplásica/genética , Neoplasias do Colo/genética , Proteína-Tirosina Quinases de Adesão Focal/metabolismo , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Inativação Gênica , Humanos , Gradação de Tumores , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Neprilisina/genética , PTEN Fosfo-Hidrolase/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismoRESUMO
The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of quercetin and imperatorin administered separately and in combination on apoptosis and autophagy induction in human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells and laryngeal carcinoma Hep-2 cells cultured in vitro. Conducted MTT measurements proved that quercetin and imperatorin displayed a strong antiproliferative activity manifested in markedly reduction of HeLa and Hep-2 cells viability as a result of treatment with 50 µM of each compound. Further cell staining assays revealed that concentration mentioned above generated the highest percentage of apoptotic cells especially in the case of application of both drugs for 48 h. Simultaneous quercetin and imperatorin administration induced apoptosis remarkably stronger than treatment with single drugs. Experiments at the molecular level confirmed these results accompanied with the decreased Hsp27 and Hsp72 expression and, in addition, with increased caspases activity. Autophagy was not observed and no significant changes in the expression of beclin-1 were noticed. Additionally, experiments were performed on the above-mentioned cell lines with blocked Hsp27 and Hsp72 expression. In these cells, no significant changes in the sensitivity to apoptosis induction upon quercetin and imperatorin treatment were observed. The present study has provided evidence supporting the potential of the combination of quercetin and imperatorin drugs as a novel tool to be used in anticancer therapy. Our results have also demonstrated that blocking of the Hsp27 and Hsp72 gene expression is not enough to sensitize cancer cells to programmed cell death induction in HeLa and Hep-2 cells.
Assuntos
Morte Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Furocumarinas/farmacologia , Quercetina/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular , Furocumarinas/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Quercetina/administração & dosagemRESUMO
We analyzed the effects of foliar spraying with amino acids, chitosan (CHS) and nanocomposites (NCs) of chitosan with the amino acids proline, L-cysteine and glycine betaine (CHS-Pro NCs; CHS-Cys NCs, CHS-GB NCs, respectively) on the changes in the physiological and biochemical parameters of iceberg lettuce grown at the control temperature (20 °C) and under chilling conditions (4 °C). The physicochemical parameters of the phospholipid monolayers (PLs) extracted from plants showed the effects of the treatments on the properties of the monolayers, namely, the packing density and flexibility. We observed increased accumulation of proline at 4 °C, and differences in the concentrations of sugars in most of the analyzed variants were a consequence of the lowered temperature and/or the use of organic compounds. A temperature of 4 °C caused a significant increase in the L-ascorbic acid level compared with that at 20 °C. Differences were also found in glutathione (GSH) content depending on the temperature and treatment with the tested organic compounds. CHS NCs loaded with Pro and GB were effective at increasing the amount of phenols under stress temperature conditions. We noted that a significant increase in the antioxidant activity of plants at 4 °C occurred after priming with Cys, CHS-Cys NCs, Pro and CHS-Pro NCs, and the CHS nanocomposites were more effective in this respect. Both low-temperature stress and foliar spraying of lettuce with various organic compounds caused changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Two forms of dismutase (SOD), iron superoxide dismutase (FeSOD) and copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/ZnSOD), were identified in extracts from the leaves of iceberg lettuce seedlings. The application of the tested organic compounds, alone or in combination with CHS, increased the amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) in plants grown under controlled temperature conditions. Chilling caused an increase in the content of MDA, but some organic compounds mitigated the impact of low temperature. Compared with that of plants subjected to 20 °C, the fresh weight of plants exposed to chilling decreased. However, the tested compounds caused a decrease in fresh weight at 4 °C compared with the corresponding control samples. An interesting exception was the use of Cys, for which the difference in the fresh weight of plants grown at 20 °C and 4 °C was not statistically significant. After Cys application, the dry weight of the chilled plants was greater than that of the chilled control plants but was also greater than that of the other treated plants in this group. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that engineered chitosan-amino acid nanocomposites could be applied as innovative protective agents to mitigate the effects of chilling stress in crop plants.
Assuntos
Aminoácidos , Quitosana , Lactuca , Nanocompostos , Lactuca/efeitos dos fármacos , Lactuca/metabolismo , Lactuca/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Nanocompostos/química , Quitosana/química , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Aminoácidos/química , Estresse Fisiológico/efeitos dos fármacos , Folhas de Planta/química , Folhas de Planta/efeitos dos fármacos , Folhas de Planta/metabolismo , Temperatura , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Cisteína/metabolismo , Cisteína/química , Prolina/metabolismo , Glutationa/metabolismoRESUMO
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether silencing of Hsp27 or Hsp72 expression in glioblastoma multiforme T98G and anaplastic astrocytoma MOGGCCM cells increases their sensitivity to programmed cell death induction upon temozolomide and/or quercetin treatment. Transfection with specific siRNA was performed for the Hsp gene silencing. As revealed by microscopic observation and flow cytometry, the inhibition of Hsp expression was correlated with severe apoptosis induction upon the drug treatment studied. No signs of autophagy were detected. This was correlated with a decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, increased level of cytochrome c in the cytoplasm, and activation of caspase 3 and caspase 9. All these results suggest that the apoptotic signal was mediated by an internal pathway. Additionally, in a large percentage of cells treated with temozolomide, with or without quercetin, granules within the ER system were found, which was accompanied by an increased level of caspase 12 expression. This might be correlated with ER stress. Quercetin and temozolomide also changed the shape of nuclei from circular to "croissant like" in both transfected cell lines. Our results indicate that blocking of Hsp27 and Hsp72 expression makes T98G cells and MOGGCCM cells extremely vulnerable to apoptosis induction upon temozolomide and quercetin treatment and that programmed cell death is initiated by an internal signal.
Assuntos
Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Dacarbazina/análogos & derivados , Inativação Gênica , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP27/genética , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP72/genética , Quercetina/farmacologia , Astrocitoma/tratamento farmacológico , Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Caspase 12/genética , Caspase 12/metabolismo , Caspase 3/genética , Caspase 3/metabolismo , Caspase 9/genética , Caspase 9/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Citocromos c/metabolismo , Dacarbazina/farmacologia , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático/efeitos dos fármacos , Glioblastoma/tratamento farmacológico , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP27/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP27/metabolismo , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP72/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP72/metabolismo , Proteínas de Choque Térmico , Humanos , Potencial da Membrana Mitocondrial/efeitos dos fármacos , Chaperonas Moleculares , TemozolomidaRESUMO
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most aggressive primary brain tumour. At the cellular and molecular levels, several mechanisms responsible for apoptosis or autophagy induction are blocked. Identification of molecular targets stimulating cells to initiate programmed cell death should be performed for therapeutic purposes. A promising solution is the combination of temozolomide and quercetin. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of both drugs, applied alone and in combinations, on apoptosis and autophagy induction in human glioblastoma multiforme T98G cells. Our results clearly indicate that quercetin and temozolomide induce apoptosis very significantly, having no effect on autophagy induction. At the molecular level, it was correlated with caspase 3 and 9 activation, cytochrome c release from the mitochondrium and a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential. Both drugs are also potent Hsp27 and Hsp72 inhibitors. This suggests that the apoptotic signal goes through an internal pathway. Increased expression of caspase 12 and the presence of several granules in the cytoplasm after temozolomide treatment with or without quercetin preceding appearance of apoptosis may suggest that apoptosis is initiated by ER stress. Additionally, it was accompanied by changes in the nuclear morphology from circular to 'croissant like'.
Assuntos
Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias Encefálicas/tratamento farmacológico , Dacarbazina/análogos & derivados , Glioblastoma/tratamento farmacológico , Quercetina/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos Alquilantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Neoplasias Encefálicas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patologia , Caspase 12/metabolismo , Caspase 3/metabolismo , Caspase 9/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Citocromos c/metabolismo , Dacarbazina/farmacologia , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático/efeitos dos fármacos , Ativação Enzimática , Glioblastoma/metabolismo , Glioblastoma/patologia , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP27/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP72/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Choque Térmico , Humanos , Potencial da Membrana Mitocondrial/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Chaperonas Moleculares , TemozolomidaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Gliomas are the most malignant tumors of the central nervous system. One of the factors in their high drug resistance is avoiding programmed death (PCD) induction. This is related to the overexpression of intracellular survival pathways: PI3K-Akt/PKB-mTOR and Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK. Apoptosis and autophagy are co-existing processes due to the interactions between Bcl-2 and beclin-1 proteins. Their complex may be a molecular "toggle-switch" between PCD types. The aim of this research was to investigate the role of Bcl-2:beclin-1 complex in glioma cell elimination through the combined action of LY294002 and sorafenib. METHODS: Drug cytotoxicity was estimated with an MTT test. The type of cell death was evaluated using variant microscopy techniques (fluorochrome staining, immunocytochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy), as well as the Bcl-2:beclin-1 complex formation and protein localization. Molecular analysis of PCD indicators was conducted through immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation, and ELISA testing. SiRNA was used to block Bcl-2 and beclin-1 expression. RESULTS: The results showed the inhibitors used in simultaneous application resulted in Bcl-2:beclin-1 complex formation and apoptosis becoming dominant. This was accompanied by changes in the location of the tested proteins. CONCLUSIONS: "Switching" between apoptosis and autophagy using PI3K and Raf inhibitors with Bcl-2:beclin-1 complex formation opens new therapeutic perspectives against gliomas.
Assuntos
Glioma , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases , Sorafenibe , Humanos , Apoptose , Autofagia , Proteína Beclina-1 , Glioma/tratamento farmacológico , Glioma/patologia , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Sorafenibe/farmacologia , Sorafenibe/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Creating objects can increase our evaluation of them, even when we compare them to physically identical copies (IKEA effect). Here we evaluate the influence of collaboration on the IKEA effect in two societies-the United Kingdom and India. One hundred twenty-eight 5-to-6-year-old children (48% female, 50% British middle class, 50% Indian middle class) assembled toys in pairs. Half of the children collaborated to assemble a single toy and half assembled their own toy. In both societies, children demonstrated an IKEA effect (η2p = .19), valuing their own creation over an identical copy. This was the case regardless of whether children collaborated or worked independently. In summary, it seems that the IKEA effect is a potent bias that is present in diverse societies and is insensitive to others' contributions in a collaborative environment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
Assuntos
Psicologia da Criança , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Índia , Masculino , Jogos e Brinquedos , Reino UnidoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Gliomas are highly malignant brain tumours with high resistance to chemotherapy. Therefore, investigations of new therapeutic molecules with high anti-glioma activity are of great importance. OBJECTIVES: In this work, biocatalytic esterification of terpene alcohols with proven anti-cancer activity was performed to enhance their potency to induce cell death in human glioblastoma multiforme T98G and anaplastic astrocytoma MOGGCCM cell lines in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS: We used primary terpene alcohols and carboxylic acids with a length of two to nine carbon atoms. The structure of the alcohols had an influence on the esterification efficiency, which decreased in the following order: monocyclic > linear > bicyclic. Terpene alcohols and their esters only induced apoptotic cell death, which is highly desirable from a therapeutic point of view, but did not induce autophagy and necrosis. The esterification of perillyl alcohol with butyric acid caused a 4-fold increase in cell death induction in the T98G line. Citronellol valerate, caprylate, and pelargonate and myrtenol butyrate, caprylate and pelargonate also showed higher activity than their alcohol precursors. CONCLUSION: We have herein shown that esterification of natural alcohols by biocatalysis can be used for improving the activity of other compounds investigated for their anti-glioma activity.
Assuntos
Astrocitoma , Glioblastoma , Glioma , Astrocitoma/tratamento farmacológico , Biocatálise , Ésteres/uso terapêutico , Glioblastoma/tratamento farmacológico , Glioma/tratamento farmacológico , Glioma/metabolismo , Humanos , Terpenos/farmacologia , Terpenos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
The prognosis for ovarian cancer (OC) patients is poor and the five-year survival rate is only 47%. Immune checkpoints (ICPs) appear to be the potential targets in up-and-coming OC treatment. However, the response of OC patients to immunotherapy based on programmed cell death pathway (PD-1/PD-L1) inhibitors totals only 6-15%. The promising approach is a combined therapy, including other ICPs such as the T-cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain/CD155/DNAX accessory molecule-1 (TIGIT/CD155/DNAM-1) axis. Preclinical studies in a murine model of colorectal cancer showed that the dual blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 and TIGIT led to remission in the whole studied group vs. the regression of the tumors with the blockade of a single pathway. The approach stimulates the effector activity of T cells and NK cells, and redirects the immune system activity against the tumor. The understanding of the synergistic action of the TIGIT and PD-1/PD-L1 blockade is, however, poor. Thus, the aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about the mode of action of the dual TIGIT and PD-1/PD-L1 blockade and its potential benefits for OC patients. Considering the positive impact of this combined therapy in malignancies, including lung and colorectal cancer, it appears to be a promising approach in OC treatment.
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Arnica montana L. is one of Europe's endemic endangered medicinal plants, with diverse biological activities commonly used in medicine, pharmacy, and cosmetics. Its flower heads are a rich source of raw material, with antibacterial, antifungal, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antiradical, antioxidant, and antitumor properties. The objective of the present study was (i) to characterize the chemical composition of flower heads of A. montana plants cultivated under nitrogen fertilization, (ii) to identify the impact of the nitrogen fertilization and extraction method (water, ethanol) on the antioxidant activity of extracts, and (iii) to determine the role of different nitrogen doses applied during plant cultivation and different extraction methods in the anticancer activity of the extracts through analysis of apoptosis and autophagy induction in HT29, HeLa, and SW620 cell lines. The present study shows that nitrogen is a crucial determinant of the chemical composition of arnica flower heads and the antioxidant and anticancer activity of the analyzed extracts. Nitrogen fertilization can modify the composition of pharmacologically active substances (sesquiterpene lactones, flavonoids, essential oil) in Arnicae flos. The content of sesquiterpene lactones, flavonoids, and essential oil increased with the increase in the nitrogen doses to 60 kg N ha-1 by 0.66%, 1.45%, and 0.27%, respectively. A further increase in the nitrogen dose resulted in a decrease in the content of the analyzed secondary metabolites. Varied levels of nitrogen application can be regarded as a relevant way to modify the chemical composition of arnica flower heads and to increase the anticancer activity, which was confirmed by the increase in the level of apoptosis with the increase in fertilization to a level of 60 kg N ha-1. The fertilization of arnica plants with low doses of nitrogen (30 and 60 kg N ha-1) significantly increased the LOX inhibition ability of the ethanol extracts. The present study is the first report on the anticancer activity of A. montana water extracts, with emphasis on the role of water as a solvent. In further studies of factors modifying the quality of Arnicae flos, attention should be paid to the simultaneous use of nitrogen and other microelements to achieve synergistic results and to the possibility of a more frequent use of water as a solvent in studies on the biological activity of A. montana extracts.
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Endometriosis (EMS) is a common gynecological disease characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. Approximately 10% of women around the world suffer from this disease. Recent studies suggest that endometriosis has potential to transform into endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer (EAOC). Endometriosis is connected with chronic inflammation and changes in the phenotype, activity, and function of immune cells. The underlying mechanisms include quantitative and functional disturbances of neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages (MO/MA), natural killer cells (NK), and T cells. A few reports have shown that immunosuppressive cells such as regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) may promote the progression of endometriosis. MDSCs are a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells (dendritic cells, granulocytes, and MO/MA precursors), which play an important role in the development of immunological diseases such as chronic inflammation and cancer. The presence of MDSCs in pathological conditions correlates with immunosuppression, angiogenesis, or release of growth factors and cytokines, which promote progression of these diseases. In this paper, we review the impact of MDSCs on different populations of immune cells, focusing on their immunosuppressive role in the immune system, which may be related with the pathogenesis and/or progression of endometriosis and its transformation into ovarian cancer.
Assuntos
Endometriose/metabolismo , Endométrio/metabolismo , Granulócitos/metabolismo , Células Supressoras Mieloides/metabolismo , Endométrio/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Tolerância Imunológica/imunologia , Células Mieloides/metabolismoRESUMO
The present study aimed to demonstrate Lentinus (formerly Pleurotus) sajor-caju (PSC) as a good source of pro-health substances. It has also shown that supplementation of its culture medium with cow milk may further improve its beneficial properties. Intracellular fractions from fungi grown on a medium supplemented with cow milk were analyzed using various biochemical methods for determination of the nutrient composition. Furthermore, anti-cancer properties of selected extracts were investigated on colorectal cancer cell lines (HT-29, LS 180, and SW948) in vitro. Biochemical analysis showed enrichment in health-enhancing compounds, such as proteins or polysaccharides (about 3.5- and 4.5-fold increase in concentration of proteins and carbohydratesin extracts of mycelia cultured on whole milk (PSC2-I), respectively), with a decrease in the level of free radicals (10-fold decrease in extract grown on milk and medium mixture (1:1) (PSC3-II)), which was related to increased catalase and superoxide dismutase activity (7.5-fold increase in catalase activity and 5-fold in SOD activity in PSC3-II compared to the control). Moreover, the viability of the cancer cells was diminished (to 60.0 ± 6.8% and 40.0 ± 8.6% of the control, on HT-29 and SW948 cells, respectively), along with pro-apoptotic (to 18.8 ± 11.8 and 14.7 ± 8.0% towards LS 180 and SW948 cells, respectively) and NO-secreting effects (about 2-fold increase) of the extracts. This study suggests that PSC has multiple nutritional and anti-cancer properties and can be used as a source of healthy biomolecules in modern medicine or functional foods.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Lentinula/metabolismo , Leite/química , Pleurotus/metabolismo , Animais , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Apoptose , Catalase/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Células HT29 , Humanos , Necrose , Óxido Nítrico/química , Polissacarídeos/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismoRESUMO
AIM: The anti-glioma effect of lensoside Aß alone and in combination with sorafenib (pro-survival Raf kinase inhibitor) was evaluated for the first time in terms of programmed cell death induction in anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme cell lines as an experimental model. Apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis were identified microscopically (fluorescence and scanning microscopes) and confirmed by flow cytometry (mitochondrial membrane potential MMP and cell death). The expression of apoptotic (caspase 3) and autophagic markers (beclin 1) as well as Raf kinase were estimated by immunoblotting. The FTIR method was used to determine the interaction of the studied drugs with lipid and protein groups within cells, while the modes of drug action within the cells were assessed with the FLIM technique. RESULTS: Lensoside Aß itself does not exhibit anti-glioma activity but significantly enhances the anti-cancer potential of sorafenib, initiating mainly apoptosis of up to 90% of cells. It was correlated with an increased level of active caspase 3, a reduced MMP value, and a lower level of Raf kinase. The interaction with membrane structures led to morphological changes typical of programmed death. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that lensoside Aß plays an important role as an adjuvant in chemotherapy with sorafenib and may be a potential candidate in anti-glioma combination therapy.
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Tumor chemoresistance and metastasis are some of the most important problems in colon cancer therapy. In the present study, co-cultures of human colon carcinoma cell spheroids, obtained from different grades of tumor, with human colon epithelium, myofibroblast and endothelial cell monolayers were performed. The purpose of these co-cultures was to reflect, in in vitro conditions, different stages of colon tumor development. In order to investigate the invasive capacities of the tumor cells and their resistance to chemotherapy, HGF, HSP27, HSP72 and MRP levels were analyzed after incubation of the co-cultures with IL-1beta and irinotecan (CPT-11) added as single agents or in combination. Myofibroblasts produced significantly higher amounts of HGF than epithelial cells. Tumor cells released trace amounts of this molecule. In cocultures, IL-1beta induced HGF release, while CPT-11 alone or combined with IL-1beta decreased HGF secretion. An immunoblotting analysis followed by densitometry revealed that the combination of IL-1beta plus CPT-11 added to the cocultures led to a decrease in HSPs and MRP levels. In conclusion, direct and paracrine interactions of colon tumor cell spheroids with normal cells and exogenously added CPT-11 change HSP27, HSP72 and MRP expression in comparison to monocultures. IL-1beta and CPT-11, dependent on whether they are added separately or jointly, differentially modulate HGF expression in monocultures of colon tumor spheroids or normal cells and their co-cultures.