RESUMO
School meals contribute substantially to overall energy and nutrient intake adequacy of children, but also play an important role in the development of child food habits and the socialisation process. Evidence shows that school based environmental actions, which include changes in school meals and school food policies related to increased availability and access to healthy foods and drinks while in the school are effective to foster healthy eating practices among children. A growing number of children engage in school meals. Available information to date shows that the quality of the food on offer is not always consistent with dietary guidelines. Vegetables and fish are served less often than desirable and excess added fats are used in food preparations. Norms and regulations are very detailed regarding food safety issues and administrative management of the service, including subcontracting of catering providers and care staff. Nutrition and health promotion issues should also be included in regulations by means of nutrition recommendations for school meals along with information on food based dietary guidelines and portion sizes. School meals should be part of the educational project using a whole school approach.
Assuntos
Serviços de Alimentação/normas , Diretrizes para o Planejamento em Saúde , Serviços de Saúde Escolar/normas , Criança , Alimentos/normas , Humanos , Valor Nutritivo , Instituições Acadêmicas , EspanhaRESUMO
The present work describes clinically useful experimental models for the study of cardiovascular disease and emphasites the models used to determine the pathophysiologic mechanisms of atherosclerosis, as well as to evaluate the effects of nutritional and pharmacological products on the development of this complex inflammatory process present in many cardiovascular diseases. Animal models in which ahterosclerosis may be induced by dietary changes are reviewed, as well as those in which modification in one or more genes (knock-out and knock-in animals), or the incorporation of foreign genes from other species lead to early cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, some of the cell lines most frequently used in studying molecular mechanisms of atherosclerosis and assessment of substances with nutritional or pharmacological interest are considered.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Animais , Animais Geneticamente Modificados , Aterosclerose , Células Cultivadas , HumanosRESUMO
Over the last decades, scientific advances in the knowledge of anti-inflammatory properties of lipids have lead to the development of new formulas for enteral and parenteral nutrition. These products have been utilised as a treatment for a variety of inflammatory diseases. In this review we expose the effects of lipids used in enteral nutriton on different inflammatory pathologies such as inflammatory bowel disease, atherosclerosis, lung fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and others. During inflammatory diseases, eicosanoids are produced from polyunsaturated fatty acids present in cellular membranes. Inflammatory activity of these molecules depends on the nature of their precursors: when arachidonic acid (n-6) is present, pro-inflammatory molecules are released, whereas eicosapentaenoic acid (n-3)-derived eicosanoids are weakly inflammatory. In this way, fish oils, rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, increase the content of eicosapentaenoic-eicosanoids and decrease arachidonic acid in immune and endothelial cells leading to a lower inflammatory activity. Likewise, oleic acid exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by preventing the release of particular chemotactic molecules. In summary, enteral diets supplemented with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and oleic acid benefits the treatment of patients with inflammatory pathologies, leading to better outcomes, and decreasing the doses of anti-inflammatory drugs, which exhibit important secondary effects.
Assuntos
Gorduras na Dieta/uso terapêutico , Inflamação/dietoterapia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos/farmacologia , Humanos , Mediadores da Inflamação/fisiologiaRESUMO
The term "conditionally essential" (or semi-essential), initially applied to amino acids, has been generalized to other nutrients. A conditionally essential nutrient is a compound usually produced in adequate amounts by endogenous synthesis but that is exogenously required under certain circumstances. Thus, arginine, glutamine, cysteine, glycine, carnitine, choline, and polyamines are conditionally essential compounds. In addition, dietary nucleotides are considered semi-essential since some rapidly growing tissues such as the gut, bone marrow, and lymphocytes, preferentially use preformed purine and pyrimidine bases for nucleic acid synthesis. This review discusses the study of conditionally essential nitrogenous nutrients of interest in clinical nutrition. Among them we highlight arginine, involved in endothelial, immune, gastrointestinal, and renal functions, in reproduction, neonatal development, wound healing, and tumorigenicity; glutamine, necessary for maintaining bowel integrity, and with beneficial effects on catabolic states such as sepsis, infection, trauma, and cancer; and nucleotides, implicated in cell growth and differentiation, and with various effects on lipid metabolism, intestinal microbiota, and immune system.
Assuntos
Arginina/fisiologia , Colina/fisiologia , Glutamina/fisiologia , Nucleotídeos/fisiologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição , Taurina/fisiologia , Animais , Diferenciação Celular , Proliferação de Células , HumanosRESUMO
Infants can be exclusively breast fed or formula fed for the first 6 months of life and their nutritional requirements are completely fulfilled. However, from 6 months onwards, human milk is not sufficient to supply all the nutrients necessary for infants and young children. Therefore, adequate supplementary feeding, in terms of both quantity and quality, should be provided. The present article aims to describe the scientific bases for practical recommendations on complementary feeding during infancy and early childhood, which may be useful to pediatricians and should serve to improve the health status of the infant population in Spain. In this sense, the new international recommendations for energy, protein and other nutrient requirements are reviewed. In Spain, the law applicable to manufacturing infant cereals and homogenized infant foods is that published by the European Union in specific directives. However, taking into consideration new advances in knowledge of nutritional requirements, we have considered a number of issues that could be relevant for the manufacture of these foods. Finally, we propose a series of basic principles that should serve as a guide for the complementary feeding of infants (whether breast fed, formula fed, or receiving mixed feeding) and young children. These recommendations are particularly addressed to pediatricians working in primary health services.
Assuntos
Alimentos Infantis , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente , Necessidades Nutricionais , Aleitamento Materno , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Estado NutricionalRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: There are limited data available on bone mass status in Spanish children and or whether the differences are associated with diet/hygiene habits or geographical variability. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: To determine this association a cross-sectional study was carried out in three different areas (northern, central and southern Spain) and included 1176 schoolchildren between 5 and 12 years old, randomly selected from schools in those areas. Bone density of the distal phalanges was measured by bone ultrasound. We examine the correlations between these data and calcium and vitamin D intake, physical activity and bone mass index. RESULTS: Of the 1176 children initially included, 1035 nutritional questionnaires were completed and bone ultrasound data were obtained on 991 of them. Eighteen percent of girls and 13% of boys had a calcium intake below 800 mg per day. More than 70% of children have a daily vitamin D intake under 2.5 mcg. Age and exercise showed a direct linear relationship with bone mineral density, and an inverse one for overweight. CONCLUSIONS: Both high physical activity and high calcium intake were associated with a higher bone mineral density, while overweight showed the opposite effect. Diet habits and exercise must be considered the main strategies to prevent adult osteoporosis during childhood.
Assuntos
Densidade Óssea , Cálcio/administração & dosagem , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Dieta , Feminino , Nível de Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Espanha , Saúde da População UrbanaAssuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Predisposição Genética para Doença/epidemiologia , Predisposição Genética para Doença/prevenção & controle , Obesidade/diagnóstico , Obesidade/genética , Síndrome Metabólica/complicações , Síndrome Metabólica/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença/etiologia , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Testes Genéticos/métodos , Testes GenéticosRESUMO
The importance of chromium (Cr) for carbohydrate metabolism is unclear from the existing literature. Therefore, we have measured the concentration of chromium in the hair of 44 insulin dependent diabetic children and 95 healthy children. In the diabetic children the mean +/- SEM of Cr was 1.96 +/- 0.51 micrograms/ml, with 1.04 +/- 0.18 micrograms/ml being the mean for the females and 2.66 +/- 0.93 micrograms/ml the mean for the males. In the healthy children the mean concentration +/- SEM of Cr was 1.69 +/- 0.27 micrograms/g with 1.18 +/- 0.21 micrograms/ml and 2.35 micrograms/ml being the result for females and males, respectively. No significant differences were found in Cr levels in the hair with regard to age, sex, weight and height, neither when comparing between the two groups (diabetic children and healthy children) nor within these groups. A distribution has been made of the Cr levels in hair according to percentiles in both groups. For concentrations under 0.457 +/- g/g there is a significantly larger percentage of healthy children than diabetic children (p less than 0.001). A new, fast and reliable method for the determination of Cr in hair is described. This method employs spectrophotometry of atomic absorption with a graphite oven and dramatically reduces the time normally required for this determination.
Assuntos
Cromo/análise , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/metabolismo , Cabelo/química , Metabolismo dos Carboidratos , Criança , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Humanos , Estado NutricionalRESUMO
La nutrición enteral (NE) es el mejor recurso para complementar la alimentación de los pacientes, siempre que el tracto gastrointestinal este funcional. Cuando se indica NE total, ésta representa la fuente exclusiva de alimento, por lo que es importante asegurar un alto valor biológico de la proteína incluida. Objetivo: Valorar la calidad biológica de una mezcla proteica constituida por 50% de caseinato potásico, 25%de proteínas de suero lácteo y 25% de proteína de guisante para ser utilizada en productos de nutrición enteral. Material y métodos: 40 ratas Wistar (20 hembras y 20machos), con peso medio de 51 g, divididas en cuatro grupos. Dos de ellos fueron alimentados con dietas específicas para ratas: uno con caseína (Control) y otro con la proteína experimental (Experimental); los otros fueron alimentados con productos de NE diseñados para humanos y adaptados a los requerimientos de las ratas (Normoproteico e Hiperproteico), durante 10 días. Se determinó el índice de eficacia proteica (PER), el coeficiente de digestibilidad aparente (CDA), la relación nitrógeno retenido/ absorbido (R/A) y la relación nitrógeno retenido/ingerido (R/I).Resultados: El grupo experimental y el grupo control presentaron valores similares en todos los índices analizados. Asimismo, estos índices fueron similares entre los grupos normo e hiperproteicos, pero menores respecto a los grupos anteriores, exceptuando al PER, el cual fue a su vez similar entre el grupo normoproteico y el control. Conclusión: La calidad de la mezcla proteica utilizada es alta y adecuada para ser incluida en el desarrollo de nuevos productos para nutrición enteral
Enteral nutrition is the best way to feed or supplement the diet when gastrointestinal tract functions of patients are partially or totally preserved. Whenever total enteral nutrition is needed, it represents the only source of nutrients for patients. Thus, it is mandatory to ensure that high biological value proteins are included in enteral formulae. Objective: To assess the biological quality of a protein blend constituted by 50% potassium casein ate, 25% whey protein and 25% pea protein intended to be used in enteral nutrition products. Materials and methods: Forty Wistar rats (20 male and20 female), with initial body weight of 51 g, where divided into four groups and feed for 10 days with: casein (Control), experimental protein blend (Experimental), liophylized normo- and hyperproteic enteral nutrition formulae adapted to the animal nutritional requirements (Normoproteic and Hyperproteic). Protein efficiency ratio (PER), apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC), relationship between retained and absorbed nitrogen (R/A)and relationship between retained and consumed nitrogen(R/I) where calculated. Results: Experimental and control groups had similar values for all analysed indices (PER, ADC, R/A and R/I).These indices were also similar between normo and hyperproteic groups, but lower than experimental andcontrol groups, except in PER, where normoproteic group was either similar to control and hiperproteic group. Conclusion: The quality of the protein blend used in this study is high. It is a good protein source to be used in the development of new enteral nutritional products
Assuntos
Humanos , Nutrição Enteral/métodos , Alimentos Formulados/análise , Proteínas Alimentares/análise , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Qualidade dos AlimentosRESUMO
El presente trabajo describe los modelos experimentales de utilidad clínica en el estudio de las enfermedades cardiovasculares y hace énfasis en los modelos usados para determinar los mecanismos fisiopatológicos de la aterosclerosis, así como para evaluar los efectos de productos nutricionales y farmacológicos sobre el desarrollo de este proceso inflamatorio complejo común a muchas enfermedades cardiovasculares. Se revisan los modelos animales en los que se puede inducir aterosclerosis por cambios en la composición de la dieta y los modelos animales en los que la alteración de uno o más genes (animales knock-out y knock-in), o la incorporación de genes foráneos de otras especies, da lugar a la aparición de hiperlipidemia con riesgo asociado de aparición de enfermedad cardiovascular temprana. Por otra parte, se consideran algunas de las líneas celulares más utilizadas en el estudio de los mecanismos moleculares de la aterogénesis y de evaluación de sustancias con interés nutricional o farmacológico
The present work describes clinically useful experimental models for the study of cardiovascular disease and emphasites the models used to determine the pathophysiologic mechanisms of atherosclerosis, as well as to evaluate the effects of nutritional and pharmacological products on the development of this complex inflammatory process present in many cardiovascular diseases. Animal models in which ahterosclerosis may be induced by dietary changes are reviewed, as well as those in which modification in one or more genes (knock-out and knock-in animals), or the incorporation of foreign genes from other species lead to early cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, some of the cell lines most frequently used in studying molecular mechanisms of atherosclerosis and assessment of substances with nutritional or pharmacological interest are considered
Assuntos
Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Arteriosclerose/fisiopatologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/fisiopatologia , Animais Geneticamente Modificados , Linhagem Celular/fisiologia , Hiperlipidemias/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
No disponible
Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Obesidade Infantil/epidemiologia , Pesos e Medidas Corporais/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores de Risco , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Síndrome Metabólica/fisiopatologia , Indicadores de Morbimortalidade , Dislipidemias/epidemiologiaRESUMO
En las últimas décadas, el conocimiento acerca de las propiedades antiinflamatorias de los lípidos ha facilitado el desarrollo de productos adaptados a la nutrición enteral y parenteral que han sido utilizados como terapia en numerosas enfermedades de base inflamatoria. En esta revisión se ofrece una visión general de los efectos de los lípidos utilizados en nutrición enteral, sobre ciertas patologías en cuya base están implicados procesos inflamatorios, como es el caso de las enfermedades inflamatorias intestinales, la aterosclerosis, la fibrosis pulmonar y la artritis reumatoide, entre otras. Durante los procesos inflamatorios se producen mediadores químicos, como los eicosanoides, a partir de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados presentes en las membranas celulares. La actividad inflamatoria de estas moléculas depende del ácido graso precursor. Los derivados del ácido araquidónico (de la serie n-6) tienen una elevada actividad proinflamatoria, mientras que los derivados del eicosapentaenoico (de la serie n-3) son débilmente inflamatorios. Así, al ingerir aceites de pescado, ricos en ácidos grasos n-3, aumenta el contenido de eicosapentaenoico y disminuye el araquidónico en las células del sistema inmune, por lo que se reduce la estimulación inflamatoria debido a la presencia de mediadores menos activos. Éste parece ser el mecanismo inmunomodulador fundamental de las dietas ricas en n-3. Asimismo, pero mediante mecanismos de acción diferentes, se ha demostrado que el ácido oleico disminuye la intensidad de algunos procesos inflamatorios, al disminuir la producción de mediadores quimiotácticos de inflamación. Podemos concluir que la suplementación de dietas para nutrición enteral con ácidos grasos poliinsaturados n-3 y oleico resulta beneficiosa para el tratamiento de ciertas patologías donde los procesos inflamatorios participan activamente en su desarrollo, mejorando su evolución y disminuyendo las dosis de fármacos antiinflamatorios con importantes efectos secundarios (AU)
Over the last decades, scientific advances in the knowledge of anti-inflammatory properties of lipids have lead to the development of new formulas for enteral and parenteral nutrition. These products have been utilised as a treatment for a variety of inflammatory diseases. In this review we expose the effects of lipids used in enteral nutriton on different inflammatory pathologies such as inflammatory bowel disease, atherosclerosis, lung fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and others. During inflammatory diseases, eicosanoids are produced from polyunsaturated fatty acids present in cellular membranes. Inflammatory activity of these molecules depends on the nature of their precursors: when arachidonic acid (n-6) is present, pro-inflammatory molecules are released, whereas eicosapentaenoic acid (n-3)-derived eicosanoids are weakly inflammatory. In this way, fish oils, rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, increase the content of eicosapentaenoic-eicosanoids and decrease arachidonic acid in immune and endothelial cells leading to a lower inflammatory eicosapentaenoic-derived eicosanoids. Likewise, oleic acid exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by preventing the release of particular chemotactic molecules. In summary, enteral diets supplemented with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and oleic acid benefits the treatment of patients with inflammatory pathologies, leading to better outcomes, and decreasing the doses of antiinflammatory drugs, which exhibit important secondary effects (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Inflamação/dietoterapia , Lipídeos/uso terapêutico , Nutrição Enteral/métodos , Sistema Imunitário/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/uso terapêutico , Ácidos Graxos Monoinsaturados/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
El término " condicionalmente esencial " (o semiesencial), aplicado inicialmente a los aminoácidos, se utiliza de forma generalizada para otros nutrientes. Un nutriente condicionalmente esencial es un compuesto producido usualmente en cantidades adecuadas por síntesis endógena pero que se requiere de forma exógena bajo determinadas circunstancias. Así, la arginina, la glutamina, la cisteína, la glicina, la prolina y la tirosina son aminoácidos semiesenciales. Entre los derivados de aminoácidos, la carnitina, la colina, y las poliaminas tienen también el carácter de compuestos condicionalmente esenciales. Asimismo, los nucleótidos de la dieta se consideran compuestos semiesenciales debido a que algunos tejidos de rápido crecimiento como el intestino, la médula ósea y los linfocitos utilizan preferentemente bases púricas y pirimidínicas preformadas para la síntesis de ácidos nucleicos. Esta revisión se dedica al estudio de nutrientes condicionalmente esenciales de naturaleza nitrogenada y con interés en nutrición hospitalaria. Entre ellos destacan la arginina, implicada en las funciones endotelial, inmunitaria, gastrointestinal y renal, la reproducción, el desarrollo neonatal, la curación de heridas y la tumorigénesis; la glutamina, necesaria para el mantenimiento de la integridad intestinal y con efectos beneficiosos en estados catabólicos como la sepsis, la infección, el trauma y el cáncer; y los nucleótidos, involucrados en el crecimiento y la diferenciación celular, y con efectos sobre el metabolismo lipídico, la microbiota intestinal y el sistema inmunitario (AU)
The term "conditionally essential" (or semi-essential), initially applied to amino acids, has been generalized to other nutrients. A conditionally essential nutrient is a compound usually produced in adequate amounts by endogenous synthesis but that is exogenously required under certain circumstances. Thus, arginine, glutamine, cysteine, glycine, carnitine, choline, and polyamines are conditionally essential compounds. In addition, dietary nucleotides are considered semi-essential since some rapidly growing tissues such as the gut, bone marrow, and lymphocytes, preferentially use preformed purine and pyrimidine bases for nucleic acid synthesis. This review discusses the study of conditionally essential nitrogenous nutrients of interest in clinical nutrition. Among them we highlight arginine, involved in endothelial, immune, gastrointestinal, and renal functions, in reproduction, neonatal development, wound healing, and tumorigenesis; glutamine, necessary for maintaining bowel integrity, and with beneficial effects on catabolic states such as sepsis, infection, trauma, and cancer; and nucleotides, implicated in cell growth and differentiation, and with various effects on lipid metabolism, intestinal microbiota, and immune system (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Compostos de Nitrogênio/uso terapêutico , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição , Cisteína/análise , Arginina/análise , Glutamina/análise , Carnitina/análise , Colina/análise , Poliaminas/análise , Taurina/análise , Nucleotídeos/análiseRESUMO
Introducción: Existen pocos datos publicados que hayan analizado el estado de la masa ósea de la población infantil española y si muestra diferencias motivadas por los hábitos higiénico-dietéticos o por la variabilidad geográfica. Pacientes y métodos: Para valorar esta relación planteamos un estudio transversal en tres zonas geográficas diferentes (norte, centro y sur de España) en 1.176 escolares de 5 a 12 años de edad, midiendo mediante osteosonografía la densidad ósea a niños en falanges distales. Se correlacionaron estos datos con la ingesta de calcio y vitamina D, el nivel de actividad física y el índice de masa corporal. La muestra se obtuvo de todos los colegios de cada área y los niños incluidos en el mismo fueron seleccionados aleatoriamente. Resultados: De los 1.176 niños estudiados, solo se obtuvieron encuestas nutricionales completas en 1.035 y datos de la osteosonografía en 991. Un 18% de las niñas y un 13% de los niños presentaron una ingesta de menos de 800mg/d de calcio. Más del 70% de los niños estudiados ingerían menos de 2,5mcg de vitamina D al día. Las variables edad, sobrepeso y ejercicio físico muestran una relación lineal con la densidad ósea, que en todos los casos es directa salvo para el sobrepeso, que presenta una relación inversa (a mayor complexión del niño/a, menor densidad ósea). Conclusiones: La mayor ingesta de calcio y una actividad física adecuada se asociaron a una densidad mineral ósea mejor, mientras que el sobrepeso mostró el efecto contrario. Es preciso adecuar los hábitos dietéticos y la actividad física de los niños en edad escolar como prevención primaria de la osteoporosis en la edad adulta (AU)
Introduction: There are limited data available on bone mass status in Spanish children and or whether the differences are associated with diet/hygiene habits or geographical variability. Subjects and methods: To determine this association a cross-sectional study was carried out in three different areas (northern, central and southern Spain) and included 1176 schoolchildren between 5 and 12 years old, randomly selected from schools in those areas. Bone density of the distal phalanges was measured by bone ultrasound. We examine the correlations between these data and calcium and vitamin D intake, physical activity and bone mass index. Results: Of the 1176 children initially included, 1035 nutritional questionnaires were completed and bone ultrasound data were obtained on 991 of them. Eighteen percent of girls and 13% of boys had a calcium intake below 800mg per day. More than 70% of children have a daily vitamin D intake under 2.5mcg. Age and exercise showed a direct linear relationship with bone mineral density, and an inverse one for overweight. Conclusions: Both high physical activity and high calcium intake were associated with a higher bone mineral density, while overweight showed the opposite effect. Diet habits and exercise must be considered the main strategies to prevent adult osteoporosis during childhood (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Densidade Óssea , Osteoporose/epidemiologia , Doenças Ósseas Metabólicas/epidemiologia , Doenças Ósseas Metabólicas , Cálcio da Dieta/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Los nucleótidos (NT) libres se aislaron de la leche humana hace más de 30 años. Desde entonces se han identificado cerca del 20 NT diferentes, entre los que predominan los derivados de la citosina y de la uridina; la leche de vaca y de otros rumiantes contiene cantidades elevadas de orotato, un precursor de nucleótidos pririmidínicos, pero carece prácticamente de los nucleótidos presentes en leche de vaca en la leche humana los NT representan hasta un total del 20% del nitrógeno no proteico y el contenido de NT potencialmente disponibles para el lactante (TPAN) es de 72 mg/l aproximadamente. La Unión Europea reguló en 1996 el uso de nucleótidos en fórmulas infantiles, basándose exclusivamente en los datos disponibles sobre el contenido de nucleótidos libre de la leche humana. Sin embargo, no se han tenido en cuenta los nucleótidos derivados de ARN y ADN. Ésta es la razón por la que las fórmulas norteamericanas y las de numerosos países asiáticos contiene más cantidad de nucleótidos que las fórmulas europeas (AU)
Free nucleotides (NT) were isolated in human milk over 30 years ago. Since then, approximately 20 different NTs have been identified. The derivatives of cytosine and uridine predominate among them. Cow´s milk and that of other ruminants contain elevated amounts of orotato, a precursor of pyrmidinic nucleotides, but there is practically no nucleotide in cow´s milk. The NTs in human milk account for up to 2% of the non-protein nitrogen and the potentially available (TPAN) content for the infant is approximately 72 mg/l. The European Union regulated the use for nucleotides in infant formulae in 1996, exclusively based on the data available on the content of free nucleotides of human milk. However, it did not take RNA and NA derived nucleotides into account. That is why the North American formulae and those of many Asiatic countries have a larger amount of nucleotides than the European formulae (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Leite Humano/química , Nucleotídeos/análise , Fórmulas Infantis/normas , Aleitamento Materno , Nutrição do Lactente , Nucleotídeos de Citosina/análise , Alimentos Formulados/análiseRESUMO
Los comedores escolares desempeñan una función nutricional y educativa importante, contribuyen a la adquisición de hábitos alimentarios y son marco de socialización y convivencia. Existe evidencia de que las intervenciones ambientales que incorporan modificaciones en la composición de los menús ofertados en el colegio y en las políticas reguladoras son efectivas para fomentar la adquisición de hábitos alimentarios saludables entre los escolares. Cada vez es mayor el número de usuarios de este servicio. La información disponible en este momento indica que la oferta dietética no siempre es consistente con las guías alimentarias para este colectivo. Los aportes insuficientes de verduras, hortalizas, frutas y pescados son los errores más frecuentes, junto con el empleo excesivo de grasas añadidas en las preparaciones culinarias. La normativa reguladora actual observa meticulosamente los aspectos higiénicos y sanitarios y de gestión económica administrativa, incluida la contratación de empresas suministradoras y personal cuidador. Es necesario que incorpore también los aspectos nutricionales, educativos y de promoción de salud de estos aportes a través de un marco formal de recomendaciones nutricionales para las comidas escolares que incluya información sobre guías alimentarias, tamaño de las raciones, dinámica del servicio y atención a necesidades especiales. El comedor escolar debería incorporarse a los proyectos educativos de los centros docentes y gestionarse con una visión integral y profesionalizada (AU)
School meals contribute substantially to overall energy and nutrient intake adequacy of children, but also play an important role in the development of child food habits and the socialisation process. Evidence shows that school based environmental actions, which include changes in school meals and school food policies related to increased availability and access to healthy foods and drinks while in the school are effective to foster healthy eating practices among children. A growing number of children engage in school meals. Available information to date shows that the quality of the food on offer is not always consistent with dietary guidelines. Vegetables and fish are served less often than desirable and excess added fats are used in food preparations. Norms and regulations are very detailed regarding food safety issues and administrative management of the service, including subcontracting of catering providers and care staff. Nutrition and health promotion issues should also be included in regulations by means of nutrition recommendations for school meals along with information on food based dietary guidelines and portion sizes. School meals should be part of the educational project using a whole school approach (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Comportamento Alimentar/classificação , Comportamento Alimentar/fisiologia , Promoção da Saúde/métodos , Promoção da Saúde/organização & administração , Educação Alimentar e Nutricional , Serviços de Saúde Escolar/organização & administração , Serviços de Saúde Escolar/tendências , Promoção da Saúde/normas , Promoção da Saúde , Serviços de Saúde Escolar , Ensaio ClínicoRESUMO
Durante los primeros 6 meses de vida el lactante se puede alimentar exclusivamente con leche materna, o en su defecto con una leche infantil, y sus necesidades nutricionales están totalmente cubiertas. Sin embargo, a partir de los 6 meses, la leche materna no es suficiente para satisfacer los requerimientos nutricionales de los lactantes y niños de corta edad. Por ello, se deben administrar aportes suplementarios de otros alimentos tanto en calidad como en cantidad. El objetivo del presente trabajo es establecer una serie de recomendaciones de utilidad práctica para el pediatra en lo que se refiere a la alimentación complementaria del lactante lo cual debe redundar en un mejor estado de salud de la población infantil. Con este fin se consideran los requerimientos de energía y de nutrientes de lactantes y niños de corta edad a la luz de los conocimientos y recomendaciones internacionales. En España, en la actualidad rige la Reglamentación Técnico-Sanitaria específica de los alimentos elaborados a base de cereales y alimentos infantiles para lactantes y niños de corta edad, dictada por la Unión Europea. Sin embargo, teniendo en cuenta los nuevos conocimientos sobre los requerimientos nutricionales, se han efectuado una serie de consideraciones adicionales de utilidad para la elaboración de dichos preparados. Finalmente, se han propuesto una serie de principios básicos que deben servir como guía de alimentación complementaria tanto para los lactantes alimentados al pecho como para los alimentados con lactancia artificial o lactancia mixta, especialmente de utilidad en atención primaria
Infants can be exclusively breast fed or formula fed for the first 6 months of life and their nutritional requirements are completely fulfilled. However, from 6 months onwards, human milk is not sufficient to supply all the nutrients necessary for infants and young children. Therefore, adequate supplementary feeding, in terms of both quantity and quality, should be provided. The present article aims to describe the scientific bases for practical recommendations on complementary feeding during infancy and early childhood, which may be useful to pediatricians and should serve to improve the health status of the infant population in Spain. In this sense, the new international recommendations for energy, protein and other nutrient requirements are reviewed. In Spain, the law applicable to manufacturing infant cereals and homogenized infant foods is that published by the European Union in specific directives. However, taking into consideration new advances in knowledge of nutritional requirements, we have considered a number of issues that could be relevant for the manufacture of these foods. Finally, we propose a series of basic principles that should serve as a guide for the complementary feeding of infants (whether breast fed, formula fed, or receiving mixed feeding) and young children. These recommendations are particularly addressed to pediatricians working in primary health services
Assuntos
Lactente , Humanos , Alimentos Infantis , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente/fisiologia , Aleitamento Materno , Estado Nutricional , Necessidades NutricionaisRESUMO
No disponible
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/uso terapêutico , Dieta/instrumentação , Dieta/métodos , Dieta Hiperlipídica/instrumentação , Dieta Hiperlipídica/métodos , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Ácidos Graxos/biossíntese , Dieta com Restrição de Gorduras/métodos , Aleitamento Materno/métodos , Lactação/fisiologia , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/dietoterapiaRESUMO
No disponible