The Capillary Index Score before thrombectomy: an angiographic correlate of favorable outcome.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The angiography based Capillary Index Score (CIS) has recently emerged as a potential surrogate marker of cerebral perfusion before intra-arterial thrombolysis. We assessed the prevalence of a favorable CIS (f-CIS) and its relationship with clinical outcome in patients treated by mechanical thrombectomy (MT). METHODS: Data from consecutive patients treated by MT from acute middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion were retrospectively analyzed. CIS was calculated from a pre-intervention cerebral angiogram. Association with favorable clinical outcome (modified Rankin Scale score ≤2) at 3 months was assessed in multivariate analysis. RESULTS: 146 patients were included in the study. f-CIS was observed in 106/146 (72%) patients with an acceptable inter-rater agreement (κ=0.73, p<0.001). It was associated with a lower pretreatment National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score (p=0.014), an isolated M1/M2 occlusion without internal carotid occlusion (p=0.042), and an Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) >4 (p=0.004). In binary regression, a favorable outcome was independently associated with f-CIS (OR (-95% CI, +95% CI)=3.8 (1.3 to 10.9), p=0.013), as well as NIHSS (p=0.007), ASPECTS (p=0.005), isolated M1/M2 occlusion (p=0.013), and age (p=0.032). The positive predictive value of f-CIS for a favorable outcome was 67%. CONCLUSIONS: f-CIS was strongly associated with a favorable outcome after MT of acute MCA occlusion. As an easy surrogate marker of cerebral perfusion, it may be a useful-albeit not sufficient-diagnostic test to select patients just before an MT or to manage them after recanalization.

Skeletonized versus pedicled internal mammary artery: impact of surgical technique on post CABG surgery pain.

OBJECTIVE: Recent evidence suggests that coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery often results in chronic chest wall pain, termed: 'post CABG pain syndrome' (PCP). Direct injury to intercostal nerves during the surgical procedure was presumed to underlie this syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two harvesting techniques of the internal mammary artery (IMA)-skeletonization (S-LIMA) and pedicle (P-LIMA) on the occurrence and incidence of PCP. METHODS: A mailed questionnaire enquiring about the presence and characteristics of PCP was sent to all 482 patients who had undergone CABG in our institution in the years 1999-2000. A randomly chosen subgroup of IMA patients reporting PCP were summoned for evaluations of pain localization and intensity, thermal and tactile sensitivity, and disability assessment using recognized tests and indices. RESULTS: Of the 380 responders (S-LIMA: 221, P-LIMA: 125, veins only V-34) 169 (44%) reported having PCP. Its prevalence was similar between the two IMA groups (S-LIMA: 45%, P-LIMA: 50%) but significantly lower in the V group (18%, P=0.003). Physical assessment in the subgroup of 43 IMA patients (S-LIMA: 22, P-LIMA: 21) performed 40.2+/-8.7 months after surgery confirmed equal occurrence of mostly left and midline chest wall neuropathic pain in both IMA groups. No significant differences were found between the two groups in respect to indices of pain intensity, thermal and tactile sensitivity and disability. CONCLUSIONS: PCP is a prevalent finding in post CABG patients. The skeletonization technique of IMA harvesting although causing significantly less inner chest wall trauma does not appear to reduce the occurrence of PCP. This finding may imply that ischemic injury rather than direct mechanical injury to the intercostal nerves is the putative mechanism underlying PCP.

Angiographic factors influencing the success of endovascular treatment of arteriovenous malformations involving the corpus callosum.

OBJECTIVE: Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the corpus callosum are rare lesions, accounting for 9-11% of brain AVMs. Microsurgical resection of such lesions is difficult because of their deep location, and also because of possible neuropsychological disasters resulting from extended callosal resection. The introduction of endovascular and radiation therapies has fundamentally changed the outcome of these lesions. METHODS: We prospectively collected clinical and angiographic data on cerebral AVMs from 1995. We reviewed data from patients treated for an AVM of the corpus callosum and identified the factors influencing the endovascular approach of such lesions. RESULTS: 38 patients (mean age 31 years) were consecutively treated by endovascular techniques. 78.9% (30 cases) of patients presented with intracranial hemorrhage. 15 AVMs (39.5%) were anterior, 18 (47.4%) were posterior, and five (13.1%) were holocallosal. The Spetzler-Martin grade was I in two cases (5.2%), II in 20 cases (52.6%), III in nine cases (23.7%), IV in six cases (15.8%), and V in one case (2.6%). The nidus was compact in 19 cases (50%), diffuse in 13 (34.2%), and multifocal in six (15.8%). Both anterior and posterior circulation branches fed 14 nidi (36.8%). Venous drainage was superficial in three cases (7.9%), deep in 28 (73.7%), and both in seven cases (18.4%). 104 sessions were performed, with a procedural complication rate of 6.7%. Mean follow-up was 43.6 months, with the last modified Rankin Scale score <3 in 33 cases (86.8%). 22 patients (57.9%) were totally cured. Univariate analysis of factors influencing the success of endovascular treatment showed that Spetzler-Martin grade ≥3 (p=0.046), nidus >30 mm (p=0.02), extension in an eloquent area (p=0.03), and holocallosal type (p0.005) significantly diminished the chances of cure of the AVM. CONCLUSIONS: AVMs of the corpus callosum seems to be difficult to treat with endovascular therapy alone. The goal of embolization should be prevention of (re) bleeding and a decrease in nidus size. Our experience regarding this sub-pathology suggests that a combination of endovascular therapy and radiotherapy may be the best option.